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FIMI VS DISINFORMATION: IMPACT ON DIGITAL SECURITY AND PUBLIC ORDER IN THE EU
Get PDFThe article explores the concept of Foreign Information Manipulation and Interference (FIMI) as a new analytical framework for countering disinformation in the European Union in the context of hybrid threats. It analyzes the evolution of information security as a component of the EU’s strategic policy against the backdrop of increasing external interference, in particular, in connection with the Russian-Ukrainian war. The authors argue that FIMI differs from the traditional understanding of disinformation in its scale, systematicity, and institutional reach. The paper examines three main vectors of FIMI’s impact on public order: political radicalization, mass distrust of the media and authorities, and social disintegration. It provides an analytical assessment of key narratives that erode democratic trust, destabilize governments, and contribute to political division in the EU. Particular attention is paid to the institutional responses of the European Union: from the creation of the East StratCom Task Force and the EUvsDisinfo initiative to the implementation of the Digital Services Act. The need to move from reactive counteraction to the formation of strategic communication and information resilience as a key tool for protecting the democratic system is highlighted. The article emphasizes the role of critical thinking, independent media and education as long-term safeguards against the influence of FIMI. In conclusion, it is proven that FIMI is not only a security challenge, but also a marker of civilizational vulnerability, which requires an interdisciplinary approach to research and a comprehensive response policy
EFFECTIVENESS OF A LIFE SKILLS PSYCHOEDUCATIONAL INTERVENTION MODULE (LISPSYM) IN REDUCING AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR AMONG MALE ADOLESCENTS IN JUVENILE CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS
Get PDFRehabilitation of aggressive behaviour among adolescents in juvenile correctional institutions remains a critical challenge, particularly in the development of structured and evidence-based intervention frameworks. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the Life Skills Psychoeducational Intervention Module (LISPSYM) in reducing overall aggression and its four subscales—physical aggression, verbal aggression, anger, and hostility—among male adolescents in juvenile correctional institutions. A quasi-experimental design was employed involving 64 male adolescents selected through purposive sampling and assigned to a treatment group (n = 32) and a control group (n = 32). The treatment group participated in twelve structured LISPSYM sessions, while the control group received standard institutional programmes. Data were collected at pre-test, post-test, and follow-up using the validated Buss and Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ). Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed significant and sustained reductions in overall aggression and all subscales within the treatment group, with large effect sizes (η²). Consistent with Jessor’s Problem Behavior Theory (1977), the findings indicate that structured psychoeducational interventions can modify maladaptive behaviour by strengthening psychosocial competencies and adaptive coping skills. The study highlights LISPSYM as a culturally relevant and practical framework to support behavioural regulation and social reintegration among institutionalised adolescents
The Constitutional Position of the Papuan People\u27s Assembly in the Implementation of Government in the Land of Papua
Get PDFContexto: A promulgação da Lei nº 21 de 2001 sobre a Autonomia Especial para a Província de Papua concede ampla autoridade ao governo e ao povo papuano para gerir de forma autónoma o seu território no quadro do Estado Unitário da República da Indonésia. Esta autonomia especial implica uma responsabilidade significativa para o governo provincial e para o seu povo na administração da governação e na regulação dos recursos naturais, visando alcançar a máxima prosperidade para os Indígenas Papuanos. Métodos: Este estudo utiliza a investigação jurídica normativa apoiada por uma abordagem empírica. A investigação identifica regras, princípios e doutrinas jurídicas para abordar questões legais específicas, particularmente no que diz respeito ao impacto das práticas culturais Hawear (Sasi) na gestão dos recursos marinhos ao abrigo das disposições estatutárias. Os dados secundários foram analisados juridicamente e complementados por dados primários de campo. Resultados: Os resultados indicam que a Autonomia Especial reforça a posição da Assembleia do Povo Papuano (MRP) como uma instituição de representação cultural com autoridade estratégica. O papel da MRP reflete-se no seu poder de "Veto" ou considerações vinculativas sobre determinadas matérias, incluindo a aprovação de candidatos a Governador e Vice-Governador (que devem ser Indígenas Papuanos), a proteção dos direitos indígenas e as políticas relativas à utilização dos recursos naturais. A MRP serve como um canal de aspiração oficial para comunidades indígenas, mulheres e líderes religiosos, garantindo que as políticas governamentais estejam alinhadas com a preservação cultural e o bem-estar dos Indígenas Papuanos.Background: The enactment of Law No. 21 of 2001 on Special Autonomy for Papua Province grants broad authority to the government and the Papuan people to autonomously manage their territory within the framework of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. This special autonomy entails significant responsibility for the provincial government and its people to administer governance and regulate natural resources to achieve maximum prosperity for Indigenous Papuans. Methods: This study employs normative legal research supported by an empirical approach. The research identifies legal rules, principles, and doctrines to address specific legal issues, particularly concerning the impact of the Hawear (Sasi) cultural practices on marine resource management under statutory provisions. Secondary data were analyzed juridically and complemented by primary field data. Results: The findings indicate that Special Autonomy strengthens the position of the Papuan People\u27s Assembly (MRP) as a cultural representation institution with strategic authority. The MRP\u27s role is reflected in its "Veto" power or binding considerations regarding certain matters, including the approval of Gubernatorial and Vice-Gubernatorial candidates (who must be Indigenous Papuans), the protection of indigenous rights, and policies regarding natural resource utilization. The MRP serves as an official aspiration channel for indigenous communities, women, and religious leaders to ensure that government policies align with cultural preservation and the welfare of Indigenous Papuans.Contexto: A promulgação da Lei nº 21 de 2001 sobre a Autonomia Especial para a Província de Papua concede ampla autoridade ao governo e ao povo papuano para gerir de forma autónoma o seu território no quadro do Estado Unitário da República da Indonésia. Esta autonomia especial implica uma responsabilidade significativa para o governo provincial e para o seu povo na administração da governação e na regulação dos recursos naturais, visando alcançar a máxima prosperidade para os Indígenas Papuanos. Métodos: Este estudo utiliza a investigação jurídica normativa apoiada por uma abordagem empírica. A investigação identifica regras, princípios e doutrinas jurídicas para abordar questões legais específicas, particularmente no que diz respeito ao impacto das práticas culturais Hawear (Sasi) na gestão dos recursos marinhos ao abrigo das disposições estatutárias. Os dados secundários foram analisados juridicamente e complementados por dados primários de campo. Resultados: Os resultados indicam que a Autonomia Especial reforça a posição da Assembleia do Povo Papuano (MRP) como uma instituição de representação cultural com autoridade estratégica. O papel da MRP reflete-se no seu poder de "Veto" ou considerações vinculativas sobre determinadas matérias, incluindo a aprovação de candidatos a Governador e Vice-Governador (que devem ser Indígenas Papuanos), a proteção dos direitos indígenas e as políticas relativas à utilização dos recursos naturais. A MRP serve como um canal de aspiração oficial para comunidades indígenas, mulheres e líderes religiosos, garantindo que as políticas governamentais estejam alinhadas com a preservação cultural e o bem-estar dos Indígenas Papuanos.Contexto: A promulgação da Lei nº 21 de 2001 sobre a Autonomia Especial para a Província de Papua concede ampla autoridade ao governo e ao povo papuano para gerir de forma autónoma o seu território no quadro do Estado Unitário da República da Indonésia. Esta autonomia especial implica uma responsabilidade significativa para o governo provincial e para o seu povo na administração da governação e na regulação dos recursos naturais, visando alcançar a máxima prosperidade para os Indígenas Papuanos. Métodos: Este estudo utiliza a investigação jurídica normativa apoiada por uma abordagem empírica. A investigação identifica regras, princípios e doutrinas jurídicas para abordar questões legais específicas, particularmente no que diz respeito ao impacto das práticas culturais Hawear (Sasi) na gestão dos recursos marinhos ao abrigo das disposições estatutárias. Os dados secundários foram analisados juridicamente e complementados por dados primários de campo. Resultados: Os resultados indicam que a Autonomia Especial reforça a posição da Assembleia do Povo Papuano (MRP) como uma instituição de representação cultural com autoridade estratégica. O papel da MRP reflete-se no seu poder de "Veto" ou considerações vinculativas sobre determinadas matérias, incluindo a aprovação de candidatos a Governador e Vice-Governador (que devem ser Indígenas Papuanos), a proteção dos direitos indígenas e as políticas relativas à utilização dos recursos naturais. A MRP serve como um canal de aspiração oficial para comunidades indígenas, mulheres e líderes religiosos, garantindo que as políticas governamentais estejam alinhadas com a preservação cultural e o bem-estar dos Indígenas Papuanos.Contexto: A promulgação da Lei nº 21 de 2001 sobre a Autonomia Especial para a Província de Papua concede ampla autoridade ao governo e ao povo papuano para gerir de forma autónoma o seu território no quadro do Estado Unitário da República da Indonésia. Esta autonomia especial implica uma responsabilidade significativa para o governo provincial e para o seu povo na administração da governação e na regulação dos recursos naturais, visando alcançar a máxima prosperidade para os Indígenas Papuanos. Métodos: Este estudo utiliza a investigação jurídica normativa apoiada por uma abordagem empírica. A investigação identifica regras, princípios e doutrinas jurídicas para abordar questões legais específicas, particularmente no que diz respeito ao impacto das práticas culturais Hawear (Sasi) na gestão dos recursos marinhos ao abrigo das disposições estatutárias. Os dados secundários foram analisados juridicamente e complementados por dados primários de campo. Resultados: Os resultados indicam que a Autonomia Especial reforça a posição da Assembleia do Povo Papuano (MRP) como uma instituição de representação cultural com autoridade estratégica. O papel da MRP reflete-se no seu poder de "Veto" ou considerações vinculativas sobre determinadas matérias, incluindo a aprovação de candidatos a Governador e Vice-Governador (que devem ser Indígenas Papuanos), a proteção dos direitos indígenas e as políticas relativas à utilização dos recursos naturais. A MRP serve como um canal de aspiração oficial para comunidades indígenas, mulheres e líderes religiosos, garantindo que as políticas governamentais estejam alinhadas com a preservação cultural e o bem-estar dos Indígenas Papuanos
ELECTRONIC CONTRACTS AND CONSUMER PROTECTION IN VIETNAM’S E-COMMERCE: LEGAL FRAMEWORK, CHALLENGES, AND REFORM DIRECTIONS
Get PDFThis article examines the legal framework governing electronic contracts and consumer protection in Vietnam’s e-commerce environment following the 2023 Law on Electronic Transactions and the 2023 Law on Protection of Consumer Rights, effective from 1 July 2024. Using a normative legal research method, the article analyses statutory design and implementation under Decree No. 55/2024/NĐ-CP and Decree No. 194/2025/NĐ-CP detailing a number of articles of the Law on Electronic Transactions regarding national databases, data connectivity and sharing, and open data for electronic transactions of state agencies. The study identifies three core regulatory challenges: securing informed consent in standard-form online contracts, clarifying overlaps between consumer law and personal data protection, and establishing accessible online dispute resolution. It argues that Vietnam’s framework converges with key international reference points (UNCITRAL and OECD) but requires clearer coordination, stronger platform accountability, and a functional ODR mechanism to improve redress and trust. The article concludes with reform directions on transparency – by - design, proportionate sanctions, inter-agency coordination, and capacity-building for regulators and courts
EFFECT OF DRY NEEDLING WITH AND WITHOUT ELECTRICAL STIMULATION IN TREATMENT OF LOWER LIMB IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC ISCHEMIC STROKE
Get PDFLower-limb spasticity after stroke restricts gait and functional independence, and adjunct interventions that reduce hypertonia while modulating segmental excitability may enhance conventional rehabilitation. This assessor-blinded, parallel-group randomized controlled trial tested whether dry needling combined with intramuscular electrical stimulation (DN+ES), integrated within conventional physical therapy (CPT), reduces spasticity, improves lower-limb motor function, and modifies soleus H-reflex indices in adults with chronic ischemic stroke. Sixty-four participants (32 per group) received 6 weeks of treatment (three sessions/week, 60 minutes). The experimental group received DN+ES twice weekly within sessions plus CPT; the control group received CPT only. Outcomes were assessed at baseline, week 3, and week 6. The primary outcome was the Modified Ashworth Scale of the index muscle; secondary outcomes included the Fugl–Meyer Assessment–Lower Extremity, soleus Hmax/Mmax ratio, and H-reflex latency. Compared with CPT, DN+ES+CPT produced larger reductions in spasticity and greater improvements in lower-limb motor function, alongside a greater decrease in Hmax/Mmax, while between-group differences in latency were not detected. These findings support DN+ES as a pragmatic adjunct that may improve the treatability of the limb and strengthen the impact of conventional rehabilitation in post-stroke spasticity
LEGAL AND PRACTICAL APPROACHES TO THE FIGHT AGAINST DRUG CRIMES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF VIETNAM AND OTHER COUNTRIES
Get PDFThe proliferation of drug-related crimes remains one of the most formidable challenges for governments and societies worldwide. Despite the shared threat of drug abuse and trafficking, different nations have developed diverse legal frameworks and enforcement mechanisms to combat the drug crisis. This article examines the legal and practical dimensions of the fight against drug crimes in Vietnam, comparing it to the strategies implemented by several other countries. By exploring Vietnam\u27s legal provisions, the effectiveness of its enforcement systems, and the socio-economic factors influencing drug crime, this study provides a comprehensive analysis of the strengths and weaknesses in its approach. Furthermore, the paper assesses international cooperation in drug law enforcement and highlights best practices from countries with advanced anti-drug strategies, offering recommendations for enhancing global and national efforts to tackle the drug epidemic
GOVERNING JAVANESE CULTURE UNDER DECENTRALIZATION: FRAGMENTATION AND THE CHALLENGE OF INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT AT THE PROVINCIAL LEVEL
Get PDFThis paper aims to explain the fragmentation in the management of Javanese culture as a result of the decentralization policy in Indonesia, and the importance of managing and developing Javanese culture within an integrated decentralization policy. In line with the decentralization policy during the Reform Era, local governments have broad autonomy in developing local culture. In relation to the authority of local governments, provincial governments play a coordinating role. However, local governments tend to lack the same preparedness in developing the diverse variations of Javanese culture. The management of these cultural variations appears to be fragmented. This study uses a qualitative research method, with the research site being the Department of Culture of Central Java Province. Informants include department heads, cultural managers, and academic experts on Javanese culture. The qualitative analysis used emphasizes simultaneous analysis techniques throughout the research process. The results show that along with decentralization, local governments have managed various forms of Javanese culture according to their authority and capabilities. Meanwhile, the Central Java Provincial Government, through the Department of Culture, positions itself according to its coordinating and monitoring function. Ironically, Javanese culture, which is rich and diverse, seems to lack a comprehensive framework for its development, as it largely depends on the readiness of local governments. The fragmentation in the management of Javanese culture is ironic because it is hoped that Javanese culture could be protected under a broader and stronger authority, particularly at the provincial level. Therefore, this study recommends the importance of more integrated management of Javanese culture at the provincial level, especially in Central Java Province
FROM LEGAL COMMITMENTS TO EFFECTIVE PROTECTION: A SOCIO-LEGAL REVIEW OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE PREVENTION IN VIETNAM
Get PDFChild sexual abuse constitutes one of the most serious violations of children’s rights, generating profound and long-lasting consequences for individual well-being and social development. Despite increasing international attention and legal reform efforts, many countries continue to face significant challenges in translating formal legal commitments into effective protection for children. This article adopts a socio-legal and multidisciplinary approach to examine the protection of children from sexual abuse in Vietnam, integrating human rights theory, behavioural psychology, criminology, empirical evidence, and legal analysis. Drawing on international standards, national legislation, official reports, and existing academic research, the article analyses the scale and characteristics of child sexual abuse in Vietnam, the institutional and legal frameworks governing child protection, and the principal obstacles to effective implementation. The findings reveal a persistent gap between formal legal compliance and substantive realisation of children’s rights, manifested in under-reporting, procedural deficiencies, limited child-friendly justice mechanisms, and fragmented institutional coordination. By applying the Theory of Planned Behavior and criminological perspectives, the article explains why punitive legal measures alone have limited preventive impact in contexts where social norms discourage disclosure and institutional responses are perceived as inaccessible or ineffective. The study argues that effective protection of children from sexual abuse requires a shift from a predominantly reactive, criminal-justice-centred model towards a holistic, rights-based, and child-centred protection system that prioritises prevention, child-friendly justice, and long-term recovery. The article contributes to interdisciplinary scholarship on child protection by demonstrating the value of integrating legal analysis with behavioural and social science insights, and by offering policy-oriented recommendations to strengthen the effective realisation of children’s rights in Vietnam and comparable contexts
CONSERVATION AND RATIONAL USE OF OCEANS AND TERRITORIES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: CONCEPTS OF THE ARCTIC POLICY
Get PDFTechnological advancements, economic prospects, and climate change have intensified discussions on governance solutions for aligning social and economic relations among governmental bodies at all levels, corporations, businesses, industries, and local populations, including indigenous Arctic communities. As a result, the Arctic governance system is evolving, influenced by repeated calls on the international stage to maintain the Arctic as a “zone of peace.” This governance is becoming more complex due to climate change and the responses of Arctic nations, each with strategic interests in the region. The article aims to identify the specific characteristics of sustainable development governance in the northern territories of Arctic nations in national and international contexts. The article considers cooperation among Arctic states in promoting the sustainable development of the Far North and the role of the Arctic Council in this process. Based on the case study “Concepts of the Arctic Policy among Arctic Nations for Sustainable Development”, the article concludes that the Arctic strategies of these nations should be grounded in multilateral cooperation on Arctic affairs. This approach would mitigate security issues in the region and reduce the risk of military conflicts by promoting transparency, predictability, stability, accountability, and pragmatic collaboration
WRESTLING COMPETITIONS AND WRESTLING CHAMPION WRESTLERS AT THE OLYMPIC GAMES HELD TO HONOR GOD ZEUS
Get PDFAncient Greek society organized sports events to honor leaders and heroes. With the development of the belief structure, local events became more comprehensive. There were mythological gods in ancient Greek society that were connected to the belief system. However, festivals were organized only in honor of the great gods. As in civilizations throughout human history, ceremonies and festivals were organized in ancient Greek civilization to honor gods. The most important of the ceremonies organized for Zeus, one of the important gods of ancient Greek society, were the Olympic Games. Although the sports category was few when sports competitions in ancient Greek society began to be organized, new games were added in later periods. The most important of these games were wrestling competitions. Citizens who participated in the Olympic Games made superhuman efforts to honor God Zeus. As the popularity of the Olympic Games, which were initially held locally, increased, people came to compete, especially in wrestling. This study aims to explain the wrestling competitions in the Olympic Games organized in the name of God Zeus in the Ancient Greek and Hellenistic periods and to provide information about the wrestlers who managed to become champions in these competitions