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The Effects of Varying Saffron Extract Concentration on the Physical Quality, Stability and Antioxidant Activity Tests of Gel Dosage Form
Full text linkSaffron (Crocus sativus L) is a plant that contains antioxidants, which is known as “red gold” and belongs to the iris family (Iridaceae). Saffron stigmas are reported to have antioxidant activity to prevent free radicals. This study aimed to determine the effects of varying saffron extract concentrations on the physical quality, stability, and antioxidant activity of the gel dosage form. There were 3 gel preparation formulations containing 1% (F1), 2% (F2), and 3% (F3) saffron extract. Physical quality tests for the saffron extract gel were included organoleptic test, homogeneity test, pH test, adhesion test, and spreadability test. A stability test was conducted at 25 ± 2°C for 1 month. Antioxidant activity test was performed using DPPH. The results of the physical quality tests, stability tests, and antioxidant tests were analyzed using SPSS. The results of the saffron extracts in gel F1, F2, and F3 met the requirements, and no differences in F1, F2, and F3. The stability test revealed differences in adhesiveness among F1, F2, and F3. The antioxidant activity test of the saffron extract gel dosage form was included in the moderate antioxidant category, with the IC50 values of formulation 1 (195.25 ppm), formulation 2 (178.31 ppm), and formulation 3 (159.26 ppm). The results of the antioxidant activity test on saffron extract also showed a moderate category. This study showed that all physical quality tests met the requirements, the preparation was unstable during storage, and the antioxidant activity was categorized as moderate
Uji Efektivitas Ekstrak Etanol Moringa oleifera L. terhadap Pertumbuhan Escherichia coli
Full text linkAbstract—Escherichia coli. is a Gram-negative bacterium that commonly lives as normal flora in the digestive tract however, certain strains can cause serious diseases such as diarrhea and urinary tract infections. The high rate of antibiotic resistance has encouraged the search for alternative treatments based on natural ingredients. Moringa (Moringa oleifera L.) leaves are known to contain bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and alkaloids, which have potential antibacterial properties. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of ethanol extract of Moringa leaves against the growth of E. coli using the disc diffusion method on Eosin Methylene Blue Agar(EMBA) medium. The treatments consisted of three extract concentrations—55%, 75%, and 95%—along with a positive control (chloramphenicol) and a negative control (96% ethanol). The results showed that the higher the extract concentration, the larger the inhibition zone diameter formed, namely 7.68 mm at 55%, 9.85 mm at 75%, and 10.86 mm at 95%. ANOVA analysis indicated a significant difference among treatments (p < 0.001). The antibacterial activity of Moringa leaf ethanol extract was categorized as moderate to strong and bacteriostatic, meaning it inhibits bacterial growth without completely killing the bacteria. Therefore, the ethanol extract of Moringa leaves has the potential to be developed as a natural antibacterial agent against Escherichia coli.
Keywords: antibacterial, ethanol extract, Escherichia coli., inhibition, Moringa oleifera L.,
Abstrak—Escherichia coli. merupakan bakteri Gram negatif yang umumnya hidup sebagai flora normal di saluran pencernaan, namun beberapa strainnya dapat menyebabkan penyakit serius seperti diare dan infeksi saluran kemih. Tingginya angka resistensi antibiotik mendorong perlunya pencarian alternatif pengobatan berbasis bahan alami. Daun kelor (Moringa oleifera L.) diketahui mengandung senyawa bioaktif seperti flavonoid, tanin, saponin, dan alkaloid yang berpotensi sebagai antibakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas ekstrak etanol daun kelor terhadap pertumbuhan E. coli menggunakan metode difusi cakram pada media Eosin Methylene Blue Agar (EMBA). Perlakuan terdiri atas tiga konsentrasi ekstrak, yaitu 55%, 75%, dan 95%, serta kontrol positif (kloramfenikol) dan kontrol negatif (etanol 96%). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semakin tinggi konsentrasi ekstrak, semakin besar diameter zona hambat yang terbentuk, yaitu 7,68 mm pada 55%, 9,85 mm pada 75%, dan 10,86 mm pada 95%. Nilai ANOVA menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang signifikan antarperlakuan (p < 0,001). Aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak daun kelor tergolong sedang hingga kuat dan bersifat bakteriostatik, yaitu menghambat pertumbuhan tanpa membunuh bakteri secara total. Dengan demikian, ekstrak etanol daun kelor berpotensi dikembangkan sebagai agen antibakteri alami alternatif terhadap Escherichia coli.
Kata kunci: antibakteri, ekstrak etanol, Escherichia coli., zona hambat, Moringa oleifera L.
The Effect of Exchange Rates, Interest Rates, Inflation, Net Exports on Economic Growth in Indonesia
Full text linkThe steady transformation of a nation's economy toward improved circumstances over a given time frame is known as economic growth. It can be characterized as a rise in national income corresponding to an economy's increased capacity for production. This study examines the partial and simultaneous effects of inflation, net exports, Interest rates currency rates on Indonesia's economic development between 2015 and 2023. The data used in this study were secondary quarterly time series data from Indonesia from 2001 to 2023. Analysis is done using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS). The findings show that the currency exchange rate, SBI interest rates, inflation, and net exports all have a significant impact on Indonesia's economic growth, both separately and in combination
Kemampuan Mahasiswa S1 Farmasi dalam Merespon Kasus Swamedikasi Diare Akut pada Anak: Studi Simulasi Pasien
Full text linkMahasiswa farmasi sebagai calon apoteker perlu punya kemampuan untuk dapat merespon kasus swamedikasi dengan tepat, termasuk kasus swamedikasi diare anak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan kemampuan mahasiswa S1 Farmasi dalam merespon kasus swamedikasi diare akut anak (balita) tanpa alarm symptoms dan kasus diare akut anak (bayi) dengan dehidrasi. Penelitian dilakukan di salah satu fakultas farmasi swasta di Indonesia dengan melibatkan 136 mahasiswa S1. Metode simulasi pasien digunakan untuk pengambilan data terkait tipe informasi yang digali, tipe rekomendasi yang diberikan, dan ketepatan rekomendasi. Ketepatan rekomendasi dinilai berdasarkan bukti pada literatur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada kedua kasus diare diatas, partisipan belum dapat menggali informasi secara komprehensif. Ketepatan rekomendasi yang diberikan juga sangat rendah, dimana hanya 21% partisipan memberikan rekomendasi dengan tepat pada kasus diare pada anak (balita) (pemberian produk oralit dan zink) dan hanya 11% partisipan merujuk ke dokter pada kasus diare akut pada anak (bayi). Perlu adanya peningkatan kemampuan mahasiswa farmasi dalam merespon kasus swamedikasi diare anak. Penelitian lanjutan terkait faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kemampuan mahasiswa farmasi dalam merespon kasus-kasus swamedikasi diperlukan untuk mende- sain intervensi yang dapat meningkatkan kemampuan mahasiswa.
As future pharmacists, pharmacy students must be able to respond appropriately to self-medication cases, including childhood diarrhea. This study aims to describe pharmacy students' ability to respond to a case of acute childhood diarrhea (below 5 years) without alarm symptoms and a case of acute childhood diarrhea (a baby) with dehydration. The patient simulation method was used for data collection, and 136 undergraduate pharmacy students participated. The types of information gathered, the types of recommendations provided, and the appropriateness of the recommendations were the parameters observed. The appropriateness of the recommendations provided by participants was assessed according to the literature. The results showed that in both cases, information gathering was not comprehensive. The appropriateness of the recommendations provided was low, with only 21% of the 136 participants providing appropriate recommendations for a case of diarrhea in a child below 5 years (i.e., recommending oral rehydration salt and zinc) and only 11% of 136 participants recommending medical referral for a case of acute childhood diarrhea in a baby. There is a need to improve the ability of pharmacy students to respond to childhood diarrhea cases. Further research on factors influencing pharmacy students' abilities in responding to self-medication cases is needed so that intervention strategies to improve students’ knowledge and skills can be designed
Design of Casocidin-II Mutation Variants as Antibacterial Candidates against Helicobacter pylori using Bioinformatic Approaches
Full text linkHelicobacter pylori infects about 50% of the global population, with high prevalence in Indonesia, particularly in East Nusa Tenggara (51.4%) and Papua (30.7%). If untreated, this infection can cause gastritis, ulcers, and even gastric cancer. Due to rising antibiotic resistance to this bacterium, alternative treatments are needed. Casocidin-II, an antimicrobial peptide from cows milk (Bos taurus), has antibacterial potential but it is unstable in acidic environments, making it ineffective against H. pylori, which colonizes in the stomach. This research aims to design and analyze Casocidin-II mutations using bioinformatic approaches to improve stability without reducing antibacterial activity. Mutations were conducted using I-Mutant 2.0, and structural modeling was done with PEP-FOLD4. Physicochemical properties were analyzed with ExPASy, and the binding affinity to H. pylori BabA receptor was evaluated using HADDOCK. Molecular interactions were visualized with ChimeraX. Eight stable Casocidin- II mutants (CAS1–CAS8) were identified, with CAS3 and CAS5 showing the best stability, hydrophilicity, and aliphatic index. Docking results showed CAS3 and CAS7 had the highest binding affinities, -121.70 kcal/mol and -123.24 kcal/mol, respectively. CAS3, with the sequence KTKLTVEEKNRLNFLKKISQRYQKFALPQYLKTVYQHQK, was the most effective in inhibiting H. pylori growth and is a strong candidate for further laboratory testing. Besides its high affinity and activity, CAS3’s amino acid profile enhaces target binding and membrane penetration. This research demonstrates that bioinformatics can be used in designing mutation varians to enhance peptide stability and antibacterial properties. CAS3 is a promising alternative to conventional antibiotics for H. pylori treatment, pending further experimental validation
Effect of Sappanwood Extract (Biancaea sappan (L.) Tod.) on the Elimination Phase of the Pharmacokinetic Profile of Glibenclamide in Wistar Rats (Rattus norvegicus)
Full text linkType 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, and glibenclamide remains a commonly used oral antidiabetic. Concomitant consumption of sappanwood extract (Biancaea sappan (L.) Tod.) is widespread in Indonesia, raising concerns about herb–drug interactions. This study investigated whether sappanwood modifies the elimination of glibenclamide in Wistar rats. Rats were randomized into three groups: Group I received glibenclamide 10 mg/kg BW; Group II received sappanwood extract 400 mg/kg BW; Group III received the combination. Blood was collected from the retro‐orbital plexus at 20, 22, and 24 h and analyzed by UV–Vis spectrophotometry. Pharmacokinetic parameters were derived by linear regression and residual analysis. In Group I, the terminal log‐linear profile yielded an elimination rate constant (Ke) of 0.1218 h−1 and an elimination half‐life (t1⁄2) of 5.79 h. In Group III, co‐administration with sappanwood produced Ke = 0.0066 h−1 and t1⁄2 = 105 h, indicating a pronounced slowing of glibenclamide elimination relative to control. Group II did not receive glibenclamide and was excluded from pharmacokinetic calculations. Sappanwood extract markedly altered glibenclamide disposition, consistent with a pharmacokinetic herb–drug interaction. The findings suggest that bioactive flavonoids (e.g., Brazilin and quercetin derivatives) may inhibit metabolic pathways relevant to glibenclamide clearance, leading to prolonged exposure
Authentication of Drimys piperita Hook f. Tree Bark Infusion from the Adulteration of Cinnamomum burmannii Nees Ex Bl. using the Combination of UV Spectroscopy and Chemometrics Techniques
Full text linkThis study aims to develop a method to authenticate akway bark (Drimys piperita Hook f.) infusion using UV spectroscopy and chemometrics techniques. The background initiative of this study is the consideration of the high economic value of akway bark which may potentially lead to the adulteration of the akway raw materials for traditional medicine. The sample used in this study was akway bark obtained from Manokwari, Papua, Indonesia. Samples of akway bark, cinnamon, and a mixture of both were prepared in the form of powder and then infused. The infusion was examined using UV spectroscopy to obtain the absorption value of each wavelength. Chemometrics techniques including principal component analysis (PCA) and multivariate calibration using principal component regression (PCR) and partial least squares (PLS) regression were carried out during the study. Additionally, computational discrimination using sparse partial least squares discriminant analysis (sPLS-DA) was performed afterwards. A total of 36 distinctive wavelengths were obtained. The absorption values were then used to form a PCA model. The best multivariate calibration model was derived from PCR data processing on the original spectra for both akway and cinnamon bark infusion samples. The AUC-ROC values obtained from the application of the sPLS-DA technique for each sample were 1.000, 0.956, and 0.633 for akway bark, cinnamon, and the mixture of both, respectively. Authentication of akway bark infusion has been successfully conducted on the presence of cinnamon as the adulterant
PERBANDINGAN PERHITUNGAN PPH PASAL 21 BUKAN PEGAWAI SEBELUM DAN SESUDAH PENERAPAN PP 58/2023
Full text linkGovernment Regulation Number 58 Year 2023 was passed by the President with the aim of improving efficiency, fairness, and simplification in the taxation system. This regulation changes the mechanism for calculating Income Tax Article 21 by introducing the concept of Average Effective Rate, which comes into effect on January 1, 2024. This study aims to determine the difference in the amount of Income Tax Article 21 before and after the implementation of Government Regulation Number 58 Year 2023. The method used is a qualitative method with a legislative and comparative approach, and is accompanied by calculation simulations of three data sets. The results show that the amount of Income Tax Article 21 deducted based on the calculation in accordance with Government Regulation 58 Year 2023 tends to be greater than the previous calculation. However, this change in mechanism does not affect the total Income Tax Article 21 for one fiscal year, as the annual calculation still uses the same method as before. This change actually has an impact on the amount of tax paid by personal taxpayers in the Annual Tax Return
STUDI KEPATUHAN DAN KENDALA PAJAK BAGI INFLUENCER TIKTOK DI INDONESIA
Full text linkDigital transformation has given birth to new professions such as influencers, who earn income from endorsements, sponsorships, and content monetization on platforms such as TikTok. The increasing income of influencers makes taxation an important issue in the Indonesian tax system. However, many influencers still do not understand or ignore their tax obligations. This study aims to show the importance of tax for influencers as a form of individual responsibility and contribution to the country. In addition, applicable tax regulations, legal risks for non-compliance, and the effect of tax on endorsement prices and influencer business strategies are also discussed. The method used is qualitative with a normative and empirical legal approach. With this approach, it is hoped that it can provide a deeper understanding of the presence of tax among TikTok influencers and its impact on their business decisions in choosing collaborations, pricing strategies, and sustainable sources of income
The Impact Of Online Game Addiction On Financial Behavior (Case Study Of Gen Z In Sub Urban Islamic Economic Perspective)
Full text linkPurpose: The purpose of this study is to examine, from an Islamic economic standpoint, the effects of online game addiction on the financial behavior of Generation Z in suburban regions. This study is novel because it combines behavioral finance, digital consumption patterns, and Islamic ethical values to investigate how digital-native youth handle their finances after engaging in prolonged gaming. This has not been extensively studied in prior research, especially in the context of Islamic economics.
Method: This study used a qualitative case study methodology. 13 members of Generation Z living in suburban Sidoarjo who fit the description of online gamers who play for more than five hours every day and have dealt with in-game purchases made up the unit of analysis. Triangulation was used to ensure the validity of the data. Islamic financial behavior theories served as the foundation for the conceptual framework, and descriptive qualitative analysis with phases of data reduction, presentation, and conclusion drawing was the analytical methodology employed.
Result: The findings reveal that online game addiction significantly influences impulsive and unplanned digital spending habits among Gen Z. While many informants are aware of Islamic financial principles, their application in daily financial decisions remains minimal. However, some informants have begun adopting more responsible behaviors. This study contributes to the growing discourse on Islamic behavioral finance and recommends the development of contextualized Islamic financial literacy models for digital-native generations. Future research may expand into quantitative assessments or comparative studies between urban and rural yout