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Knowledge Sharing Among Inventors: Some Historical Perspectives
Get PDFThis chapter documents instances from past centuries where inventors freely shared knowledge of their innovations with other inventors. It is widely believed that such knowledge sharing is a recent development, as in Open Source Software. Our survey shows, instead, that innovators have long practiced “collective invention” at times, including inventions in such key technologies as steam engines, iron, steel, and textiles. Generally, innovator behavior was substantially richer than the heroic portrayal often found in textbooks and museums. Knowledge sharing promoted innovation, sometimes coexisting with patents, at other times, not, suggesting that policy should foster both knowledge sharing and invention incentives
VAT Fraud Mutation, Part 1: Push Missing Trade Fraud and Dosanjh
No full textThis three-part paper considers three MTIC fraud cases in CO2 permits, the Dosanjh, CITIBank, and Deutsche Bank cases.Dosanjh was convicted of stealing £39m from January 20 through May 6, 2009, CITIBank is presently responding to allegations that it improperly claimed £9,893,821 in input deductions in July 2009, and the Deutsche Bank is allegedly involved in a €220 million fraud based on improper deductions claimed from September 2009 through February 2010. These papers place these cases on a continuum. The overall intent is to contrast a classic push-type MTIC fraud represented by the Dosanjh case with a pull-type MTIC fraud represented by the Deutsche Bank case. CITIBank is a transitional case.These three UK-centric cases stretch for 14 months, from the beginning of 2009 into early 2010. They highlight a transition in the structure of MTIC fraud as it moved from the criminal periphery (Dosanjh) into the heart of institutional commerce (Deutsche Bank). It highlights the need for sophisticated (technology-intensive) internal controls within the largest commercial players in global markets, and the need for comparably sophisticated government oversight of these markets and players.This paper recommends a policy change. It recommends sophisticated, technology-intensive internal and external controls of the market (in the long-term) to pre-empt the need for Draconian criminal enforcement measures. But it also recognizes that if these measures are deemed necessary (in the short-term) then enforcement needs to adjust its focus when the facts of the case suggest that the fraud is a pull-type MTIC (Deutsche Bank) instead of the traditional push-type MTIC (Dosanjh)
VATCoin: The GCC\u27s Cryptotaxcurrency
Get PDFBitcoin is the world’s first peer-to-peer cryptocurrency. VATCoin is similar, but it is used in tax compliance. Both Bitcoin and VATCoin are distributive ledger applications built upon blockchain technology. Bitcoin’s ledger is public; VATCoin’s is private. If adopted, VATCoin could well become the world’s first government-mandated cryptotaxcurrency. Unlike Bitcoin, VATCoin will not be a speculative currency. It is always fixed to the home currency.
This paper proposes that the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) adopt VATCoin in its VAT Framework. The GCC is expected to have multiple 5% VATs in place by January 1, 2018. There is an ample amount of time to install a VATCoin regime. If VATCoin is adopted by the GCC as the exclusive currency for payment of VAT in the GCC, it will eclipse (by about five years) the 2016 World Economic Forum’s estimated timeline for the first use of blockchain technology in tax collection.
Furthermore, if VATCoin is implemented by the GCC in conjunction with a Digital Invoice Customs Exchange (DICE), the Gulf States will have one of the most fiscally efficient, technologically advanced, and fraud-proof VAT systems ever established.
With DICE a granular, transaction-level record of commercial activity is captured. With VATCoin no tax is paid or held in real currency; VAT is paid, remitted and collected only in VATCoin. Only the government can convert VATCoin to real currency, and aside from the treasury function they will do so only in a limited number of instances
Magna Carta in the Late Middle Ages: Over-Mighty Subjects, Under-Mighty Kings, and a Turn Away from Trial by Jury
Get PDFWhat did English lawyers know about Magna Carta in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries? How did they talk about it? Did they regard the king as above the law or subordinate to it? What did they make of the guarantees that we now think were most important in Magna Carta, the guarantee of judgment of peers or the law of the land, and of speedy justice? The evidence of the Year Books is that Magna Carta was treated as a minor statute, that the king was or ought to be above the law in many respects, and that trial by jury was a risk to be avoided, if possible, because juries could be so easily intimidated
Why Blinding? How Blinding? A Theory of Blinding and Its Application to Institutional Corruption
No full textThis chapter presents a theory of why blinding is a useful solution to bias, and how it works as a solution to bias. I draw from the familiar uses of blinding in biomedical science and in court procedures to show how blinding typically involves the disaggregation of functions within a system, so that some individuals have some information and other individuals have other information, while collectively achieving system goals without certain kinds of bias. Blinding is usefully distinguished from other solutions, including proscription, professionalism, and the provision of disclosures
Fidelity to Contractual Commitments in Commercial Arbitration: Contract Language and Changed Circumstances
No full textRoger Blair and Intellectual Property
Get PDFAlthough intellectual property is just a sidelight of Roger Blair\u27s work, he has published at least seven articles and coauthored a book on this subject. Blair\u27s work sets out robust economic models that address nearly all of the significant economic issues in intellectual property. Moreover, by using the property rules framework, he has offered a useful counterweight to the reward-to-loss theory that dominates the literature
The Latest State To Regulate 3rd-Party Funding By Statute
No full textLaw360, New York (June 28, 2016, 9:44 AM EDT) -- In March 2016, the state of Indiana joined a handful of others — including Maine, Nebraska, Ohio and Oklahoma — that authorize and regulate the consumer third-party litigation funding industry by statute. In doing so, Indiana became the latest state to uphold consumer choice while introducing protective measures to weed out potentially predatory lending to those involved in insurance claim settlement proceedings. Scheduled to take effect on July 1, the statute also established a new distinction between the various types of legal funding. But, in doing so, it could potentially reduce the availability of capital
Evaluation of Iowa’s Anti-Bullying Law
Get PDFBullying is the most common form of youth aggression. Although 49 of all 50 states in the U.S. have an anti-bullying law in place to prevent bullying, little is known about the effectiveness of these laws. Our objective was to measure the effectiveness of Iowa’s anti-bullying law in preventing bullying and improving teacher response to bullying