Agricultural machinery and technologies (E-Journal) / Сельскохозяйственные машины и технологии
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Применение робототехнических средств в АПК
Get PDFВ мире продолжаются концентрация, специализация и интеграция производства, широкое использование электроники, генной инженерии. Проведен анализ новейшей информационной техники. Представлены машины и оборудование робототехники различных стран
Экология сельхозпроизводства: проблемы и решения
Get PDFResearches of scientists of the Northwest Federal District of the Russian Federation and the European countries are directed on decrease in an environmental pressure of agricultural production on environment. The international projects BaltHazar, ERAB, BASE, Luga Balt are completed together with the leading foreign experts with support of the ministries of agriculture and environmental protection of Finland, Sweden, Denmark, Germany and other countries. The greatest negative impact on environment proceeds from systems of processing and use of manure and poultry litter. The main threat is posed by losses of biogenous elements, first of all nitrogen and phosphorus that can be connected by imperfection of technologies and lack of ecological management at the enterprises. The generalized ecological indicator of agricultural enterprise work is the effectiveness ratio of nutrient utilization. A decision-making technique on ecologically safe placement and functioning of agricultural enterprises was offered. The authors defined values of losses of biogenes during the main technological operations of processing of manure and poultry litter, developed mathematical model for definition of losses of biogenes at stages of a production cycle of bioconversion of waste of animal industry. The least losses of biogenes are reached at technology of of manure or poultry litter processing with use of the bioreactor of drum type on which patents for useful model are taken out. The generalized indicator of an environmental pressure of a livestock enterprise is the calculated value of balance of nitrogen and phosphorus. According to requirements of the Helsinki Commission (HELCOM) limitations of introduction of nitrogen no more than 170 kg/ha and phosphorus no more than 25 kg/ha are accepted
К обоснованию параметров зерноуборочных комбайнов и их эффективности
Get PDFImpact of cereal crops yield on the actual strow content in heap mass was studied. Its distribution interval is from 0.6 to 1.2 in the range of yields from 3 to 12 t/ha. Regularity of strow content decline and productivity increase at the same time is confirmed by the Cochran criterion (its estimated value of 0.56 is less than the table one of 0.62). A strow content low facilitates the harvesters’ operation. The required for the operation process harvesters engine power is different depending on schemes of threshing-separating machine with the rotary and beater threshing drums. The authors proved adequacy of the obtained mathematical models of dependence of the engine power from harvester delivery capacity. For the combines with classical technological scheme the calculated value of Fisher criterion is 0.75. For combines with an axial rotary threshing-separating device the table value of 0.8 criterion is also higher than the estimated one of 0.66.The obtained results of the required power calculations at various methodological approaches were close to results convergence exceeding 10 percent, which confirms objectivity of them. The technological and economic efficiency of the rotary harvesters compared with classical scheme is better. It is obtained due to the higher specific bandwidth, low grain crushing and micro damage. If a harvester has the threshing-separating device with axial rotor scheme, so grain crushing is much less(no more than 0.5-0.6 percent), which also improves economic parameters. But at operation of combines with the classical scheme the share of broken grain makes 4-6 percent that sharply raises indirect losses of a harvest. We recommend when the combine fleet renovation шт agricultural enterprises to introduce 1.5-2 times high-performance harvesters with axial rotor scheme
МОНИТОРИНГ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫМИ МОБИЛЬНЫМИ И СТАЦИОНАРНЫМИ ОБЪЕКТАМИ
Get PDFHigh production costs of agricultural enterprises became one of the main problems of an agrarian industry. Special researches are necessary for minimization of costs due to implementation of information automated control system for the main objects of agricultural enterprise. Results of enterprises operation with new technologies were analysed. In new economic conditions work performance improvement, reducing downtime of technical means, increase in productivity and quality of the grown-up products directly depend on operating control in productive activity and management decisions on the basis of the complex analysis of situations, with use of the exact on-line information. A content of a program and technological complex was worked out for control system in sphere of operation of mobile and stationary objects at agricultural enterprise. The main functions of the integration software were specified. The authors offered an algorithm of creation of the centralized automated information control system in agricultural technology processes. The navigation satellite systems GLONASS/GPS can be used in all technological operations of agricultural production. Practical use of synthesizable system as much as possible minimizes influence of a human factor on agricultural enterprise management, promotes increase in production, improves quality of engineering procedures accomplishment
ИННОВАЦИОННЫЕ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ
Get PDFDevelopment of ecodegradable materials and use of them in innovative technology of sowing of seeds of grain crops in a tape isan important and actual problem of polymeric chemistry. Material is affected by programmable destruction under the influence of natural factors taking into account the biochemical processes in a plant. At the present time in literature there are no the data about polymeric materials which can operate plants biochemical processes when contacting to root system of directly in the soil. The authors developed compositions on the basis of synthetic polymer - low density polyethylene (LDPE) and biodegradable polymer - a polylactide (PLA). Thermophysical properties of ecofilms change under the influence of ultra-violet radiation. Photooxidation leads to cracking of samples with the raised maintenance of PLA. Temperature of melting of PLA decreases from 165 to 152 degrees Celsius (in some compositions to 137 degrees) and crystallinity degrees lower on average by 20 percent. Thus the most considerable decrease in crystallinity (about 30 percent) is noted in composition with a ratio of components of 50:50 mass percent. A composition formulation affects on the speed of destructive influence of moisture and an ultraviolet. The speed advantage of these processes is characteristic for the compositions containing from 30 to 60 mass percent of PLA. The soil samples with the maintenance of PLA more than 30 mass percent will be in less time exposed to biodegradation. Composition 50:50 has the greatest loss of weight equaled 18 percent. For other samples relative loss of weight makes 5-10 percent. The test for biodestruction showed considerable change of properties of polymeric samples of PLA- LDPE depending on mix composition. It means that it is possible to select such ratio of components at which material properties would conform to requirements imposed to agricultural appointment films
Информационные модели сельскохозяйственных объектов
Get PDFThe role of information technologies as interindustry direction of science is presented. The hypothesis of possibility of their uniform information description on the basis of the law on substance circulation in the nature and dialectic interrelation of objects of agricultural production is formulated: earth, plants, animals, machines, environment and society. The interrelation of these resources and its optimality (rationality) is possible on the basis of use of information technologies that in many respects defines efficiency of agrarian production. These postulates unite using a paradigm of information support of technological processes of agricultural production. It is represented by set of objective information (devices, measuring computer systems, information and measuring systems, bases and knowledge data) and subjective one, used at creation of devices, information, expert, and artificial intelligence systems. The authors worked out blocks of information models, calculated and justificated size of the converted word and the size of data stream of the universal block. Their technique of creation of «virtual laboratory» of engine 4Ch10.5/12 (D-144) research with use of the device of data collection of NI PCI-6251 is presented. A special software application is developed to realize interpolating of data of 4-factorial experiment at research of an internal combustion engine
Общее собрание секции механизации, электрификации и автоматизации отделения сельскохозяйственных наук РАН
Get PDFРАЗРАБОТКА И ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ФРЕЗЕРНОГО АГРЕГАТА ДЛЯ КАРТОФЕЛЕВОДСТВА
Get PDFHigh-quality soil cultivation for potato planting increases its productivity and allows to reduce damageability of tubers when harvesting. At its growing intensive complete or strip soil pulverizationl, formation of ridges or seedbeds for planting and growing are required. For performance of each method machines of different type, including various tillers, tilling ridge or seedbed formers, are used. The authors offered a multipurpose tiller with the horizontal rotor aggregated with tractors of classes 1.4 and 2. At readjustment the tiller operatest the main methods of soil cultivation necessary at potato growing: complete prelanding tilling, ridges or seedbeds formation for planting, cultivation of them at care of seedlings, loosening of an underlying layer in strips of the formed ridges or seedbeds under planting rows. This tiller has some constructional features: the tiller rotor with removable sections of flat L-shaped teeths allowing to operate complete and strip soil cultivation at a depth of 12 cm; the disk furrow shaperы regulated on depth and operating width; removable hoes for loosening of the lower layer of soil at depth of 22 cm under planting rows; a replaceable deflector with a direct back edge and (or) with a removable furrow shapers; basic wheels movable from a forward girder onto sidewalls behind - when seedbeds forming. The authorsreport the main agrotechnical requirements to the methods of complete prelanding tilling, ridges and seedbeds forming which are carried out by a tiller and cultivation of them when planting. The tiller has different complete set options for performance of these methods. Use of the offered tiller provides high-quality performance of methods of soil cultivation and potato growing and by 2-3 times reduces a range of necessary machines and costs of acquisition of them
ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ТРАВМИРОВАНИЯ СЕМЯН ПРИ ИХ ПЕРЕМЕЩЕНИИ ПО ДИСКОВОМУ СОШНИКУ МОДЕРНИЗИРОВАННОЙ КОНСТРУКЦИИ
Get PDFDuring a sowing grain is damaged because of movement on a surface of working elements. It leads to formation of cracks, to destruction and damage of seed material and as result productivity reduces and received grain has lower qualityof. The authors researched a movement of caryopsises during a sowing taking into account the speed of the movement, weight, friction and resistance forces, and other factors. At the movement on a distributive plate of a disk coulter seeds meet the cylindrical pins and change the direction of the movement that makes it possible the uniformity distribution. Their coordinates during each certain period of time were determined by system of the recurrent algebraic equations. Thanks to this system it is possible to define at each stage an arrangement of caryopsises, a trajectory of their movement after contact with pins. The main advantage of such method is that on each step it is possible to know the provision of a particle and to change the direction of a trajectory of its movement if it will be necessary. This problem was solved numerical due to the program «Plastina. For a plate with width 0.075 m and length 0.175 m long, by a step of time 0.0001s the authors made the cyclic procedure describing a trajectory of the particle movement. To define the further direction of a trajectory of the movement of a particle after its collision with an obstacle the authors applied probabilistic approach and invoked a random number generator. We studied a form of a distributive plate after modeling of the movement of a particle. The optimum position of seeds on a distributive plate with pins covered with rubber material reduces damage of caryopsises, improves their quality that provides optimum placement in soil at sowin