7627 research outputs found
Sort by
Legacy of a century and the future for humanity
No full textModerator: LAU Kin Chi (Lingnan University, China)
Speakers: DAI Jinhua (Peking University, China) WANG Hui (Tsinghua University, China
鍾會讒殺嵇康公案的再審視——對《世説新語》史料的分梳
Get PDF以鍾會爲個案，探討《世説新語》獨特的編撰體例、編撰思想及其對歷史人物的獨到品鑒與書寫，體現出不同於《三國志》《晋書》等史籍而自成一家之言的可貴價值。在以往研究中，鍾會被誤認爲進讒言而誅殺嵇康，成爲嵇康之死的直接推動者，被後世披以惡名，今以《世説新語》對鍾會的幾則記載爲例，參驗以其他典籍，可知鍾會之惡名實多爲誤解或誤讀。我們以“了解之同情”，重回歷史現場，以《世説新語》文本記載爲基點，對鍾會生平及行事，細加考索，可以了解到鍾會才學過人，“不是什麽不知義理的武人”（吕思勉語），其行事舉止、社會聲譽，總體而言，皆有令名，《世説新語》所載大抵契合當時實況。而後世對鍾會所責之惡名，宜有所釐正。
This article reinvestigates the case of Zhong Hui slandering Ji Kang and discusses A New Account of Tales of the World’s unique compilation style and philosophy and its appreciation and representation of historical figures, which illustrate its stand-alone value different from that of Annals of the Three Kingdoms and Book of Jin. Previous research has argued that Zhong Hui’s slander was the direct cause of Ji Kang’s death and has drawn critiques to the former. This article reads the records about Zhong Hui in A New Account of Tales of the World with references to other classical texts for a better understanding of this historical figure who has been misunderstood and whose notoriety resulted from misreading. This article revisits historical scenes and analyzes Zhong Hui’s biographical details as recorded in A New Account of Tales of the World. As Lü Simian pointed out, Zhong Hui was “not a warrior who knows no reasons.” Zhong Hui’s fame drew on his talent, actions, and social reputation, which are mostly consistent with the records in A New Account of Tales of the World
對話與競争 : 嘉靖前期官刻古文選本的多重面向
No full text一般認爲，具備官刻性質的古文選本，其内容與思想理應與國家官方所建設的文風與學風保持一致。在明代前中期的科舉文化背景下，官刻古文選本的産生，往往是作爲配合國家官學教育體系而存在的。然而，受到弘、正之際“文學復古”思潮與嘉靖年間版刻業復興的雙重影響，這一時期的文學風氣與思想傾向呈現出對於傳統程朱“正學”的某種背離，當然亦不乏堅守程朱之學的聲音存在。這些不同的思想動向皆反映在當時士人們所編刻的具備官方背景的古文選本之中，本文便以王三省《古文類選》、崔銑《文苑春秋》、顧璘《文端》三部古文選本爲考察對象，來探究其在同一個“場域”内所形成的對話與競争關係。而這種“對話”與“競争”關係，正折射出其與國家官學教育體系、編纂者自身的意圖及時代文風之間的複雜互動，也呈現出其與前代官刻古文選本不一樣的特徵。
It is generally believed that the content and ideas of government-publishing guwen anthologies should be consistent with the literary and academic styles established by the state. In the context of the imperial examination culture of the first and middle Ming dynasties, government-publishing anthologies of guwen were often produced as a complement to the state-level education system. However, the influence of the “archaist movement” at the time of Hongzhi and Zhengde, and the revival of the engraving industry during the Jiajing period, the literary style and ideological tendencies of this period showed a certain departure from the traditional Cheng-Zhu orthodoxy. The existence of these different ideological motives was reflected in the government-publishing anthologies of guwen compiled by the scholars of the time. This article focuses on three anthologies of guwen, which are The Selected guwen Classified by Different Events 古文類選 compiled by Wang Sanxing 王三省, The Spring and Autumn Annals in the Field of guwen 文苑春秋 compiled by Cui Xian 崔銑, and The Complete Works of guwen Guidelines 文端 compiled by Gu Lin 顧璘, to explain the relationship between these anthologies. This relationship reflected the complex interactions between the governmental education system, the compilers’ own intentions, and the literary style of the particular times, and showed some certain characteristics that were different from that of the government-publishing guwen anthologies of previous generations
The effects of the Big-headed Turtle (Platysternon megacephalum) on community and ecosystem in Hong Kong hill streams
Get PDFFreshwater turtles and tortoises are ecologically important organisms; however, they are underappreciated, and conservation attention often focuses on the more charismatic animals such as birds and mammals. Although turtles are the most traded group of animals and many species are at the brink of extinction, little research has been done to understand their ecology in Asia because of the rarity of wild populations. Hong Kong is a biodiversity hotspot for freshwater turtle species. The Big-headed Turtle (Platysternon megacephalum) is a critically endangered species that still maintains small populations in Hong Kong, providing a rare opportunity to study the ecological impacts of freshwater turtles on the community and ecosystem in hill streams.
I study the ecological impacts of P. megacephalum in two parts. First, I carried out a laboratory experiment to study the anti-predatory behaviour of freshwater snails (Sulcospira hainanensis), which dominate the diet of P. megacephalum. Second, I did field experiments to examine the macroinvertebrate community, the primary production and decomposition rates in streams with and without P. megacephalum. Overall, I aim to gain a better understanding of the effect of P. megacephalum on population, community and ecosystem. I hope that the results will highlight the ecological importance of Asian freshwater turtles, initiate further studies of the species and support Asian turtle conservation.
In Chapter 1, I present a literature review summarising the threats against wild turtle populations and the ecosystem. I also provide our current understanding of the ecology of the study turtle species, P. megacephalum. In Chapter 2, I describe and present the behavioural study of snail anti-predatory behaviour against different predatory risks. I found that the smell of turtles triggered snails to hide under shelters, and this behaviour was stronger with adult turtles compared to juveniles. I also found that snails moved less and become more alert as time passed. In Chapter 3, I compare the macroinvertebrate assemblage and ecological processes in turtle-present and turtle-absent streams in Hong Kong. I found that the presence of turtles increased the chironomid larvae abundance, but has no effect on the abundance and diversity of other macroinvertebrates. Additionally, primary production and decomposition rates changed with certain macroinvertebrate abundance, but not with turtles. In Chapter 4, I summarise the major findings of each chapter, then discuss the importance of ecological studies of turtles. Understanding the ecological importance and having the opportunity to appreciate wildlife in the wild are sometimes the gateway towards successful conservation. I hope that my work can highlight the importance of P. megacephalum and support local conservation of the species
《堯山堂外紀》雜纂成書方法考略
Get PDF明人蔣一葵編纂《堯山堂外紀》一百卷，以人爲綱，輯録詩歌作品及其本事，體量龐大，取材獨特，唯全不注出處，無從得知其材料來源，瞭解其成書方法。《堯山堂外紀》事實上輯録了《歸田詩話》、《西湖遊覽志》、《西湖遊覽志餘》、《留青日札》等詩話、筆記、雜記類文獻，並通過抹除原著者的個人風格，改變原史料的叙事重點，統合諸書的不同體例等策略完成了對諸種文獻的利用。同時，蔣一葵曾箋釋李攀龍《唐詩選》，此書很可能也曾被與《堯山堂外紀》相互參照編纂。蔣一葵對《堯山堂外紀》的編纂有著明確的去取原則與體例自覺，即堅持以人爲中心、以文學掌故爲主要内容。他統一了不同文獻的不同風格，這使此書雖然出自諸書雜纂，卻具備極高的鎔裁性。《堯山堂外紀》的編纂代表了明代流行的文學文獻彙編方式，展示了其背後的工作方法與原則。
Ming-dynasty scholar Jiang Yikui 蔣一葵 compiled the Supplementary Records Compiled in the Yaoshan Study 堯山堂外紀 in one hundred volumes. Organized primarily around individual figures, this compilation encompassed a vast collection of poems and anecdotes. Notably, the sources of these select materials were not provided, rendering it challenging to discern their origins or understand the methodologies adopted in the compilation. Supplementary Records compiled in the Yaoshan Study records from varied genres of literary sources, such as Returning to the Farm: Remarks on Poetry 歸田詩話, Records of the West Lake Tour 西湖遊覽志, Additional Records of the West Lake Tour 西湖遊覽志餘, and Diary on Bamboo Tablets 留青日札 amongst others. By strategically omitting the original authorial styles, shifting the narrative focus of historical materials, and synthesizing various genres, Jiang succeeded in repurposing an array of texts. In addition, Jiang’s annotations on Li Panlong’s 李攀龍 Selection of Tang Poetry 唐言寺選 suggest the possibility that these works might have been cross-referenced during the compilation process. Jiang’s approach to compiling the Supplementary Records Compiled in the Yaoshan Study demonstrates a clear set of principles and awareness of form, namely, emphasizing a figure-centric approach and focusing on literary anecdotes. By harmonizing the diverse styles of various sources, Jiang ensured that the work, despite its eclectic origins, maintained remarkable cohesiveness. The compilation method used in the Supplementary Records Compiled in the Yaoshan Study epitomizes the popular literary compilation techniques of the Ming dynasty, revealing their underlying methodologies and principles
夢、隱喻與思想 : 從意象基模解析《列子·周穆王篇》之夢寓及篇章意旨
No full text《列子·周穆王篇》共收録八則寓言，對於人類各種精神現象，如催眠、白日夢、失憶、錯覺、神智錯亂等心理現象皆有精彩著墨，内容涵括夢的實證經驗及宗教哲思諸面向，意涵繁複多元，值得深入探討。本文以當代西方“概念隱喻”的新視角及“意象基模”的解析架構，結合中國傳統文本研究之成果，解析《列子·周穆王篇》的八則寓言及篇章意旨。盼藉由概念隱喻理論具象化、系統化的解析方式，釐清“夢經驗”、“隱喻語言”與“道家思想”三者之間盤根錯節的關聯；並盼藉由會通中西的研究方法和視角，探索中西思維模式之異同，促進深度的文化交流與會通。
The Chapter of King Mu in the Liezi is composed of eight fantastic stories, centered on the themes of hypnosis, daydream, amnesia, illusion, and mental disorders. These stories conceive profound meanings which comprises religious and philosophical ideas, as well as real accounts of dreams. This article analyzes the stories and themes of the Chapter of King Mu by means of contemporary Western theories of “conceptual metaphor” and “image schema” and with reference to traditional Chinese research literature. It aims to clarify the relationship of the dream experience, metaphorical language, and Daoist thought. Further, it seeks to explore and compare the ways of thinking that underlie Chinese and Western cultures
Using multiobjective optimization to solve multimodal optimization and constrained optimization problems
Get PDFEvolutionary computation is interdisciplinary research which has been widely incorporated in various disciplines from different research fields. As a result, it leads to somewhat different research focuses like multimodal optimization, constrained optimization, and expensive optimization. In this dissertation, we focus on multiobjective-based differential evolution in computer science which refers to computational intelligence and artificial intelligence.
Many NP-hard optimization problems are highly constrained and multimodal. The optimizer needs to handle constraints, minimize the objective function, and locate multiple global or local optimal solutions. Meanwhile, this kind of optimization problems is difficult to have a mathematically deterministic formulation, and in some cases, it is also very expensive to compute. The research of multiobjective-based differential evolution has solved these problems in a new perspective of multiobjective-based transformation.
We first study the nonlinear equation systems with many and infinitely many roots. One of our contributions is an attempt to deploy the decomposition-based multiobjective optimization to solve nonlinear equation systems, especially with infinite roots. In our novel approach, a given system is transformed into a bi-objective optimization problem using reference points. An improved decomposition-based multiobjective optimization is then applied to solve the transformed bi-objective optimization problem. Furthermore, to ensure this optimization suits the characteristics of the transformed problem, we develop an adaptive local search. As a result, the roots of the original nonlinear equation system can then be identified together with the Pareto-optimal solutions of the transformed problem.
Furthermore, we improved the transformation to solve the most common nonlinear equation systems that include multiple roots. The major contributions are twofold. First, we transform a given system with any type and any number of nonlinear equations into a dynamic triobjective optimization problem. Second, we develop a self-adaptive ranking multi-objective differential evolution. In addition, a probability distribution-based local search is introduced, which aims to identify the optimal solutions with a high level of accuracy. Based on the studies of numerical optimizations with multiple solutions, the proposed approach has been demonstrated more suitable for a nonlinear equation system.
According to the successful achievement on nonlinear equation systems, we extended the idea of transformation into power economic dispatch system, which is a kind of typical constrained optimization problems. An economic dispatch problem is first transformed into a triobjective optimization problem, and then multiobjective optimization techniques are employed to fully optimize the constraints and cost function simultaneously. The first two objectives are derived from the original economic dispatch problem, while the third one is a novel density objective constructed by niching methods to enhance population diversity. These three objectives are optimized simultaneously by a dynamic dominance relation, which can make a good balance among feasibility, diversity, and convergence.
In addition, an attempt has been made to explore the multiobjective-based transformation for constrained multiobjective optimization problems. We have improved the e-constrainthandling method which is originally devised to solve constrained optimization problems with only one objective. Another contribution is the development of a linear population size expansion strategy that can achieve a better approximation to the feasible Pareto front. As a result, a simple yet efficient constrained multiobjective differential evolution has been designed.
Finally, the expensive multimodal optimization is proposed as a new research topic for the future study. Surrogate-assisted evolutionary algorithms for expensive optimization problems have gained considerable attention in recent years. However, few studies have been made to solve expensive multimodal optimization problems characterized by multiple optimal solutions. Locating multiple optima for such expensive problems is qualitatively challenging. This study proposes a surrogate-assisted differential evolution based on region decomposition to seek multiple optima for expensive multimodal optimization problems. Correspondingly, three major components: 1) the adaptive region decomposition, 2) the multilayer perceptronbased global surrogate, and 3) the self-adaptive gradient descent-based local search has been designed to locate multiple optimal solutions under a limited expensive computational budget. Correspondingly, an attempt has been made to solve expensive multimodal optimization problems
Information economy, employment vulnerability and the development of new urban marginality : the case of Bangladesh
No full text“The information economy” provides digital platforms linking businesses, services, and individual consumers across the world. Researchers view this development as a mixed blessing as it increases the gap that leads to social polarization between those workers who lack digital skills and those who have the skills.
This thesis examined how the employment and livelihood vulnerabilities of informal sector employees in Dhaka, Bangladesh arose during the restructuring of the labor market which make them marginalized and socially polarized under the information economy system. In addition, this thesis has explored the behavioral responses and attitudes of informal sector workers toward information technology. The research investigated their possession, or not, of different types of capital (social, cultural, economic, and human) that render them vulnerable to finding employment and maintaining their standards of living in the information economy.
The lens of the network-based information society\u27s influence on the labor market at the macro level; the function of various types of capital in obtaining access to digital services at the meso level; and finally, the behavioral intentions related to technology adaptation and their influence at the micro level used as a theoretical perspective to address the research questions. This study of the data adopted both a quantitative (n = 480) and qualitative (n = 35) approach to data collection.
This study finds that most urban services in Dhaka are now operated and controlled using digital economic platforms. The majority of the respondents indicated that they could not afford the associated costs needed to access digital services. This deficiency contributed to their polarization. Those respondents whose employment had already been hampered, as well as those who do not have access to technologically developed and connected platforms, were found to be more vulnerable to unemployment. Worries about losing a job or business; the difficulty of finding new employment or starting a new business, as well as a shortage of jobs in the informal sector served as the most reliable predictors of employment vulnerability.
Respondents\u27 social, cultural, human, and economic capital was also found to be severely inadequate, hindering their opportunities to expand their self-employment initiatives by playing a role as service providers as well as consumers in the digital economic system. Moreover, the respondents\u27 lack of initiative and resourcefulness combined with their attitudes toward the adoption of technology was aggravated by negative risk and benefit assessments, which also played a role in discouraging them from trying to prepare for employment in the information economy.
Respondents\u27 social polarization and other types of urban marginality were produced and reproduced by their limited access and systematic barrier to integration into the digital labor market, making them a new urban marginal group of people. Women respondents were found more vulnerable in an information society in Dhaka. As a result, this thesis provides recommendations for drafting and implementing a policy aimed at effectively and efficiently providing informal sector workers with what they need to bring them into the information economy
Poetic Theory and Practice in the Ming and Qing Dynasties : Poetic theory and practice in the Ming and Qing
Get PDFThe Ming, and especially the Qing, witnessed the unprecedented spread of writing poetry among literate men and women in the history of imperial China. This episode introduces the influential theories of poets, such as Yuan Mei’s “native sensibility” (xingling), which promoted naturalness and personal expression over formal learning and ethical concerns, thus encouraging the common practice of poetry