University of Oslo (UiO): FRITT (E-Journals)
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试论梵语声字在般若经典中的形态与功能 On the Form and Function of Sanskrit Akṣara in Prajñā-pāramitā-Sūtras and Śāstras
No full text内容提要梵语“阿剎罗”（akṣara）一词在印度古代文化背景中具有哲 学、语言学两个方面的意义。从哲学层面言之，akṣara 一词具有不灭、不朽之义，因而用来指称常住不灭的终极存在；就语言 学层面而言，其义项为不可分析、不可拆分之义，通常指音节、字母，即梵语言文字最根本的拼读、书写单位。在汉译佛 典中，“阿剎罗”通常被译作声字、字、字本、字母，以陀罗尼、真言、明、咒、秘密语等形式，在以《般若经》为代表的大乘 佛教经典中有广泛应用。《般若经》是出现最早的大乘佛典，是大乘佛教成立的标 志；自公元前后起般若类经典一直在不断地增广，到十三世纪 前后仍有相应的新经典产生，堪为大乘佛教发展演变的活化 石。在早期般若经典中，声字是以陀罗尼的形式出现的。其中 最根本、最典型的陀罗尼，即是被称为陀罗尼门的四十二字 门。从其语言学属性来看，四十二字是犍陀罗语的根本字母或 字母表，这种字母最初是用佉卢文来书写的；从义理层面来 看，四十二字门诠表的法义是初期大乘佛教义的浓缩与集粹。六、七世纪以后，随着秘密佛教的兴起，梵语声字在新出现的 般若类经典中应用的更为普遍，其形态也更为多样，其功能也 越来越丰富。在初期的密教经典《金刚大道场经》中，编纂者 将此期依据般若类经典发展出的印咒法门都为一集。伴随着佛 教秘密化倾向的加剧，七、八世纪出现了依般若经成立的秘密 经法，如理趣经法、仁王经法等。在理趣经法中，梵语声字以多种形态出现，如陀罗尼、真言、种子字、字门、字轮、布 字、曼陀罗等，几乎遍及整个秘密行法的各个环节。从梵语声 字的前后变化中，可以看出它在般若经典的形态经历了一个由 简单到复杂、由单一到多样化的过程，其功能与属性也经历了 一个由方法到本体，即由方便到究竟的过程。
The Sanskrit ‘akṣara’ is loaded with both philosophy and linguistics significances in the ancient Indian culture. Philosophically, ‘akṣara’ means immortality, and thus is used to refer to the ultimate existence of immortality. From a linguistic point of view, itmeans‘unanalyzable’ and ‘inseparable’, usually referring to syllables or letters, which are the most fundamental units of spelling and writing in Sanskrit. In the Chinese Buddhist scripture translations, ‘akṣara’ is usually translated into “声 字“（phonetic words/śabda-varṇa?), “字”（words/varṇa）, “字本”（fundamental letters, and “ 字母” (letters/ mātṛkā-varṇa) . In the Mahayana Buddhist scriptures represented by Prajñā-pāramitā-Sūtras, akṣara is widely used in the form of dhāraṇī, mantra, vidyā, spells, guhyavāc, etc. Prajñā-pāramitā-Sūtra is the earliest Mahayana Buddhist scriptures and symbolizes the establishment of Mahayana Buddhism. From around the A.D., this kind of scriptures have been continuously enlarged until around the 13th century. Prajñā-pāramitā-Sūtras deserve to be considered as the fossils of the development of Mahayana Buddhism. In the early Prajñā-pāramitā-Sūtras, akṣara appeared in the form of the dhāraṇī. The most fundamental and typical dhāraṇī is the ‘forty-two dhāranī-mukha’( 四十二字门), which is generally called dhāranīmukha（陀罗尼门）. From the perspective of its linguistic attributes,‘forty-two dhāranīmukha’ is the component letters, or alphabet, of Gandhari，which were originally written in Kharosthi. Regarding Buddhist theory, the doctrines interpreted by ‘forty-two dhāranīmukha’ represents the genesis and essence of the early Mahayana Buddhist doctrines. After the 6th and 7th Centuries, akṣara was more commonly used in the emerging Prajñā-pāramitā-Sūtras with the prosperity of Esoteric Buddhism. Its forms were more diversified and its functions became more and more abundant. In the early Esoteric Buddhist scripture Vajramahābodhimaṇḍala-sūtra, the compilers integrated all mudrā and spells (印咒法门 mudrā-mantra-dharma-paryāya) into one volume, which were developing during this period according to Prajñāpāramitā-Sūtras. Along with the intensification of the tendency of Buddhist secretization, 秘密经法 established on Prajñā-pāramitā-Sūtras like “理趣经法“、“仁王经法”appeared in the 7th and 8th centuries. In Prajñā-pāramitā-nayaśata-pañca-śatikā-kalpa/viddhi, the akṣara appears in various forms, such as dhāraṇī, mantra, bīja, the Word Wheel，nyāsa, maṇḍala, etc., and they are present almost throughout the entire esoteric practices. From the evolution of the akṣara, it can be seen that it has gone through a process from simplicity to complex, from singularity to diversification. And its functions and attributes have also gone through method to the ontology, from convenient methods(upāya) to ultimacy(satya)
Træmanden fra Rude Eskilstrup og Søholtstaven - Attributter til den norrøne gudedyrkelse?
No full textThe wooden man from Rude Eskilstrup, found in a bog, and the figurines from the wooden Søholt staff, found in a gravemound, have hitherto been dated to the Germanic Iron Age. These datings are crucial to the interpretation and has been a reference in dating of other figurines. The wooden man has parallels in male garments of 10th‒11th Century. It is argued that the wooden man is probably from the 10th century. If the new dating is correct, the find is most likely a statue of a pagan god, removed from a cultic building. The Søholt staff has parallels to staffs found in volva's graves from the 10th century and to face pendants from the Viking Age. Through these parallels, and parallels to the wooden man, the Søholt grave is interpreted as a volva's grave from the 10th Century. By comparison to Odins characteristics, it is suggested that both the wooden man and the figurines from Søholt could be representing Odin. 
Hva er et menneske? Den utrolige historien om hvordan vi ble oss og hvorfor de ande menneskeartene forsvant. : Vibeke Viestad, illustrert av Helena Lindholm.
No full textBokanmeldelse av boka Hva er et menneske? Den utrolige historien om hvordan vi ble oss og hvorfor de ande menneskeartene forsvant. Av Vibeke Viestad, illustrert av Helena Lindholm. 
Fragmentarisk partnerskap i lærerstudenters FoU-veiledning: En studie av studenter og lærerutdanneres erfaringer
No full textIn teacher education, it is widely understood that there should be a strong partnership between the universities and the schools involved in order to strengthen the overall quality of the education provided. However, this partnership has historically been weak and various interventions have been attempted in recent decades to rectify the problem. One such is the Norwegian “FoU-oppgaven” (“R&D assignment”) scheme, in which mentoring is offered to student teachers by teacher educators from both contexts. Knowledge is needed about how the interaction between these parties works in this mentoring situation, and the goal of this study is to contribute to this.
Through this study into initial teacher education in Norway, we have investigated student teachers`, school-based mentors` and university lectures` experience of the interaction with each other in R&D mentoring. Focus groups were carried out with each of the parties, and this provided sufficient data to complete a thematic analysis. The study shows that the parties experience fragmented partnerships with varied, distanced, limited, absent, random and artificial interaction.
The study provides specific knowledge about the challenges of triadic R&D mentoring that includes parties from both the educational contexts. More generally, the study illustrates the need for a common understanding in co-operational measures and highlights the relationship between ambitious partnership intentions and limited resources in the teacher education system.Samhandlingen mellom campus- og skoledelen av lærerutdanningen har tradisjonelt vært svak. Derfor hevdes det internasjonalt at utvikling av partnerskap mellom universiteter og skoler er avgjørende for å styrke lærerutdanningens kvalitet, og i senere tiår er det lansert mange intervensjoner for å utvikle partnerskap. En av disse er den nylig innførte «FoU-oppgaven» i norsk lærerutdanning, der studentene veiledes av lærerutdannere fra begge kontekster. Det er behov for kunnskap om hvordan samhandlingen mellom partene i denne veiledningen fungerer, og denne undersøkelsens formål er å bidra med dette.
Gjennom studien i en grunnskolelærerutdanning undersøkes det hvordan lærerstudenter, praksislærere og universitetslærere opplever samhandlingen med hverandre i FoU-veiledningen. Fokusgrupper ble gjennomført med hver av partene, og dette gav materiale til en tematisk analyse. Studien viser at samhandlingen karakteriseres av et begrenset utviklet partnerskap, preget av avstand mellom intensjoner og opplevde realiteter, uklarhet mht. partenes roller og oppgaver, samt varierende samhandling og engasjement.
Studien gir spesifikk kunnskap om utfordringene ved triadisk FoU-veiledning som involverer parter fra begge lærerutdanningskontekstene. Mer generelt viser studien behovet for å klargjøre felles forståelse i samarbeidstiltak, og å belyse forholdet mellom ambisiøse partnerskapsintensjoner og begrensede ressurser i lærerutdanning
A scalable, black-box hybrid genetic algorithm for continuous multimodal optimization in moderate dimensions
No full textOptimization problems can be found in many areas of scienceand technology. Not only the global optimum, but also a(large) number of near-optima are often of interest. Thisgives rise to what are referred to as multimodal optimizationproblems. In most cases, the number and quality of the optimaare unknown and assumptions cannot be made about theobjective functions. In this paper, we focus on continuous,unconstrained optimization in moderately high-dimensionalcontinuous spaces (d ≤ 10).We present a scalablealgorithm with virtually no parameters, which performs wellfor general objective functions (non-convex, discontinuous).It is based on two well-established algorithms (CMA-ES,deterministic crowding). Novel elements of the algorithminclude the detection of seed points for local searches andcollision avoidance, both based on nearest neighbors, and astrategy for semi-sequential optimization to realize scalability.The performance of the proposed algorithm is numericallyevaluated using the CEC2013 niching benchmark suite for1 − 20 dimensional functions, and a 9 dimensional real-worldproblem from constraint optimization in climate research.The algorithm performs well in relation to the CEC2013benchmarks and only falls short on higher dimensional andstrongly inisotropic problems. In the case of the climate-related problem, the algorithm is able to find a high number(> 150) of optima of relevance to climate research. Theproposed algorithm does not require special configuration forthe optimization problems considered in this paper, i.e., itshows good black-box behavior
FishAI: The Lodestar fishing platform
No full textLodestar is a web app for fishers to improve their efficiency at sea, by giving valuable input to the decision making on where to fish and which route to take. It combines historical catch data with environmental data to predict the most likely location of 10 different species across the Nordic seas, and shows it in an interactive map. It is both time sensitive and allows the user to plug in preferences to best show where specific fish species have historically been in the current conditions and suggest a route for the coming week
En folkeopplysningskampanje mellom to permer: Anmeldelse av Rory O'Connor: When it is darkest. Why people die by suicide and what we can do to prevent it
No full textKjære leser
No full textVi er midtveis i Regjeringens handlingsplan for forebygging av selvmord – en handlingsplan som fastsetter en nullvisjon for selvmord i det norske samfunnet. Det kan ikke bety annet enn at målet er å avskaffe selvmord i vårt land. Naturlig nok har det vært mye debatt om hvorvidt en slik nullvisjon er en god ting og om den er realistisk. Men mange sympatiserer med den høye målsettingen som ligger implisitt i denne visjonen. Jeg tilhører selv dem som sympatiserer. For dersom vi ikke skal ha en nullvisjon, hvilken visjon skal vi da ha? Hvor mange selvmord skal vi da anse som et akseptabelt antall i Norge? Og hvilke selvmord skal vi ikke forebygge? Vanskelige spørsmål som det ikke finnes enkle svar på. Kanskje svaret er at selv om vi ikke kan vedta å avskaffe selvmord, kan kanskje en nullvisjon bidra til at flere mennesker som vurderer å ta sitt eget liv får flere gode valgmuligheter og på dette grunnlaget velger å leve videre.
Samtidig er det klart at en nullvisjon for selvmord legger opp til et høyere nivå av forpliktende innsats i selvmordsforebyggingen enn hva som er tilfellet i dag. Det gjelder ressurser og innsats både fra myndigheter, fagfolk og menigmann. Vi satser i dag langt mindre på selvmordsforebygging enn på andre alvorlige samfunnsproblemer. Under pandemien så vi hvilken formidabel innsats og hvilke kolossale ressurser som ble satt inn for å beskytte samfunnet og enkeltmennesker når det var nødvendig. Vår evne til å svare på alvorlige trusler mot liv og helse er svært stor, bare vi innser hvor alvorlig problemet er. Men det gjenstår mye før vi kan si at vårt samfunn har skjønt alvoret når det gjelder selvmord.
Slik er det ikke når det gjelder forebygging av trafikkdød. For om lag 20 år siden var antall trafikkdrepte og hardt skadde i trafikken langt høyere enn i dag. Etter at Stortinget fastsatte en nullvisjon på dette feltet, arbeidet vegmyndighetene hardt og systematisk for å få ned tallene, og dette har båret frukter. I dette nummeret av Suicidologi beskriver Aarvold og Ranes de viktigste lærdommene fra dette forebyggende arbeidet og hvordan man har oppnådd en nærmere 70 % reduksjon i antall trafikkdrepte. Vi tror disse erfaringene har mye å lære oss når det gjelder selvmordsforebygging og hvordan virkeliggjøre en nullvisjon. Hardt, målrettet og systematisk arbeid over tid er det som må til, sammen med vilje til å bevilge nødvendige ressurser. Dette har båret frukter andre steder, blant annet i delstaten New York i USA, som vi også bringer stoff fra i dette nummeret. God sommer
Communities of Practice within the hybrid cultural institution: Developing new professional identities through LAM convergence
No full textHybrid cultural institutions have emerged in the last decades. LAM (libraries, archives and museums) convergences are a particularly complex hybrid, as they combine different jurisdictions, professions and ideas on how to collect, preserve and communicate cultural heritage. This article explores the LAM convergence of BMA-Maltfabrikken in a former malting house in the Danish town of Ebeltoft. The article presents the findings of a research project into the impact that the process of LAM convergence had on the employees’ disciplinary development. The authors point to three key factors that may engender a sustainable LAM convergence process: LAM convergence as a process of professional development for museum professionals; LAM convergence as sustained by a series of Communities of Practice; and increased awareness of professional identity as a matter of flexible leadership and a loosely coupled organization.Hybrid cultural institutions have emerged in the last decades. LAM (libraries, archives and museums) convergences are a particularly complex hybrid, as they combine different jurisdictions, professions and ideas on how to collect, preserve and communicate cultural heritage. This article explores the LAM convergence of BMA-Maltfabrikken in a former malting house in the Danish town of Ebeltoft. The article presents the findings of a research project into the impact that the process of LAM convergence had on the employees’ disciplinary development. The authors point to three key factors that may engender a sustainable LAM convergence process: LAM convergence as a process of professional development for museum professionals; LAM convergence as sustained by a series of Communities of Practice; and increased awareness of professional identity as a matter of flexible leadership and a loosely coupled organization
Encountering undecidabilities: lower secondary school students’ interpretive work with the picturebook Hemma hos Harald Henriksson
No full textPrevious research is calling attention to picturebooks as a challenging art form that contains complex themes and sophisticated literary qualities. However, previous studies on picturebooks in educational settings have mainly involved young children. Inspired by extant research on the complexity of picturebooks and the growing interest in using complex literary texts in the literature classroom, this study explores interpretive work among a group of lower secondary school students (aged 13–14) in their encounters with the picturebook Hemma hos Harald Henriksson [Visiting Harald Henriksson] (Brandelius & Dackenberg, 2018). In the analysis, we draw on a thinking with theory approach (Jackson & Mazzei, 2012) as we use the concepts of undecidability (Johansen, 2018, 2019) and negotiation (Derrida, 2002) to explore how the students negotiate with what they find to be undecidable features of the picturebook. The material used consists of video recordings of a group of eighth-grade students and their work with the picturebook. The findings show how the students encounter undecidable features, mainly concerning social and political issues, and how these undecidabilities invite the students to negotiate between different interpretive possibilities. The study shows how undecidabilities in a literary text are a central part of a literary education that emphasizes the negotiation of meaning. Consequently, the study contributes to research focusing on exploring complex literary texts in the literature classroom by calling attention to the potentials of picturebooks in secondary literary education, and emphasizes the value of upholding undecidabilities in the literature classroom. Indeed, the use of complex literary texts provides the opportunity to negotiate interpretations, to explore and change positions – in turn, the opportunity to encounter undecidabilities.Den samtida bilderboken visar prov på komplexa litterära drag i såväl formspråk som tematik. Trots ett ökat intresse för komplex litteratur i litteraturundervisningen är bilderboken i de högre årskurserna relativt outforskad. I denna artikel utforskar vi bilderboken som komplex litteratur då vi undersöker hur elever i årskurs åtta förhandlar med obestämbarheter i bilderboken Hemma hos Harald Henriksson (Brandelius & Dackenberg, 2018). Med utgångspunkt i angreppssättet tänka med teori (eng. thinking with theory) (Jackson & Mazzei, 2012) kopplar vi in begreppen obestämbarhet (Johansen, 2018, 2019) och förhandling (Derrida, 2002) i det empiriska materialet. Det empiriska materialet består av videoinspelningar av en grupp elever i årskurs åtta och deras arbete med bilderboken. Materialet analyseras med fokus på hur ungdomarna förhandlar med de för dem obestämbara dragen i bilderboken. Resultaten visar hur ungdomarna möter obestämbara drag i bilderboken, främst sådana gällande politiska och sociala frågor, och hur dessa obestämbara drag möjliggör förhandling kring olika tolkningar. I förhandlingarna rör sig eleverna mellan olika positioner, utan att nödvändigtvis stanna i en position. Studien visar hur obestämbarheter i den litterära texten är en central del av en litteraturundervisning som betonar förhandling och obestämbarhet. Studien bidrar till den tidigare forskning som argumenterar för vikten av att inkludera komplexa texter i litteraturundervisningen genom att synliggöra bilderbokens potential i mötet med ungdomar och visa värdet i att upprätthålla sig i obestämbarheter. I möten med komplexa litterära texter ges utrymme till tolkningsförhandlingar, utrymme att pröva sig fram, att skifta positioner – att möta det obestämbara