Journal of Islamabad Medical & Dental College
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Earthquake Preparedness in Schools of Islamabad
Get PDFBackground: Pakistan is located in the Himalayan region, which has the highest vulnerability to earthquakes. The Islamabad-Rawalpindi area lies in a tectonically active zone, where earthquakes have been frequent in the recent geological past. Earthquake preparedness in schools is relatively under studied area in Pakistan. The objective of this study was to determine the level of preparedness of schools for earthquakes and to compare it between urban and rural, government and private schools in Islamabad Capital Territory.
Material and Methods: It was a cross-sectional comparative study. The study population was schools of Islamabad Capital Territory. The total sample size was 74 and non-probability purposive sampling technique was used. Data was collected through a structured questionnaire pretested on 5% of the sample size and respondents were administrative staff of schools. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 21. Data of the categorical variables was presented in the form of frequencies (percentages). Statistical significance of association between school profile and level of preparedness was determined by using bivariate tabular association analysis (Chi square).
Results: Out of 74 schools, 61 were private and 14 were government schools. 46 schools were located in urban areas while 28 were in rural area of Islamabad Capital Territory. Out of the total schools, 66.2% had written preparedness plan for earthquake and 73% of the schools had a safety committee to lead disaster response planning. Most of the schools (82.4%) had minimum of two exits in high occupancy rooms. There was significant association of location of school with preparedness plan for earthquake (p=0.009), and type of school with two evacuation drills annually (p=0.03).
Conclusion: Private schools and those located in urban areas are better prepared for earthquakes as compared to government schools and the ones located in rural areas
An Unusual Case of Gallbladder Carcinoma with Pseudopancreatic Cyst
Get PDFGenerally, carcinoma of the gallbladder is an extremely unusual neoplasm, however, high incidence rates have been reported in certain parts of the world. The role of certain factors such as genetic susceptibility, lifestyle and infections of gallbladder in causing carcinogenesis is still not clearly understood. Due to its early vague symptoms and lack of serosa in the gallbladder to slow its spread, gallbladder carcinoma typically presents at an advanced stage with a five-year survival rate of less than 5%. Pseudopancreatic cyst is an uncommon but not a rare complication of acute pancreatitis and injury to the pancreas. However, it rarely presents with carcinoma of gallbladder. We present here an unusual case of gallbladder carcinoma with pseudopancreatic cyst in a 58-year old male
Association of Clinicopathological features of Cholecystitis with Helicobacter Pylori Infection in Gall bladders
Get PDFBackground: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) have been associated with gastritis, but its presence in other parts of the gastrointestinal system has not been studied much. Few previous studies have identified “H. pylori” in gallbladder and found its association in causing cholecystitis and gallstones, but there is limited data showing a significant association in Pakistan. This study was designed to identify H. pylori microorganism in cholecystitis patients and find its association with the morphological changes seen in the affected gall bladders. Material and Methods: All patients with acute and chronic cholecystitis admitted in Akbar Niazi Teaching Hospital (ANTH) between the ages of 18 and 80 years from January 2017 till March 2019, who underwent cholecystectomy, were included in the study. Gall bladder specimens were sent to Pathology department, ANTH after surgery and were analyzed for the presence of H pylori bacteria using Hematoxylin and Eosin and Giemsa staining. Signs of inflammation, hyperplasia, metaplasia, mucosal atrophy or erosion, lymphoid infiltration, fibrosis, cholesterolosis or any other morphological changes were also noted. Association of H. pylori with cholecystitis and other morphological changes were assessed by Chi Square analysis. P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: Chronic cholecystitis was present in 91% cases and acute cholecystitis in 9%. Other histological findings were Hyperplasia (10%), Metaplasia (15%), Fibrosis (79%), Cholesterolosis (19%) and ulcerations (36%). H pylori was found in 17% of gall bladders and all the cases were of chronic cholecystitis, with 11.7% males and 88% females. Gallstones were present in 76.4% cases and were more common in 41-60 years’ age group (64.7%). Other histological findings seen in H. pylori positive cases were; Hyperplasia in 11.7% cases, Metaplasia in 17.6%, Fibrosis in 94.1%, cholesterolosis in 23.5% and ulcerations in 17.6% cases. Association of H. pylori with gender, cholecystitis, gall stones, histological features and age distribution was non-significant.Conclusion: Although H. pylori infection has been found in cases of chronic cholecystitis and gall stone formation, its association with cholecystitis and other morphological changes could not be proved. Hence, it is uncertain whether H. pylori eradication in patients with gastritis can prevent cholecystitis or gall stones formation
Frequency of Common Chromosomal Abnormalities in Patients with Idiopathic Acquired Aplastic Anemia
Get PDFObjective: To determine the frequency of common chromosomal aberrations in local population idiopathic determine the frequency of common chromosomal aberrations in local population idiopathic determine the frequency of common chromosomal aberrations in local population idiopathic determine the frequency of common chromosomal aberrations in local population idiopathic determine the frequency of common chromosomal aberrations in local population idiopathic determine the frequency of common chromosomal aberrations in local population idiopathic determine the frequency of common chromosomal aberrations in local population idiopathic determine the frequency of common chromosomal aberrations in local population idiopathic determine the frequency of common chromosomal aberrations in local population idiopathic determine the frequency of common chromosomal aberrations in local population idiopathic determine the frequency of common chromosomal aberrations in local population idiopathic determine the frequency of common chromosomal aberrations in local population idiopathic determine the frequency of common chromosomal aberrations in local population idiopathic determine the frequency of common chromosomal aberrations in local population idiopathic determine the frequency of common chromosomal aberrations in local population idiopathic determine the frequency of common chromosomal aberrations in local population idiopathic determine the frequency of common chromosomal aberrations in local population idiopathic determine the frequency of common chromosomal aberrations in local population idiopathic determine the frequency of common chromosomal aberrations in local population idiopathic determine the frequency of common chromosomal aberrations in local population idiopathic determine the frequency of common chromosomal aberrations in local population idiopathic determine the frequency of common chromosomal aberrations in local population idiopathic determine the frequency of common chromosomal aberrations in local population idiopathic determine the frequency of common chromosomal aberrations in local population idiopathic determine the frequency of common chromosomal aberrations in local population idiopathic determine the frequency of common chromosomal aberrations in local population idiopathic determine the frequency of common chromosomal aberrations in local population idiopathic determine the frequency of common chromosomal aberrations in local population idiopathic determine the frequency of common chromosomal aberrations in local population idiopathic determine the frequency of common chromosomal aberrations in local population idiopathic determine the frequency of common chromosomal aberrations in local population idiopathic determine the frequency of common chromosomal aberrations in local population idiopathic determine the frequency of common chromosomal aberrations in local population idiopathic determine the frequency of common chromosomal aberrations in local population idiopathic determine the frequency of common chromosomal aberrations in local population idiopathic determine the frequency of common chromosomal aberrations in local population idiopathic determine the frequency of common chromosomal aberrations in local population idiopathic determine the frequency of common chromosomal aberrations in local population idiopathic determine the frequency of common chromosomal aberrations in local population idiopathic determine the frequency of common chromosomal aberrations in local population idiopathic determine the frequency of common chromosomal aberrations in local population idiopathic determine the frequency of common chromosomal aberrations in local population idiopathic determine the frequency of common chromosomal aberrations in local population idiopathic determine the frequency of common chromosomal aberrations in local population idiopathic determine the frequency of common chromosomal aberrations in local population idiopathic determine the frequency of common chromosomal aberrations in local population idiopathic determine the frequency of common chromosomal aberrations in local population idiopathic determine the frequency of common chromosomal aberrations in local population idiopathic determine the frequency of common chromosomal aberrations in local population idiopathic determine the frequency of common chromosomal aberrations in local population idiopathic determine the frequency of common chromosomal aberrations in local population idiopathic determine the frequency of common chromosomal aberrations in local population idiopathic determine the frequency of common chromosomal aberrations in local population idiopathic determine the frequency of common chromosomal aberrations in local population idiopathic determine the frequency of common chromosomal aberrations in local population idiopathic determine the frequency of common chromosomal aberrations in local population idiopathic determine the frequency of common chromosomal aberrations in local population idiopathic determine the frequency of common chromosomal aberrations in local population idiopathic determine the frequency of common chromosomal aberrations in local population idiopathic determine the frequency of common chromosomal aberrations in local population idiopathic determine the frequency of common chromosomal aberrations in local population idiopathic acquired aplastic anemia at the time of diagnosis, using Gacquired aplastic anemia at the time of diagnosis, using G acquired aplastic anemia at the time of diagnosis, using Gacquired aplastic anemia at the time of diagnosis, using G acquired aplastic anemia at the time of diagnosis, using Gacquired aplastic anemia at the time of diagnosis, using Gacquired aplastic anemia at the time of diagnosis, using G acquired aplastic anemia at the time of diagnosis, using Gacquired aplastic anemia at the time of diagnosis, using Gacquired aplastic anemia at the time of diagnosis, using Gacquired aplastic anemia at the time of diagnosis, using G acquired aplastic anemia at the time of diagnosis, using Gacquired aplastic anemia at the time of diagnosis, using Gacquired aplastic anemia at the time of diagnosis, using Gacquired aplastic anemia at the time of diagnosis, using G acquired aplastic anemia at the time of diagnosis, using Gacquired aplastic anemia at the time of diagnosis, using G acquired aplastic anemia at the time of diagnosis, using G acquired aplastic anemia at the time of diagnosis, using Gacquired aplastic anemia at the time of diagnosis, using G acquired aplastic anemia at the time of diagnosis, using G acquired aplastic anemia at the time of diagnosis, using Gacquired aplastic anemia at the time of diagnosis, using Gacquired aplastic anemia at the time of diagnosis, using Gacquired aplastic anemia at the time of diagnosis, using G acquired aplastic anemia at the time of diagnosis, using Gacquired aplastic anemia at the time of diagnosis, using G acquired aplastic anemia at the time of diagnosis, using Gacquired aplastic anemia at the time of diagnosis, using Gacquired aplastic anemia at the time of diagnosis, using G acquired aplastic anemia at the time of diagnosis, using G acquired aplastic anemia at the time of diagnosis, using Gacquired aplastic anemia at the time of diagnosis, using Gacquired aplastic anemia at the time of diagnosis, using Gacquired aplastic anemia at the time of diagnosis, using G-banding cytogenetic analysisbanding cytogenetic analysisbanding cytogenetic analysisbanding cytogenetic analysisbanding cytogenetic analysisbanding cytogenetic analysisbanding cytogenetic analysisbanding cytogenetic analysis banding cytogenetic analysisbanding cytogenetic analysisbanding cytogenetic analysisbanding cytogenetic analysisbanding cytogenetic analysisbanding cytogenetic analysis banding cytogenetic analysisbanding cytogenetic analysisbanding cytogenetic analysis banding cytogenetic analysis.Patients and Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted in Department of Haematology, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, and Islamabad and Department of Genetics, Children Hospital, Lahore from June 2015 to July 2017. Sample size was calculated using WHO sample size calculator. A total of sixty cases of peripheral blood pancytopenia having clinical suspicion of acquired aplastic anemia and diagnosed on bone marrow examination with aplastic anemia were included in the study. Bone marrow or peripheral blood samples were also processed for cytogenetics by G-banding and karyotyping according to International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (ISCN) to determine frequency of chromosomal abnormalities in the patients of acquired aplastic anaemia.Results: Sixty cases diagnosed to have acquired aplastic anaemia using bone marrow examination as gold standard were included in the study based on inclusion criteria. Forty-five out of 60 patients (75%) had successful karyotyping whereas 15 out of 60 patients (25%) had inconclusive cytogenetics due to culture failure, inadequate metaphase cells and contamination. G-banding revealed normal karyotyping in 40 out of 45 patients (88.9%) while 5 out of 45 patients (11.1%) were found to have abnormal karyotyping. Chromosomal abnormalities revealed by abnormal karyotyping included three numerical abnormalities i.e. monosomy 7, trisomy 8, trisomy 14 and two structural abnormalities i.e. deletion of 11q, deletion of 13q. The frequency of chromosomal abnormalities in patients with acquired aplastic anaemia in this study was found to be 11.1%.Conclusion: Cytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic ytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic ytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic ytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic ytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic ytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic ytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic ytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic ytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic ytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic ytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic ytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic ytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic ytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic ytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic ytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic ytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic ytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic ytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic ytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic ytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic ytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic ytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic ytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic ytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic ytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic ytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic ytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic ytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic ytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic ytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic ytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic ytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic ytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic ytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic ytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic ytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic ytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic ytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic ytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic ytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic ytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic ytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic ytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic ytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic ytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic ytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic ytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic ytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic ytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic ytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic ytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic ytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic ytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic ytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic ytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic ytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic ytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic ytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic ytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic ytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic ytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic ytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic ytogenetic analysis may be beneficial in differentiating acquired AA from other haemopoietic disorders of bone marrow failure, which may be missed, based on cell morphology alone. It also guides in disorders of bone marrow failure, which may be missed, based on cell morphology alone. It also guides in disorders of bone marrow failure, which may be missed, based on cell morphology alone. It also guides in disorders of bone marrow failure, which may be missed, based on cell morphology alone. It also guides in disorders of bone marrow failure, which may be missed, based on cell morphology alone. It also guides in disorders of bone marrow failure, which may be missed, based on cell morphology alone. It also guides in disorders of bone marrow failure, which may be missed, based on cell morphology alone. It also guides in disorders of bone marrow failure, which may be missed, based on cell morphology alone. It also guides in disorders of bone marrow failure, which may be missed, based on cell morphology alone. It also guides in disorders of bone marrow failure, which may be missed, based on cell morphology alone. It also guides in disorders of bone marrow failure, which may be missed, based on cell morphology alone. It also guides in disorders of bone marrow failure, which may be missed, based on cell morphology alone. It also guides in disorders of bone marrow failure, which may be missed, based on cell morphology alone. It also guides in disorders of bone marrow failure, which may be missed, based on cell morphology alone. It also guides in disorders of bone marrow failure, which may be missed, based on cell morphology alone. It also guides in disorders of bone marrow failure, which may be missed, based on cell morphology alone. It also guides in disorders of bone marrow failure, which may be missed, based on cell morphology alone. It also guides in disorders of bone marrow failure, which may be missed, based on cell morphology alone. It also guides in disorders of bone marrow failure, which may be missed, based on cell morphology alone. It also guides in disorders of bone marrow failure, which may be missed, based on cell morphology alone. It also guides in disorders of bone marrow failure, which may be missed, based on cell morphology alone. It also guides in disorders of bone marrow failure, which may be missed, based on cell morphology alone. It also guides in disorders of bone marrow failure, which may be missed, based on cell morphology alone. It also guides in disorders of bone marrow failure, which may be missed, based on cell morphology alone. It also guides in disorders of bone marrow failure, which may be missed, based on cell morphology alone. It also guides in disorders of bone marrow failure, which may be missed, based on cell morphology alone. It also guides in disorders of bone marrow failure, which may be missed, based on cell morphology alone. It also guides in disorders of bone marrow failure, which may be missed, based on cell morphology alone. It also guides in disorders of bone marrow failure, which may be missed, based on cell morphology alone. It also guides in disorders of bone marrow failure, which may be missed, based on cell morphology alone. It also guides in disorders of bone marrow failure, which may be missed, based on cell morphology alone. It also guides in disorders of bone marrow failure, which may be missed, based on cell morphology alone. It also guides in disorders of bone marrow failure, which may be missed, based on cell morphology alone. It also guides in disorders of bone marrow failure, which may be missed, based on cell morphology alone. It also guides in disorders of bone marrow failure, which may be missed, based on cell morphology alone. It also guides in disorders of bone marrow failure, which may be missed, based on cell morphology alone. It also guides in disorders of bone marrow failure, which may be missed, based on cell morphology alone. It also guides in disorders of bone marrow failure, which may be missed, based on cell morphology alone. It also guides in disorders of bone marrow failure, which may be missed, based on cell morphology alone. It also guides in disorders of bone marrow failure, which may be missed, based on cell morphology alone. It also guides in disorders of bone marrow failure, which may be missed, based on cell morphology alone. It also guides in disorders of bone marrow failure, which may be missed, based on cell morphology alone. It also guides in disorders of bone marrow failure, which may be missed, based on cell morphology alone. It also guides in disorders of bone marrow failure, which may be missed, based on cell morphology alone. It also guides in disorders of bone marrow failure, which may be missed, based on cell morphology alone. It also guides in disorders of bone marrow failure, which may be missed, based on cell morphology alone. It also guides in disorders of bone marrow failure, which may be missed, based on cell morphology alone. It also guides in disorders of bone marrow failure, which may be missed, based on cell morphology alone. It also guides in disorders of bone marrow failure, which may be missed, based on cell morphology alone. It also guides in disorders of bone marrow failure, which may be missed, based on cell morphology alone. It also guides in disorders of bone marrow failure, which may be missed, based on cell morphology alone. It also guides in disorders of bone marrow failure, which may be missed, based on cell morphology alone. It also guides in disorders of bone marrow failure, which may be missed, based on cell morphology alone. It also guides in disorders of bone marrow failure, which may be missed, based on cell morphology alone. It also guides in disorders of bone marrow failure, which may be missed, based on cell morphology alone. It also guides in disorders of bone marrow failure, which may be missed, based on cell morphology alone. It also guides in disorders of bone marrow failure, which may be missed, based on cell morphology alone. It also guides in disorders of bone marrow failure, which may be missed, based on cell morphology alone. It also guides in disorders of bone marrow failure, which may be missed, based on cell morphology alone. It also guides in disorders of bone marrow failure, which may be missed, based on cell morp
APGAR Score of Neonates Born to Anemic Mothers versus Non-Anemic Mothers
Get PDFObjective: To determine the effect of maternal iron deficiency anemia on APGAR score of neonates at one minute.Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Aziz Bhatti Shaheed Teaching Hospital Gujrat from January 2017 to November 2017. In total 380 patients (50% anemic and 50% non-anemic mothers) were included in study. Grouping into anemic and non-anemic groups was done, based on their hemoglobin level, MCV, MCH and ferritin levels. APGAR score at 1 minute was noted in neonates born to both groups. Data was analyzed using SPSS 20.0. Chi square test was applied to evaluate the difference of APGAR score.Results: Mean age in anemic was 27+4.6 years and in non-anemic 26+5.1 years. The mean hemoglobin among anemic was 8.9+2.1 g/dl and among non-anemic 12.3+1.2 g/dL. Mean MCV in non-anemic 85.7+3.8 fl, while among anemic was 62.4+4.1 fl Mean ferritin levels among anemic were 7.4+1.1 ng/ml. Neonates delivered by anemic mothers had mean APGAR score of 6.5+0.2 and those delivered to non-anemic had 8.7+0.5. The APGAR score of neonates delivered by anemic and non-anemic showed a significant difference (p-value 0.00). The relative risk of having low APGAR score of infant in anemic compared to non-anemic mothers was 29.00 (95% CI, 13.1798-63.8098) with p<0.0001.Conclusion: Maternal anemia is significantly associated with poor APGAR score in neonates
Immunohistochemical Expression of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Different Histopathological Grades of Muco-epidermoid Carcinoma of Salivary Glands
Get PDFObjective: To determine the immunohistochemical expression of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) in different histopathological grades of mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) in salivary glands.Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from August 2015 to September 2016 at Armed Forces Institte of Patholgy Rawalpindi (AFIP), to determine the immunohistochemical expression of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) in different histopathological grades of mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) in salivary glands. Thirty cases of MEC were retrieved from record files along with their paraffin blocks at AFIP, Rawalpindi. New histological diagnosis was made on freshly prepared Hematoxylin and Eosins section followed by application and analysis by immunostaining. Chi-square test was used to find the effect of EGFR on different grades of MEC.Results: Out of 30 cases, 24 cases were positive for EGFR. In case of low-grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma, 8 cases were weak positive, whereas remaining six were negative. Out of eight cases of intermediate grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma, 3 were week positive, whereas remaining five are strong positive. In high grade mucoepidermoid out of eight cases seven were strong positive. P-value for EGFR was calculated as .036. EGFR expression increased with increase in grade of tumor.Conclusion: The expression of EGFR increased with increase in grade of tumor.Key words: EGFR, Mucoepidermoid carcinoma, Salivary Gland
Comparison of 3% Ciprofloxacin-1% Dexamethasone and 10% Ichthammol Glycerin for Control of Pain due to Acute Otitis Externa
Get PDFObjective: To compare the efficacy of 10% Icthammol glycerin and 3% ciprofloxacin-1% Dexamethasone for controlling pain associated with acute otitis externa.Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional study conducted at the ENT department of Railway Hospital, Rawalpindi from 1st March to 1st December 2017. Sixty (n=60) patients of both gender between age 12-60 years, diagnosed with moderate to severe acute otitis externa were enrolled and were randomly divided into two groups using lottery method. Group A patients were administered 3% ciprofloxacin-1% Dexamethasone wick in auditory canal and Group B patients were administered 10% Icthammol Glycerin wick. The treatment was considered efficacious if there was marked reduction in pain (pain score decreased to ≤ 4 points from baseline on Visual Analog Score on day 3).Results: Baseline characteristics were similar in both groups. Mean VAS was 6.67 ± 1.18SD in group A and 6.57 ± 1.16SD in group B (P=0.743) at baseline and was 2.43 ± 1.16SD and 3.50 ± 2.16SD, respectively on day 3 (P=0.028). Efficacy was significantly better in Group A patients as compared to Group B (76.7%, n=23/30 versus 43.3%, n=13/30; P =0.008).Conclusion: Treatment with 3% ciprofloxacin-1% Dexamethasone was found to be significantly better than 10% Icthammol glycerin in patients with acute otitis externa in terms of associated pain control
Seroprevalence of Rubella IgG in Pregnant Females
Get PDFObjective: To find out the seropositivity of IgG rubella in pregnant women in Pakistan, to assess the prevalence of infection and to estimate the requirement of vaccination.Patients and Methods: In this retrospective cross sectional study total 730 females who visited Salma Kafeel Fertility Clinic (Rawalpindi) for antenatal checkup were inducted. Their age range was 18-45 years. The study was carried out from 2011-2016. ELISA serological testing was used to check the seroprevalence of Rubella IgG.Results: In total the 730 subjects were included in the study and divided in four groups according to their ages. The results were as follows: group 1(18-20yrs) 100% positive, group 2 (21-30yrs) 90.5% positive, group 3 (31-40yrs) 93.5% positive and lastly group 4 (>40yrs) 95%positive. Overall 92.32 % seropositivity was seen while 7.70% were found at risk of developing infection.Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of Rubella in females of child bearing age in Pakistan. This is alarming as it can result in high risk of CRS in newborns and fetal death. Therefore, women planning to become pregnant, who do not have natural immunity to rubella should be vaccinated at least 4 weeks prior to conception
Accuracy, Sensitivity and Specificity of Oral Brush Cytology in the Diagnosis of Oral Epithelial Lesions
Get PDFBackground: Oral Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is highly prevalent in Pakistan than the rest of the world. Five-year survival rate is 80% if SCC is diagnosed at an early stage. The survival rate declines to 20% if diagnosed at a later stage. The objective of the present study was to find out the usefulness of oral brush cytology in detecting oral lesions.
Material and Methods: In the present prospective observational study, 88 samples were collected from Maxillofacial Surgery Out-Patient Department (OPD), Liaquat University Hospital and ISRA University Hospital from July 2015 to December 2015. After taking written informed consent, oral brush cytology was performed and stained with standard Papanicolaou (PAP) staining protocol. The biopsy of the patients was performed by standard protocols of oral biopsy and specimen preserved in 10% buffered formalin. Cross tabulation between diagnosis of brush cytology and biopsy of same patients was done and accuracy, sensitivity and specificity were calculated.
Results: According to the distribution of patients on brush cytology, 59.1% patients were diagnosed with malignant tumors, whereas 17.1% had benign tumors. On biopsy of the same patients, squamous cell carcinoma was confirmed in 72.7% and benign tumors were found in 17% of the patients. Comparison of brush cytology with biopsy of same patients revealed no significant difference. Accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of brush cytology of the oral cavity for detection of malignant tumor were calculated as 86.36%, 81.25% and 100% respectively. Whereas accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of brush cytology of the oral cavity for detection of benign and inflammatory conditions were 100%.
Conclusion: Oral brush cytology has good accuracy, sensitivity and specificity for detection of oral epithelial lesions and can be useful in early detection of oral cancer as well as other lesions. Moreover, as an easy-to-do, painless and non-invasive procedure, it can be a good screening method for detection of oral lesions