IJFAC (Indonesian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Chemistry)
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Preparation and Characterization Nanoparticle Calcium Oxide from Snakehead Fish Bone using Ball Milling Method
Get PDFSnakehead Fish Bone (SFB) is a waste from food processing in Palembang. Fish bones have calcium content so they have a potential as a source of Calcium Oxide (CaO). Calcination of fish bones was carried out at a temperature of 900oC with variations of time 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours. The Nanoparticle Calcium Oxide (NCO) was prepared using the ball milling method. This study aims to make NCO as a raw material for hydroxyapatite synthesis. The NCO was characterized using Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Characterization using FTIR shows that NCO has functional groups O-H, CO32- and PO43- functional groups. XRD analysis shows that NCO has an average particle size of 38.9445 nm.Analysis using SEM shows particles in the form of granules of almost uniform size. The NCO produced eligible of the nanomaterial and has the potential as a raw material for synthesis of hydroxyapatite.Keywords: Nanomaterial, ball milling, calcium oxide, fish bon
Synthesis of Superabsorbent Polymer based Glucomanan-Polyacrylate by Gamma Irradiation
Get PDFMaterials with potential of fast absorption of water or liquid have emerged as very interesting objects for researches. Superabsorbent polymer is a cross linked polymer which has ability to absorb water hundreds to thousands of times the dry weight because it has hydrophilic groups. Owing to this characteristic this polymer gets attention for many applications, one of these is diapers. Superabsorbent polymer was synthesized from the mixture of glucomannan-pottasium acrylic-acrylamide solution by irradiation crosslinking with doses irradiation 10 kGy. It was found that SAP showed super swelling properties in water (880 g/g) at short time (15 minutes) and in real urine has a good swelling 110 g/g. Acrylamide was able to increase the swelling ratio in real urine. Therefore, it can be candidate as thin diapers with high sorption. The result of FTIR spectra confirmed that the crosslinkingoccurs in the hydrogels and SEM images of hydrogels showed large numbers of pores from SEM examinationKeywords: Superabsorbent polymer; Acrylic acid; Acrylamide; Glucomannan; Irradiatio
Performance of Silica Membranes from Fly Ash Coal of PT Semen Baturaja in Reducing Metal Content in Mine Acid Water
Get PDFMine acid water has a high level of acidity as a result of oxidation of rocks containing pyrite and sulfide minerals from the remains of rocks exposed to oxygen in the water, which usually contain high metal content. One way to reduce the metal content in acid mine water is to use a silica membrane. In the study, silica membranes were made by extracting silica from fly ash by using two types of solvents or extractors, namely HCl and HNO3. The adsorption time are 100 minutes, 120 minutes, and 140 minutes with the aim to find out which extractors can produce membranes with performance good and optimum time in the absorption of metal content from acid mine drainage. SEM analysis shows that there is no pore formed on the membrane. Based on the results of the analysis of the research conducted, it can be seen that the membrane with HCl extractor can work better in reducing metal content with optimum adsorption time in the 140th minute. Acid mine drainage also experienced a decrease in flux from 14.9283 L / m2 hours to 6.8244 L / m2h for the membrane with HCl extractor and for HNO3 membrane decreased from 11.9427 L / m2h to 7.6774 L / m2h. Keywords: Silica Membranes, Fly Ash Coal, Metal Content, Mine Acid Water, extractor
Liquid Soap Production from Catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) Fat Waste
Get PDFCatfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) fat is a waste that has not been used optimally, especially in the use of soap. This study aimed to determine the effect of operating conditions are temperature, reaction time, and the ratio of volume between catfish oil and KOH. Soap can be formed by saponification reaction with strong alkali by hydrolyzing catfish oil with variations in the volume ratio of reactants (1:2, 1:3 and 1:4), temperature (75 °C and 95 °C) and reaction time (45 minutes and 75 minutes) with a constant stirring speed of 300 rpm. In the variation of the volume ratio of reactants, temperature and reaction time carried out in this study, a good liquid soap obtained is the volume ratio of reactants 1:3, temperature 75 °C and reaction time 45 minutes with pH 9.3 and free fatty acid 2.27%. The soap products produced have met SNI No. 06-4085-1996
Synthesis and Characterization of ZSM-5 Catalyst for Catalytic Pyrolysis of Empty Fruit Bunches
Get PDFZSM-5 is known as a heterogeneous catalyst in the process of petroleum cracking. Zeolite has narrow pores so it needs synthesis to form mesopore so that reactant molecules can enter the active site in ZSM-5 mesopore. In this study, mesopore formation was carried out by adding Si/Al components with a ratio of 20 derived from tetraethyl orthosilicate, aluminum isopropoxide and TPAOH template with hydrothermal process. The resulting ZSM-5 was characterized using x-ray diffraction, scanning and electron microscopy (SEM). The XRD characterization results showed that the ZSM-5 synthesized to form mesopore was seen from a fairly high peak intensity in the range at 2-theta were 8.11, 9.01°; 23.27°; 23.49°; and 24.13°. The results of this study already have the same structure as the commercial ZSM-5. Characterization of SEM-EDS showed that Si-Al and Na elements in ZSM-5 were 96.43%, 3.56% and 0% wt, respectively. With a magnification of 20000x, this cluster is quite homogeneous even though the crystallization formed is not well aggregated. This ZSM-5 catalyst will be applied to the process of biomass into bio-oil
Chemometric Assessment of Orashi River after Confluence with Oguta Lake
Get PDFThis study was carried out to evaluate the surficial water and sediment of Orashi River after confluence with Oguta. A total of 50 sub-samples were collected for the two media and were homogenized to form 10 composite samples (5 each). Water and sediment samples were analyzed for heavy metals concentrations and physico-chemical parameters. Data obtained was interpreted using ten chemometric models and standards of the Federal Ministry of Environment as touchstone values. Approximately 100 % of water samples were contaminated as opposed to 40 % of sediment samples. Both water and sediments showed that Cd as the highest contaminant with contamination factors of 38 and 1.52 respectively. Water revealed pollution load index higher than sediment probably due to its dissolution ability to metals. Geo accumulation index was observed to have highest value for Cd (45) at point A while Fe (> 4) at all points and same time the highest negative value. All points exhibited very high ecological risk (RI; 1112.7–1473.9) for water while sediments at those points showed low (RI Cd>Ag>Cr>Fe>Cu>Mn>Co>Ni. In conclusion, the water was polluted but good for irrigation use. However, continuous use could lead to health problems due to bioaccumulation of metals while sediments were generally not polluted and of good qualit
Analysis of Biodiesel Conversion on Raw Material Variation Using Statistical Process Control Method
Get PDFBiodiesel is a alternative fuel that can be obtained from vegetable oils or animal fats through transesterification reactions with alcohol. Biodiesel has numerous advantages compared to diesel oil, namely: it is a renewable energy resource, it is not toxic, and it is environmentally friendly because the raw material does not contain sulfur and low emissions. Biodiesel production is inseparable from the availability of raw materials, until now the raw materials that meet the needs of production capacity are palm oil (CPO). To overcome this problem, in this study we want to find out how much biodiesel conversion percentage if we use other raw materials such as: CPO oil, corn oil, VCO oil, and waste cooking oil. The analysis used in this study was the analysis of the use of raw materials to the value of biodiesel conversion using the Stastical Process Control (SPC) method. SPC method was used to analyze, manage, control, and improve a product and process using statistics. The objective of this study was to produce high conversion percentage biodiesel, and analyze and control the quality of research products. By having this statistical methods, it could be found errors in a study or out of control production so that further action can be taken to overcome them. In this study, it was found that the product which was outside of the control limit was biodiesel made from CPO and waste cooking oil. The results of the analysis using cause and effect diagrams could determine the causes of damage in the production process, which come from the factors of workers/humans, production machines, working methods, materials/raw materials and work environment.
Effect of Addition of Urea and Zeolite on Rice Plants (Oryza sativa L.) to Nitroxy Emissions on Peatlands
No full textThe purpose of this study is to analyze nitro oxide emissions as a result of adding urea and zeolite to rice plants (Oryza sativa L.) on peatlands. The treatments used were 2 factors, namely factor 1 using a dose of urea fertilizer from three levels of treatment N1 : 125 kg/ha; N2 : 250 kg/ha; N3 : 375 kg/ha and factor 2, the dose of zeolite consists of three levels of treatment Z1 : 125 kg/ha; Z2 : 250 kg/ha; Z3 : 375 kg/ha. Each combination was repeated as many as 5 phases (phase 1 = 15 DDP, phase 2 = 35 DDP, phase 3 = 55 DDP, phase 4 = 65 DDP and phase = 90 DDP) so the number of units treatment 3 x 3 x 5 = 45 pots. Data analysis used linear regression test. The results showed the administration of a combination of urea doses and zeolite in rice plantations had not significant effect on nitrous oxide emissions produced at each observation. In this study, the highest nitrous oxide emissions were obtained in phases 1 and 2. From the results of the F test is Ho rejected. With this it is proven that the urea dose partially has not significant effect on nitro oxide emissions. The dose of zeolite (X2) is H0 is rejected, thus showing that zeolite has not significant effect on the availability of nitrous oxide emissions.Keywords: Urea, Zeolite, Nitro oxide emissions peatland
Evaluation of the Use of Cassava Based Complete Ration Silage on Nitrogen Retention and Metabolizable Energy Male Duck
Get PDFThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a complete ration silage made of cassava biomass nitrogen retention, and metabolizable energy male ducks. Control diet consisted of corn, rice bran, coconut meal, soybean meal, vegetable oil, fish meal and premix. While the treatment of silage ration of cassava based (BBS) consisted of leaves, peel, and tubers of cassava, as well as a mix of fish meal, vegetable oil, premix, DL-methionine and L-lysine. The experimental design used was completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 4 replicates ie S0 (100% control diet), S25 (75% control diet + 25% BBS silage), S50 (50% control diet + 50% BBS silage), S75 (25% control diet + 75% BBS silage), and S100 (100% BBS silage ration). Measurement of metabolizable energy and nitrogen retention was conducted using 25 male ducks aged 10 weeks maintained in metabolic cages and adapted to experimental diets for seven days. Ducks were fasted for 24 hours before the experimental diets were offered. Metabolizable energy and nitrogen retention were measured by the method of Sibbald (1989). The results showed that a decline in nitrogen retention and, metabolizable energy along with the increasing level of BBS silage in the rations. The conclusion of this study was the use of up to 75% BBS silage generated metabolizable energy and nitrogen retention that do not differ from the control ration.Key words: cassava silage, complete ration, male duck, metabolizable energy, nitrogen retention
Effect of DC Voltage on Prototype of Biodiesel Electrostatic Separator with Glycerin from Waste Cooking Oil
Get PDFThe limitations of fossil fuel support on fulfillment of energy need in a sustainable and environment friendly fashion has drove society to efforts of finding and developing fresh and renewably resources. Biodiesel is one the renewable energy resource and shows environment friendly property, consist of alkyl of fatty acids monoester originated from vegetable oil or animal fat.One of important steps in biodiesel production is separation of glycerin from product. Electrostatic method has been proved in accelerating saturation of glycerin. However, several aspects still need a careful assessment to acquire biodiesel production process with standard quality assigned. In this work, we designed an electrostatic separator of biodiesel from glycerin using waste cooking oil feed. The prototype was tested in several different voltages 12 Vdc, 20 Vdc, 30 Vdc and 33.5 Vdc. The result shows the highest voltage obtained is 33.5 Vdc, separation time 2 minutes 10 seconds having viscosity, water content and density i.e. 7.2139 cSt, 0.0321% and 0.85 g/mL respectively whereas flash point increase to 1917 C. The data confirmed that the product fulfills required standard value fordensity, water content and flash point