IJFAC (Indonesian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Chemistry)
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Some of South Sumatran Plants Containing Alkaloids
Full text linkA phytochemical survey for alkaloid-containing plants has been conducted in South Sumatra including traditional medicinal plants. During the survey 180 satisfactory herbarium sample were obtained and all of them were tested for alkaloids. The results showed that 33 species gave a positive test for alkaloids, and high alkaloid contents were shown by: Alstonia scholaris, Alstonia angustiloba, Ervatamia coronariaa, Voacanga foetida Bl. K. Schum, Litseaacceden toides K & V, Litsea angualata, Litsea tomentosa, Fibraurea chloroleuca Miers (root), and Uncaria cordata (Lour.) Merr. The aboved survey was also continued to be an intensively phytochemical work focusing on alkaloid of Fibraurea chloroleuca Miers root. A quaternary isoquinoline alkaloid as a yellowish crystal, m.p. 214-215 oC; MS (FAB) m/z 352 has been successfully isolated and tested for antibacterial activity. This isolated alkaloid significantly inhibited Bacilus substilis, Shigela dysentriae, Staphylococus aireus, and Pseudomonas sp growth at 1 mg/mL. As a result, all of these alkaloid-containing plants are potential to explore their alkaloids and utilitarian for traditional medicines.Keywords: Alkaloids, traditional, medicines, south sumatra, plant
Isotherm and Thermodynamics Study of Congo Red and Procion Red Adsorption over Natural and Zn/Fe Pillared Bentonite
No full textThe effect of initial Congo Red and Procion Red concentration on isotherm adsorption and thermodynamic adsorption study using natural and Zn/Fe Pillared bentonite have been conducted. The adsorbents were also characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-Ray analysis (SEM-EDX). The study showed that the optimum dye removal of Congo Red and Procion Red was obtained at the initial dye concentration of 80 mg/L. The adsorption isotherm study showed that the Congo Red and Procion Red adsorption on natural and Zn/Fe Pillared bentonite followed the Freundlich isotherm model. The adsorption thermodynamics study showed that the adsorption of Congo Red and Procion Red occurred endothermically, wheraas the positive value of entropy indicated a high level of disorder of adsorption for both dyes. Furthermore, the FTIR, XRD, and SEM-EDX analysis showed that the pillarization of Zn/Fe on bentonite successfully well occurred, and it could be concluded that the adsorption of Congo Red using natural and Zn/Fe pillared bentonite showed a better adsorption process than Procion Red
Biocoal Characterization as an Environmentally Friendly Alternative Energy Innovation Composite Variations of Gasified Char with Coconut Shell Charcoal
Full text linkIn accordance with the mandate of the Regulation of the Indonesian Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources for the use of cleaner coal through coal gasification projects, in the future the coal gasification industry will produce char as a by-product. This study aims to characterize coal gasification char using a prototype underground coal gasification (UCG) and the addition of coconut shell charcoal biomass as a raw material for making biobriquettes. By using coal as raw material from the Muara Tiga Besar Mine of PT Bukit Asam, five kinds of coal samples from different layers were obtained, which from the characterization results, both coal and char, did not have too significant deviations so that the research variables could be ignored. The results of the characterization of char from coal gasification results compared to the initial sample of coal showed an increase in calorific value, a decrease in sulfur content and a significant decrease in water content, so it can be concluded that char from coal gasification has good potential as a raw material for biobriquettes. By using char and coconut shell charcoal with the ratio of variations in the composition of char and coconut shell compositions is 100%:0%; 75%:25%; 50%:50%; 25%:75% and 0%:100% carried out the briquetting process. The results of the biobriquette characterization met the criteria of the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 01-6235-2000 and Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources regulation No. 047 of 200
Processing Mixture of Polypropylene (PP) Plastic Waste and Palm Fiber Waste into Alternative Fuels
Full text linkAbstractThe increasing accumulation of plastic and industrial biomass wastes, as well as the declining reserves of petroleum as an energy source, have become significant topics of discussion. Therefore, this research aims to determine alternative energy sources in the form of fuel derived from cracking a mixture of Polypropylene (PP) plastic and palm fiber (SKS) waste. It also aims to determine the quantity and quality of the derived products. The cracking process with a catalyst to feed ratio of 1:10 and a time of 40 minutes led to the highest % conversion Cracking Result Liquid (CHP) product of 48.08% with the variation condition of PP to SKS ratio of 1.5:1 at a temperature of 500°C. The GC-MS analysis results showed that the % area of the CHP product contains fuels, such as gasoline (32.97%), kerosene (5.36%), and diesel (2.24%).Keywords: Cracking, Polypropylene, plastic waste, palm fiber, alternative energi Abstrak (Indonesian)Meningkatnya akumulasi limbah, baik itu sampah plastik maupun limbah biomassa hasil industri, serta menurunnya cadangan minyak bumi sebagai sumber enegi, menjadi topik masalah yang cukup signifikan untuk dibahas dan dicarikan solusinya. Penelitian dilakukan dengan tujuan mencari sumber energi alternatif berupa bahan bakar yang berasal dari perengkahan campuran sampah plastik jenis PP (Polypropylene) dan limbah biomassa serabut kelapa sawit (SKS), serta mengetahui kuantitas dan kualitas produk yang dihasilkan. Perengkahan yang dilakukan dengan perbandingan katalis dan umpan 1:10 dan waktu 40 menit, menghasilkan %konversi produk CHP (Cairan Hasil Perengkahan) tertinggi sebesar 48,08% dengan kondisi variasi rasio PP:SKS adalah 1,5:1 dan suhu 500°C. Hasil analisa GC-MS menunjukkan % area produk CHP tersebut mengandung bahan bakar seperti bensin (32,97%), minyak tanah (5,36%) dan solar (2,24%). Kata Kunci : Perengkahan, Polypropylene, sampah plastik, serabut kelapa sawit, energi alternati
Comparison of Acidity Test Method of Nickel Phosphate Silica Catalyst for Production Levulinic Acid from Glucose
Full text linkThe reaction of levulinic acid production from glucose has a reaction stage that requires a high temperature and high activation energy so that in this levulinic acid production reaction a catalyst is needed. The required catalyst must have a lewis acid site and a bronsted acid site so that the acidity of the catalyst is very influential for the successful production of levulonic acid. Silica nickel phosphate catalysts have lewis acid sites from Ni metal and bronsted acid sites from phosphoric and silica groups. The acidity of the catalyst was measured using the pyridine and ammonia adsorption method and the acidity center strength method using the TGA-DTA base adsorption-desorption. The adsorption of ammonia and pyridine uses the gravimetric method so that it can easily obtain the amount of total acidity of the catalyst and the acidity of the catalyst surface while the TGA-DTA method shows the acid strength of the actual catalyst, which is the real state of the catalyst when catalyzing a reaction and shows the catalyst's resistance to high temperatures. These two methods of measuring acidity have the same disadvantage that they cannot show and know the number of lewis acid sites and bronsted acid sites
The Impacts of HCl Concentration and Length of Time to Mesocarp in Producing of Bioethanol
Full text linkStudies about renewable energy are evolved continuously to decrease the needs of fuel oils that were diminished. One of the alternative energy sources that can be evolved is bioethanol due to the high amount of oxygen component in it hence it can be combustible and eco-friendly. Mesocarp is farming and trading waste of Cocos Nucifera (Coconut) that contains 40% lignin, 44,4% cellulose, and 15% hemicellulose. Delignification is a process of removing lignin from the materials thus it can produce the high purity of cellulose. As long as this, there were numerous studies that researched about lignocellulose biomass, however the least studies researched the impact of using delignification. Thereby, this study was done for figuring out the impact of HCl concentration and length of time to the decreased lignin content and the quality of bioethanol. The points of impacts that being focused on were 1M, 2M, and 3M HCl concentration, whereas the points of length of time impacts were about 60 minutes, 90 minutes, 120 minutes, 150 minutes, and 180 minutes. The decreased lignin content that was obtained is about 18,5% and the finest bioethanol is 97,38 %, 15oC for flash point, 3,8402 cPs for viscosity, and 0,8252 gr/cm3 for density from delignification using 3M HCl for about 150 minutes. Greater HCl concentration to delignification, greater quality of bioethanol that is produced, therefore can be applied to alternative fuel oils for vehicle. Keywords: bioethanol, delignification, HCl, mesocar
Synthesis of Epoxide as Intermediate Compounds for Biolubricant Production from Crude Palm Oil
Full text linkThe use of biolubricant must be encouraged to reduce environmental pollution from non-biodegradable lubricants by utilizing crude palm oil. This study aims to synthesize epoxide compounds from crude palm oil (CPO) as intermediate compounds to produce Biolubricant and determine the kinetic reaction and the enthalpy of the epoxide reaction. The process of synthesizing epoxide was carried out in a stirred reactor. The epoxidation reaction occurred at 60, 70, and 80 °C for 30 – 180 min with 30 min intervals using 1, 2, and 3% H2SO4 as catalysts. The highest conversion was obtained at a reaction temperature of 70 °C at 90 min using 2% H2SO4 of 87.59%. The characteristics of the epoxide compound produced have a density of 0.951 g/cm3, a kinematic viscosity of 44.388 CSt, an acid number of 4.32 mg NaOH/g oil, and oxirane number of 5.731 g/cm3. The reaction kinetic constant and enthalpy were 0.0104 mol/mL min and 10494.762 J/mol. The synthesized epoxide from crude palm oil was proven to be a suitable intermediate compound for biolubricant production
Coal Dust Characteristics and Its Association with Air Quality in Palembang Coal Unloading Station
Full text linkThe problem of coal dust due to the accumulation and loading of coal to barges for shipping has not been studied optimally. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of coal dust and the air quality of the three coal industries. Coal dust characteristics were tested through proximate analysis, XRD, XRF, and SEM. Meanwhile, air quality is viewed from exposure to gases that cause emissions (CO, NO2, and SO2), PM10 and TSP, humidity, and temperature. Coal dust consists of SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 as the main components with high ash. Exposure to SO2 and TSP can potentially exceed the annual threshold value
Analysis of downdraft low rank coal performance gasification by variations coal to syngas product
Full text linkCoal resources are inclusive (reserves are part of the resource), of which 48% is located in South Sumatra, with 70% of the deposits being brown or low-quality coal. With the high amount available, the direct use of coal has several shortcomings, one of which is that coal releases gases (CO2, N2O, NOx, SOx and Hg) which cause global warming. Coal gasification is a process for converting solid coal into a gas mixture that has a fuel value. Coal gasification will produce producer gas in the form of synthetic gas (syngas) with the main components consisting of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H2), and methane gas (CH4). By converting coal using gasification as a clean energy producer, a blower as a regulator of air flow, a cyclone as a tar separator and a gas cooler. Based on the results of testing the variation of coal used, the variation of 5515 Kcal / Kg coal has a rapid rise in temperature and is able to produce a flame for 115 minutes. with the composition of Syngas CO and CH4 of 12.4% an 1.2%, while the coal variation of 4640 kcal/kg produces the highest H2 of 6.9%. Coal 5515 kcal/kg produces the largest percentage of syngas conversion, carbon conversion, Low Heating Value, power output and stove efficiency, namely 13.46%, 70.397%, 2.427 MJ/kg, 18.403 KW and 31.23
Corrosion Analysis On Internal Plastic Coating Drill Pipe 5 Inch 19.50 PPF Grade G-105
Full text linkIn the oil, gas and geothermal drilling industry, the use of a drill pipe is vital for its use as an addition to the length of the drilling depth. Another function of the drill pipe is to channel high pressure drilling mud (drilling fluid / fluid) to the drill bit. During the drill pipe operation, several problems were encountered, such as broken, bent, and leaking or wash-out drill pipes. This is very detrimental to the company because the time to replace a new drill pipe will take a long time, and will disrupt the drilling program which will result in high drilling operational costs. This study analyzes the corrosion of the drill pipe which can cause damage to the drill pipe. The analysis on the drill pipe includes analysis of thickness, corrosion rate, remaining life, internal plastic coating damage, and SEM. The results show that the storage and use of drill pipes greatly affect the conductivity of the drill pipe