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Disaster awareness enlightenment project in Mongolia─playing cards for disaster preventing education, citizen-led disaster prevention─and remote education
Get PDFSince October 2017, the JICA Grassroots Technical Cooperation Project（Partner Type）ʼDisaster Preparedness Awareness Project for Large-Scale Natural Disasters Associated with Global Environmental Change in Khovd Province, Mongoliaʼ has been implemented. This JICA project was originally planned to run for five years until September 2022, but due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the project was approved to be extended until FY 2023 in recognition of the results so far achieved through trust with the local population.
A record of activities to date has been reported in previous issues of this publication. This paper therefore reports on activities since October 2022. The main contents of the project are awareness-raising activities through ʻcartaʼ for the education of disaster reduction and workshops for the establishment of a resident-led disaster reduction system. Based on the reactions and responses from the Mongolian side at the end of the JICA project, it is concluded that the dissemination of disaster reduction ʻcartaʼ and disaster reduction volunteers are important keys to promoting citizenled（bottom-up）disaster reduction in Mongolia, and that further nationwide development should be aimed for in the future.
In addition, in collaboration with the JICA project, the distance education project funded by the Grant-in-Aid Scientific Research Fund has been promoted jointly with the National University of Mongolia since FY2021. Under a comprehensive agreement, the Open University of Japan has also implemented cooperation in technology transfer to the National University of Mongolia. The survival of the traditional nomadic system in Mongolia is extremely important, as it is flexible and mobile, and from the perspective of resilience as ʼknowledge that survives crisesʼ, it has an alternative orientation towards global issues. Distance education is a revolutionary educational system in nomadic societies in the sense that it enables people to receive higher education while continuing their nomadic lifestyle. The Open University has a great deal to contribute in this field.departmental bulletin pape
The Method of Tsurezuregusa Tettsui as a Commentary
Get PDF『徒然草鉄槌』は、青木宗胡が著したとされ、一六四八年に刊行された『徒然草』の注釈書である。江戸時代に書かれた数々の『徒然草』の注釈書の中でも、重要な位置を占めている。
『徒然草』に関する最初の注釈書は、『徒然草寿命院抄』である。秦宗巴が著し、一六〇四年に刊行された。次いで、林羅山が一六二一年に著した『野槌』となる。
この二つに次ぐ三番目の注釈書が、『徒然草鉄槌』である。その後、挿絵付きの注釈書としては、松永貞徳の『なぐさみ草』（一六五二年刊）や、著者未詳の『徒然草吟和抄』（一六九〇年刊）、苗村丈伯の『徒然草絵抄』（一六九一年刊）なども登場した。『徒然草絵抄』には、語釈がなく、挿絵のみで『徒然草』の各段の説明が試みられている。このように、『徒然草』の注釈書は、多彩な展開を見せた。
その後、各務支考は、それまでの注釈書の概念を越える、長編評論として、『つれづれの讃』（一七一一年自跋）を著した。
以上に挙げた注釈書については、これまでの拙稿で取り上げて、考察してきたが、初期の注釈書に属する『徒然草鉄槌』の考察は行ってこなかった。そこで今回は、『徒然草鉄槌』を中心に据えて、『徒然草鉄槌』がどのような特徴を持ち、その前後に刊行された『徒然草』の注釈書群と、どのような関係性を持っているのか、これまで拙稿で論じてきた各種の注釈書とも関連させながら、考察することとした。
考察は、次の三点から行う。第一に、『徒然草鉄槌』と、それ以前の二つの注釈書を比較し、『徒然草鉄槌』は『野槌』の抜き書きであると言われてきた通説を検証する。そして、『徒然草鉄槌』が『野槌』よりも、むしろ『徒然草寿命院抄』を参照することが多いことを確認できたので、そこから『徒然草鉄槌』の注釈態度を明らかにした。
第二に、『なぐさみ草』と、『徒然草増補鉄槌』（山岡元隣著、一六六九年刊）とを取り上げて、『徒然草鉄槌』の影響力を考察した。
第三に、歌人であり、国学者である契沖（一六四〇〜一七〇一）が、『徒然草鉄槌』に書き込んだ「契沖書き入れ」（成立時期は一六九〇年以前とされる）を検討し、契沖が『徒然草鉄槌』を通して、『徒然草』をどのように読解したか、特に、契沖による独自の解釈箇所に注目した。
『徒然草鉄槌』は、刊行年度の異なる刊本の種類も多く、江戸時代に広く流布した『徒然草』の注釈書であった。本稿では、その人気の理由の一端を、解き明かしたい。Tsurezuregusa Tettsui（徒然草鉄槌、1648）, attributed to Aoki Soko（青木宗胡）, occupies an important position among the numerous commentaries on Tsurezuregusa（徒然草）written in the Edo era.
The oldest commentary on Tsurezuregusa is Hata Soha’s Tsurezuregusa Jumyoin Sho（秦宗巴、徒然草寿命院抄）published in 1604, which was followed by Hayashi Razan’s Nozuchi（林羅山、野槌）written in 1621.
The third oldest commentary is Tsurezuregusa Tettsui. Then followed Matsunaga Teitoku’ s Nagusamigusa（松永貞徳、なぐさみ草、1652）which is a commentary book with illustrations, anonymous Tsurezuregusa Ginwasho（徒然草吟和抄、1690）, Namura Johaku’s Tsurezuregusa Esho（苗村丈伯、徒然草絵抄、1691）etc. Tsurezuregusa Esho has no verbal notes and tries to explain each chapter of Tsurezuregusa by illustrations alone.
After that Kagami Shiko（各務支考）wrote Tsurezure-no-San（つれづれの讃、1711）, a long critical study which transcended all previous concepts as to a commentary.
I have considered more or less the commentaries above mentioned in my previous monographs but left Tsurezuregusa Tettsui, one of the earliest commentaries, untouched. This time I will focus on Tsurezuregusa Tettsui and examine its characteristics and its relations with the commentary books on Tsurezuregusa published before and after it, referring to the various commentaries discussed in my previous monographs.
Cosideration will be done from following three points of view.
Firstly, I will compare Tsurezuregusa Tettsui with its two forerunners. So far Tsurezuregusa Tettsui has been considered to be an extract from Nozuchi. I will verify this commonly accepted view and ascertain the fact that Tsurezuregusa Tettsui refers oftener to Tsurezuregusa Jumyoin Sho than to Nozuchi. In this way I would like to illustrate the method of Tsurezuregusa Tettsui as a commentary.
Secondly, I will compare Yamaoka Genrin’ s Tsurezuregusa Zoho Tettsui（1669） with Tsurezuregusa Tettsui and consider the influences of the latter on the former.
Thirdly I examine Keichu Kakiire（契沖書き入れ、made before 1690）which is marginalia written in a published copy of Tsurezuregusa Tettsui by Keichu（契沖、1640～1701）, a Waka poet and Japanese classical scholar. I consider how Keichu understood Tsurezuregusa with the aid of Tsurezuregusa Tettsui, paying particular attention to the parts where Keichu offers his original interpretations.
Tsurezuregusa Tettsui was widely circulated in the Edo era, as is shown by its many editions published at different dates. This monograph tries to explicate a part of the reason of its popularity.departmental bulletin pape
Development and verification of reliability and validity of a breastfeeding willingness scale in the early postpartum period
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Characteristics of the syllabic nasal /N/ (called 'hatsuon' in Japanese) observed in "Nagauta" Lyric expressions
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誰一人取り残さないを目指して：放送大学の障害者支援の取り組み
Get PDFThe Open University of Japan（OUJ）has been struggling to create appropriate support systems for students with disabilities（SWD）since 1983, the year of its foundation. I introduced the history of this process and the challenges it involved in the OUJ Journal of 20141. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the steps taken in this process between 2014 and 2022. I first outline global trends in the treatment of SWD in higher educational settings. I then focus on the development of SWD policy in Japanese universities following the enforcement of the Eliminating Discrimination against People with Disabilities Act of 2016. Finally, I review intractable problems still encountered by SWD at the OUJ and discuss strategies to make the learning environment at OUJ more accessible both to students with disabilities and other groups facing particular challenges, including senior citizens and non- Japanese nationals.放送大学は1983年の開学以来、障害のある学生への支援の構築に努めてきた。その変遷については、筆者は英文で「放送大学の新しい挑戦：障害者支援の現状と課題」（2014）1という論考をまとめた。本論文の目的は2014年以降の動きを紹介するものである。
第一に国際的な動向を概観し、第二に日本において2016年に施行された障害者差別解消法が成立し、大学における障害者支援がどのように変化してきたか、について焦点をあてる。最後に放送大学の障害者支援、とりわけICTを活用した支援の進展や今後の方向性について議論する。障害者支援の構築は、少数の障害者の為だけではなく、高齢者や留学生など、学ぶことに困難を抱えている多くの学生への支援に繋がっている。departmental bulletin pape
The social image of the Open University of Japan on Twitter ─Comparative analysis of stakeholders and non-stakeholders of The Open University of Japan─
Get PDF今年度（2023年度）で開学から40周年を迎える放送大学は社会からどのようなイメージを持たれてきたのだろうか。本研究では、SNSの中で最も影響力のあるTwitter（現：X）をとりあげ、その大規模なテキストデータの計量的分析から、放送大学の社会的イメージを析出するとともに、その変容を跡づけることを試みた。使用したデータはTwitter APIを用いて取得した2007年から2022年までの「放送大学」が含まれる全てのツイート（現：ポスト）である。さらに、ツイートした者を放送大学関係者と非関係者に分類した。
分析の結果、放送大学が含まれるツイート数は2012年に最初のピークを迎え、その後2021年にそれを上回ったこと、「非関係者」によるツイートが集中した時期が４度あることが明らかとなった。また、「放送大学」と同時にツイートされた語について、学事関係の内容は「関係者」が、放送メディアや教員に関しては「非関係者」がツイートしやすい傾向が示された。特に、学事関係の内容は学事暦と連動してツイートの増減が周期的に見られること、語によっては社会情勢によって「関係者」あるいは「非関係者」が言及しやすくなることが確認された。さらに、トピック分析の結果、放送大学に関するツイートは10トピックに分類された。また、トピック構成比の変遷から教員についての言及が減少していることや、心理学に関するトピックについて「関係者」が相対的に多く言及する時期と「非関係者」が多い時期が、放送大学のカリキュラムや面接授業の提供状況により変化することが明らかとなった。放送大学の社会的イメージは、放送メディアそのものや教員を通じて認識され、その変化や報道があると注目されてきた。一方で、放送大学関係者は学事についての関心が相対的に高く、学生交流の場としてもSNSが利用されており、学習する場として認識されていた。This year（2023）, The Open University of Japan is celebrating its 40th anniversary since its founding. What image has The Open University of Japan had in society? In this study, we focused on Twitter（currently referred to as X）, which is one of the most influential platforms on social media , and attempted to extract the social image of The Open University of Japan through quantitative analysis of its vast text data, as well as trace its transformation. The data used were all tweets（currently referred to as posts）containing the term “Housoudaigaku”（it means “The Open University of Japan” in English）from 2007 to 2022, obtained using the Twitter API. Furthermore, the tweeters were categorized into stakeholders and non-stakeholders of The Open University of Japan.
The results of the analysis showed that the number of tweets containing the term “Housou-daigaku” reached its first peak in 2012, and then surpassed that in 2021, and that there were four periods when tweets by “nonstakeholders”were concentrated. Moreover, regarding words tweeted simultaneously with “Housou-daigaku”, it was shown that stakeholders tend to tweet about academic-related content, while non-stakeholders tend to tweet about broadcast media and faculty members. In particular, academic-related content showed a periodic increase and decrease in tweets in line with the academic calendar, and it was confirmed that stakeholders or nonstakeholders are more likely to mention certain words depending on the social situation. Furthermore, as a result of topic analysis, tweets related to The Open University of Japan were classified into 10 topics. From the transition of the topic composition ratio, it was revealed that mentions of faculty members have decreased, and that the periods when stakeholders frequently mention topics related to psychology and non-stakeholders frequently mention them change depending on the curriculum and availability of face-to-face classes at The Open University of Japan. The social image of The Open University of Japan has been recognized through broadcast media and faculty members, and has attracted attention when changes or reports occur. On the other hand, stakeholders of The Open University of Japan have a relatively high interest in academic affairs, and social media has been used as a place for student interaction, and it has been recognized as a place for learning.departmental bulletin pape
