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Design Patents for Animated Images: Development Trends
Get PDFMobile devices have replaced computers and become the major tool to browse web pages. Such a result has enhanced the demands for Animated Image design and patent applications. Animated Image, including Graphical User Interface (GUI) and Computer-Generated Icon (CGI), will become a mainstream application in Design Patent. Taking the official database of Animated Image in the USA as the research samples, this study aims to analyze the Animated Image patents in the USA for the countries which tends to develop such Design Patent an anticipated development outline. Total 201 samples are screened for this study. The research results are concluded as follows. (1) The application times of GUI and CGI increase annually and the application quantity of GUI has far exceeded it of CGI after 2010, showing that GUI is gradually replacing CGI and becoming the mainstream application of Animated Image patents. (2) The application type of GUI focuses on computers and mobile phones, presenting that the applications of computers and mobile phones are the major development of GUI temporarily. It is worth noting that the application quantity of with unspecified objects of GUI patent is increasing in the past years, revealing the diversified development trend of GUI, beyond the applications of computers and mobile phones. (3) In regard to the analysis of patentees, Microsoft is regarded as the first enterprise conducting patent portfolios of Animated Image and has, to some extent, presented barriers to entry of other enterprises. (4) Regarding the quantity of patent appear icons, seven dynamic icons are appeared in the US Animated Image Patent Gazette. Such a result conforms to the regulations in European Union
On the Challenges Facing Patent Pooling inBiotechnology
Get PDFThe effect of patents and patent law on innovation has of late gained considerable attention in the US and elsewhere as public policy concerns have been raised as to whether the patent system is broken and tends to stifle, rather than foster innovation. In addition to these concerns there are international aspects as to how protection of intellectual property can be effectively assured across borders, on the one hand, and how the benefits of innovation and advance, especially in medicine, can be made to benefit those in poorer countries
Internet Intermediary (ISPs) Liability for Contributory Copyright Infringement in USA and India: Lack of Uniformity as a trade barrier
Get PDFWith the internet today transcending all national boundaries, the protection of IP and penalising its infringement over the ‘world-wide-web’ has become even more difficult, given the territorial nature of the grant of the IP Right. Moreover, while hosting, routing, and linking to these ‘infringing material harbouring’ - sites or services, internet service providers (ISPs) themselves become vulnerable to charges of copyright infringement. The law in the US has since long, been very strict against these ISPs for contributory/ secondary copyright infringement, the law being rooted in the landlord/ dance-hall operator liability principle. However, India has only recently enacted a proper legal provision dealing with ISPs. This came in light of continued criticisms that India’s law wasn’t in line with that in the USA, which remains one of the main reasons delaying an Indo-US FTA. Also, India has not ratified the WIPO internet treaties, which makes it in no way obligated to have a strict ISP Liability law. Nonetheless, India’s new law post the 2012 Copyright Amendment Bill read together with the Ss.79 and 81 of the IT Act and the May 2012 Guidelines for Internet Intermediaries constitute a comprehensive law that is both strict as well as consumer friendly. This paper seeks to highlight the salient features of the ISP Liability laws in both these jurisdictions, and also discusses how, even with the new law, differences still remain, leading to continued trade-relations barriers
Ghostwriting in Polish Copyright Law – a new perspective needed?
Get PDFAbstract: It is worthy of note that so-called ‘ghostwriting’ contracts are subject to much debate under the copyright legislation of most countries. There is usually little concern where moral rights are perceived as waivable, which appears to be the current situation in most common law systems. However, in most civil law systems in continental Europe, where it may have been explicitly stated that these rights are not transferable (and sometimes unwaivable too), statutory law struggles to find the answer as to whether ghostwriting constitutes an unenforceable or even illegal activity. Yet, we read in the jurisprudence of certain countries (cf. Germany, Switzerland) that ghostwriting contracts are allowed under copyright law. This paper provides a more detailed analysis of the ghostwriting contract from a ‘hometown’ perspective, which happens to be Polish copyright law
Land Use/Land Cover Change and Environmental Impact Analysis of Ramgarh-Naudiha Region in Uttar Pradesh, India through Geospatial Technology
Get PDFRapidly changing LULC scenario with growing population is of great concern in the modern world. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the changes in LULC pattern in Ramgarh-Naudiha region of Sonbhadra district, UP, over 20 years during 1998-2018 using datasets from the Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) 5 and Landsat 8 (OLI/TIRS) satellites. LULC map for the chosen period has been generated by unsupervised classification with maximum likelihood algorithm. Results indicate that the study area is vulnerable to such LULC changes due to its sensitive geographic location. It is found that the major changes did happen in agriculture, forest, wasteland and water bodies. Agriculture and Forest areas have decreased by ~2 and 6.56% respectively in the study period. The wastelands had increased fast from 5.08% in 1998 to 18.87% in 2018 at the cost of the forest cover and agricultural land respectively. In 1998, water bodies were 7.49%, whereas, it has decreased to 2.04% in 2018. On the contrary, urban fringe area has grown from 0.33% in 1998 to 0.49% in 2018 especially due to population growth. The present study concludes that this LULC analysis will increase awareness and help in taking necessary action in appropriate land use planning and management
Moringa oleifera seeds attenuate benzene-induced alterations in lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in liver and kidney tissues of Wistar rats
Get PDFBenzene is a notorious toxicant that is responsible for a host of diseases including leukemia. Its concentration in the environment is increasing day-by-day due to excessive automobile use, accelerated industrial activities and cigarette smoke. The awareness on the harmful effects of benzene on health is limited and no antidote has been reported yet. In this study, an attempt has been made to find out a suitable remedy to overcome benzene toxicity in a living organism from a natural source with the seeds of the plant Moringa oleifera (MO). Thirty six Wistar rats were considered for the study and divided into six groups (n=6). While group I remained as control with normal animals, those in groups II – VI received benzene by oral route (800 mg/kg body weight) for 28 consecutive days. On day 29, the benzene-treated animals in groups III – VI received respectively the standard drug ascorbic acid (AA, 25 mg/kg body weight) and MO (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight) for the following 7 days. Group II rats that received only benzene served as negative control without any treatment. On day 36, all the animals were sacrificed and vital organs liver and kidney were removed for studying lipid peroxidation (LPO) and antioxidant markers [Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Total reduced glutathione (TRG), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and Catalase (CAT)] in addition to histopathological changes in the tissues. The results of the study revealed that significant changes occurred in the above parameters due to benzene dosing to animals were reverted to near normal values on MO administration in the liver and kidney tissues as compared to untreated animals, suggesting MO’s pro-active role in attenuating benzene toxicity
Experimental Investigation on Dimensional Characteristics and Surface Morphology of Microchannels Fabricated on Smart Ceramic by DPSS Nd:YAG Laser
Get PDFSmart ceramic material like barium titanate (BaTiO3) is in high demand in today's highly competitive precision industries; as it has numerous applications in electronic, biomedical, and aerospace engineering.In this endeavor, laser micro-milling approach (LMMA) hasbeenattempted with a suitable experimental design plan; to scrutinize the laser influencing variables against the LMMA outcomes during the processing of BaTiO3 throughout the fabrication of microchannels. This article presents an investigational act on the fabricated micro-channels to discern the impacts of LMMA parameters (gas pressure, scan strategy, current and scanning speed) against the dimensional (like deviations in channel upper and lower width) and surface characteristics of the surface feature. The surface morphology study hasbeen accomplished with the support of energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) in conjunction with scanning electron microscope (SEM) to scrutinize the elemental alterations and surface characteristics at the zone of laser ablation. A statistical multi-objective optimization (MOO) technique known as grey relational analysis (GRA) has beenused later in this paper to predict an optimal parametric setting. The MOO results’ efficacy has been validated further in the corroboration assessments, the predicted optimal solutions have been obtained with an error of 4.57 %, 3.89 % and 4.88 % for W-RCL, LWD and UWD respectively
Hot Deformation Behavior and Strain Rate Sensitivity of α+β Brass Sheet by Uniaxial Material Constitutive Equations
Get PDFThe present work proposes a systematic procedure for evaluation of high temperatures deformation and formability of α+β Brass undergoing the uniaxial tensile test conditions. Firstly, uniaxial tensile tests were conducted on Universal Testing Machine (UTM) with loading capacity of 100 KN at temperature of 773K, 873K and 973K with a quasi-static strain rates of 0.001s-1, 0.01 s-1 and 0.1s-1. Hot tensile flow stress behaviors have been affected significantly by test temperatures and strain rates for Brass. Drop-in yield and ultimate tensile strength have been observed at approximately 58 % and 68 % with a rise in test temperature from 773 K to 973 K. Around 30% improvement has been observed in % elongation with rise in test temperature. Further, flow stress has been predicted by most popular Johnson Cook (JC) uniaxial constitutive model at wide range of temperatures (773K, 873K and 973K) and strain rates (0.001s-1,0.01 s-1 and 0.1s-1). Further, yield loci have been plotted at various temperatures using Hill 1948 and Barlat 1989 yield function. Barlat 1989 has followed experimental results correctly in all test temperatures
Beneficial Image Preprocessing by Contrast Enhancement Techniquefor SEM Images
Get PDFIn this paper a morphological filtering algorithm using an exposure thresholding and measures of central tendency hasbeen proposed for solving the low contrast of Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) images of composite materials foraccurate Filler Content Estimation. SEM image of a composite material comprises visible morphological structures likefillers such as silica nanoparticles. The SEM image analysis via segmentation will assist in the study of distribution of thesestructures. The estimation of the filler content is more accurate only when the SEM images have proper contrast for analysisif not the results lead to less accuracy. To overcome this drawback, we have proposed a preprocessing technique to increasethe contrast of SEM images. So that the preprocessed image can be used for post processing namely segmentation and hencethe error is less for filler content estimation. We introduced the transformations using morphological processing to extractthe bright and darker features of the images. The optimum threshold value is determined by the image exposure. A detailedcomparative analysis with other existing techniques has been performed to prove the superior performance of the proposedmethod