Online Publishing @ NISCAIR
Not a member yet
6870 research outputs found
Sort by
Status and Prospects of IP Regime in India: Implications for Agricultural Education
Get PDFIntellectual property rights (IPR) are ideas, inventions, and creative expressions based on which there is a public willingness to bestow the status of property, while technology management seeks to foster effective and efficient use of developed technology. In a dynamic global environment with changing industry and competitor landscapes, management of technologies including effective commercialization strategies using the IPR advantages gathers utmost importance. In an agrarian country like India, the process of IP awareness can be catalysed only be educating the various stakeholders like policy makers, farmers, academia, industry, researchers and consumers about the importance of IPR and technology management. As Indian agriculture is reaching to new vistas of development and business becoming increasingly global, it is time for a "fresh think" to prevail in the IPR debate by creating much more awareness among academia, industry, policy makers and public. The initiatives taken on these lines by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) and other governmental and non-governmental agencies are explained in this paper. A paradigm shift in agri-education policies is envisaged to make the students of agriculture and allied courses more aware and competent and also enable them to face more challenges and competition in the changing vistas of IPR and technology management
The New European Commission and its Work Plan for EU Intellectual Property
Get PDF2014 sees major changes in the composition of two of the institutions that govern the European Union; namely the European Parliament, elections for which were held earlier in the year, and the European Commission, whose members are nominated by Member States, which takes office in November, and the new composition and structure of which was announced in September. The latter not only initiates EU legislation, and supervises the bodies that manage unitary EU intellectual property rights, most notably the Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market (shortly to be renamed the EU Trademarks and Designs Agency) but is also responsible for enforcing the EU Treaties. This makes it timely to review the status of the Commission’s recent and pending initiatives in the field of intellectual property, not only in terms of specific legislative initiatives, many of which, in so far as they have already been initiated, have been the subject of previous articles in this series, but also in its ongoing program of review and of policy making, much of which is not immediately, or may never be, reflected in specific legislation
Exploring Sovereign Immunity in Copyright Infringement: How India can Learn from the Global Experience
Get PDFGovernmental use of copyrighted works although a very important area has received little attention comapred to similar use of patented inventions. But such uses by the government/sovereign was reported in various jurisdictions including USA where the power of eminent domain was invoked to give some kind of justification. This write up makes an enquiry about this unexplored but important area of intellectual property law by adopting a comparative study of important jurisdictions. This is becoming significant for India as the country has just made the right to education a fundamental right and the governmental use of copyrighted works could be used as a tool to promote the larger interests of public education and acces
Patent Policies and Provisions Relating to Pharmaceuticals in India
Get PDFIndian generic pharma industry has established a ‘pride of place’ as the largest generic manufacturer and supplier of essential and life-saving medicines to UNICEF, WHO, MSF and others. India has the largest number of manufacturing facilities approved by the USFDA and EDRM, etc. While the Patents Act and related IP laws are substantially TRIPS compliant and is reasonably well enforced, there is a need for substantial refinement in other pharma related laws such as Drugs and Cosmetics Act, Biodiversity Act. Need for more uniform and stringent enforcement of quality including upgradation of regulatory agencies is also called for. The Indian Patent Law which provides equitable balance between rights and obligation has also been hailed by all the third world countries and acknowledged, though reluctantly, by developed countries. Such a balanced patent law is essential to provide affordable access to essential medicines to the masses. An analysis of the policies and provisions of (Indian) Patents Act, 1970 and other pharma related laws are provided in this article
Business Strategies in Intellectual Property Rights: An Example of Patent Disputes Solutions in the Taiwan High-Tech Industry
Get PDFUnder the trend of knowledge based economy, knowledge innovation is updating and changing every minute that the intellectual property related technology, management and legal protection mechanism have become the core of business competitive in high tech industry. Due to the fact that the design of the legal mechanism is often unable to catch up with the speed of intellectual property right, therefore it is improperly used as a strategy of business competition and makes the conflicts rooted from legal remedies, which further caused an unbalanced legal system. This research attempts to use the cobweb theory as the time series model to take the binding power and legal effectiveness as the coordinate axis to explore how business managers present the constant change of over production or shortage on the coordinate axis, under legal rationality and economic rationality. We found that the system may effectively adapt to the rapid change of the environment, under the premise to respect the rule of law, in contrast to sending cease and desist letter, issuing injunction order, and litigation, business managers mostly choose the arbitration, which may regulate the differences between the procedure justice and substantive justice, it allows the system to maintain at equilibrium point
Haematopoietic and Immunomodulatory Activity of Sap of Borassus flabellifer against Cyclophosphamide Mediated Haematotoxicity and Immunosuppression in Wistar Rats
Get PDFRecent scientific evidence recommends that many of the adverse effects of chemotherapy can be prevented by remedying treatment with antioxidants, minerals, carbohydrates, proteins, and organic acids. The current research was performed to assess haematopoietic and immunomodulatory effects using sap of traditional tree, Borassus flabellifer, in cyclophosphamide induced haematotoxicity and immunosuppression in wistar rats. For eleven consecutive days, the animals were orally pre-treated with Borassus flabellifer sap (3.6 mL/kg). These animals were intra-peritoneally injected on the sixth day with cyclophosphamide (150 mg/kg) and sacrificed five days later. On the final day of the trial, blood samples were obtained from each rat and carried out evaluation of haematological (red blood cells, haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, reticulocytes & serum iron content) and immunomodulatory (total leucocyte count, cellular immune response & tumor necrosis factor-α) parameters. To determine their index values, each rat's thymus and spleen were separated. By elevating red blood cells, haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, reticulocytes & serum iron content, sap of Borassus flabellifer demonstrated an important protective role in cyclophosphamide mediated haematotoxicity. It has also shown substantial resistance against immunosuppression caused by cyclophosphamide by increasing the immunity boosting white blood cells and decreasing the hypersensitivity reaction and tumor necrosis factor-α level at the 3.6 mL/kg dose. The current research shows that therapy with traditional Borassus flabellifer sap has a major protective effect against oxidative stress, haematotoxicity and immunosuppression against cyclophosphamide induced haematotoxicity and immunosuppression
Screening of medicinal plant extracts as novel DNA gyrase inhibitors
Get PDFBioactivities of a number of medicinal plants; Alkanna tinctoria (L.) Tausch, Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn., Calamintha nepeta Willk. and C. nepeta, Centaurea iberica Trevir. ex Spreng., Citrus paradisi Macfad., C. paradisi, Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck, Colutea cilicica Boiss. & Balansa, Cotinus coggygria Scop., Cuscuta arvensis Beyr. ex Engelm., Equisetum palustre L., Lapsana communis L., Laurus nobilis L., Olea europea L., Plantago major L., Rhus coriaria L, Salvia verticillata L., Sambucus ebulus L., Sedum acre L, Thymus capitatus (L.) Hoffmanns. & Link, T. capitatus, Thymbra spicata L., T. spicata (n: 20), which are used for the prevention and treatment of diverse diseases, were investigated. The antimicrobial activities of extracts were evaluated using broth microdilution assay. The cytotoxicities of extracts were investigated on HeLa cell line by MTT assay. Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism (5.0). The effects of the extracts, which have the highest antimicrobial activity, on the Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus DNA gyrase gene expression were determined by using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The MICs (µg/ml) of extracts were determined as 32-64, 2-128, 8-128,1-128, 4-128 against Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria, yeasts, dermatophytes, and Mycobacterium spp., respectively. No cytotoxicity has been observed in plant extracts tested. DNA gyrase activity was determined for T. capitatus-SFE (128 µg/mL) and L. nobilis-Hx (128 µg/mL) extracts according to the inhibition of DNA gyrase gene expression. Overall, T. capitatus-SFE and L. nobilis-Hx are good candidates for further antimicrobial studies.
Pharmacodynamics, metabolomics and pathological studies on mechanisms of traditional benefits of Angelica sinensis in blood circulation
Get PDFAngelica sinensis is a rich source of medically important active molecules that need in-depth understanding on its action mechanisms. Therefore, through pharmacodynamics, metabolomics, and network pharmacology, the traditional benefits of A. sinensis in blood circulation was studied using 24 randomly selected Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Measurement of the blood rheological parameters for whole blood viscosity (WBV) and plasma viscosity (PV), and inspection of the heart and lung tissues pathological changes were undertaken using molecular and bioinformatic techniques. Multivariate statistical analysis and establishment of the model of the relationship between metabolite expression and sample categories to test the prediction of sample categories were performed. Screening was undertaken to find the potential metabolites for A. sinensis to treat blood stasis syndrome and find related metabolic pathways. Active ingredients of A. sinensis and targets and building of an “effect component-target” network was undertaken, A. sinensis was confirmed to improve blood stasis syndrome in rats and improve heart and lung pathology to varying degrees. Compared with the blood stasis model group, A. sinensis significantly reduced WBV and PV in hemorheology (p<0.05, p<0.01) and regulated blood stasis-induced changes in 22 metabolites including alpha-D-glucose, L-isoleucine, creatine and acetylcarnitine, which are involved in the metabolism of linoleic acid, linolenic acid, phenylalanine, ascorbic acid and uronic acid. Using the network pharmacology to build a "component-target-pathway" network of A. sinensis, 62 active ingredients, 169 active proteins and 18 metabolic pathways were obtained, among which linoleic acid metabolism, ascorbic acid and uronic acid metabolism were consistent with the metabolic pathways obtained by metabolomics
Current trends and advances of Quorum sensing inhibitors and their biotechnological applications
Get PDFSerious setbacks were witnessed in shrimp farming, the food industry, and the ship industry during the past three decades primarily due to bacterial pathogens that coordinate by quorum sensing (QS). The influence of bacterial pathogens utilizing QS. The impact of QS cell communication on public health is extremely disastrous in terms of spread, spectrum, apart from their economic impact. The overuse of antibiotics has increased drastically to battle bacterial infections, including tons of antibiotics are distributed in the biosphere. Due to the indiscriminate use of antibiotics, multiple antibiotic-resistant strains have emerged, as the antibiotic resistance genes are being transferred to bacteria of terrestrial animals, humans, and pathogens. The increased public awareness of the negative drawbacks caused by over-exposure to antibiotics, also the emergence of multiple antibiotic resistant pathogenic stains led to the search for alternatives and unique solutions. One such unconventional, promising method is the interruption of bacterial cell to cell communication, which is currently termed QS inhibition. Now-a-days, QS inhibition is the potential objective for antimicrobial chemotherapy. This review summarizes the regulatory factors that attenuate the QS activities of deadly pathogens and discusses their distinctive characteristics. Improving awareness of the natural roles of regulatory elements might be useful in unveiling inhibitor applications to understand how QS is inhibited in pathogenic bacteria by different QS inhibitors
Mining from Landfills as a Remediation Strategy Regarding Open Dumpsites using Artificial Intelligence Hybrid Models
Get PDFDue to the subsequent environmental effects of volatility, precise data on waste properties and their seasonal change are essential for sustainable waste management planning. As traditional waste characterization methods are time consuming and costly in most developing countries, it is necessary to approach the problem from a modelling perspective. Objective of this study was to identify the most efficient combinations of network architecture, activation function and formation strategy to reliably estimate the proportion of physical waste streams using meteorological parameters. The city of Gwalior is also affected by this global issue. The goal of this case study was to look at the potential and issues related to solid waste in Gwalior. Extensive investigations on the collection, transportation, treatment, storage, destruction, and disposal of solid waste generated in the city of Gwalior were done. Through interactions with people and website visits, GDS-related data is gathered. This study demonstrates that the city lacks a suitable system to deal with the solid waste generated, resulting in waste being dumped into vacant space, creating a number of issues for the local population as well as the environment. The three regions that make up the city of Gwalior are the city of Gwalior, Morar and Laskhar regions