Jurnal Proteksi Tanaman (Journal of Plant Protection)
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Exploration of Fungi Associated with Branch Dieback Disease on Cocoa in Padang City
Full text linkBranch dieback is one of the primary diseases in cacao plants. The disease affects young shoots and twigs, causes leaves to die, and leaves them bare, interfering with photosynthesis. This study aimed to determine the causative pathogens in Padang City. The locations were: Sungai Sarik Kuranji, Lubuk Minturun Koto Tangah, and Teluk Kabung Bungus. The locations have the following criteria: age ? three years, the number of plants at the location ? 50 individuals, and found symptoms of branch dieback. The research used descriptive methods. The sample represented 10% of the total number of plants at the location, was collected randomly. The results found four species of fungi associated with the disease, namely Oncobasidium theobromae, Botrydiplodia theobromae, Fusarium decemcellulare, and Fusarium sp1
The Experiment of Dosage Basil Leaf Oil Ocimum basilicum Linnaeus as an Attractant against Bactrocera sp. on Chili Plant
Full text linkFruit flies, Bactrocera spp., are the primary pests on chili plants (Capsicum annuum Linnaeus). A safe and effective control uses traps combined with an attractant from basil leaf oil (Ocimum basilicum Linnaeus). This study aimed to determine the attractiveness of basil leaf oil against fruit flies at several different doses. This research was carried out in Organic Chemistry Laboratory STIFARM Padang, in Tabek Patah Tanah Datar area West Sumatra, and in the Pest Disease Observation and Development of Biological Agents Laboratory, Bukittinggi, West Sumatra, from June to August 2020. The treatment was in the form of different doses of basil leaf oil, which was 0,5 ml per trap, 1.0 ml per trap, 1.5 ml per trap, 2.0 ml per trap, and 2.5 ml per trap. The experiment used a completely randomized design with five treatments and three replications. This study found two species of fruit flies around chili plants, namely Bactrocera papayae and Bactrocera carambolae, which were dominated by male B. papayae. The traps containing 1.5 ml of basil leaf oil attracted the most fruit flies. Temperature and humidity significantly affect the abundance of individual fruit flies
In-Planta Assay of Culture Filtrate Concentration of Trichoderma viride PP2 as Biocontrol Agent Against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in Red Chili Pepper Cabai (Capsicum annuum Linnaeus)
Full text linkThe culture filtrate is a secondary metabolite produced from the multiplication of fungi in a liquid medium during the incubation period, separated between the fungal cell and their supernatants. Trichoderma viride culture filtrate testing has been widely carried out and used as a biocontrol agent. This study aimed to determine the ability of Trichoderma viride PP2 culture filtrate concentration in suppressing anthracnose disease caused by C. gloeosporioides on the red chili pepper. The study was conducted with a randomized block design (RBD) consisting of 5 treatments and five replications. The treatments were the concentration of T. viride PP2 culture filtrate, i.e., 0% (control), 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. Parameters observed were incubation period, percentage of infected, and infected intensity. The results showed that the application of filtrate of T. viride isolate PP2 with different concentrations has not been able to suppress the development of anthracnose disease caused by C. gloeosporioides in-planta. It is necessary to conduct further research on the effect of temperature and time application on suppressing the filtrate of T. viride isolate PP2
Effect of Induced Plant Expression on Ants and Extrafloral Nectaries Number in Cotton and Castor: English
Full text linkPlant response to the attack of herbivores is a usual phenomenon, but the number of extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) in response to herbivore attack is least studied and recorded. The current study was undertaken to document the response of cotton (Gossypium hirsu-tum Linnaeus) and castor (Ricinus communis Linnaeus) to herbivore and artificial induction. This field research was carried out experimentally on cotton and castor in two study models. The first study was the presence of ants on plants induced by herbivore (with herbivore, without herbivore) and the number of EFNs produced by each plant. The second study was the presence of ants on artificially induced plants (damaged leaves, undamaged leaves) and the number of EFNs produced by each plant. The results revealed that EFNs numbers in cotton and castor were increased by herbivore and artificial inductions, which also induced the number of ant recruitment events in cotton and castor. Artificial induction techniques can be utilized in pest management programs to attract and conserve plant guards, viz., biocontrol agents, including ants in the field. EFN is a cheap resource in quickly and effectively maintaining consistent population levels of biocontrol agents within the crops, even during pest-free times. 
Dual Infection of Pepper Yellow Leaf Curl Virus and Chilli Veinal Mottle Virus in Causing the Yellow leaf Curl Disease on Chili
Full text linkYellow leaf curl disease is the primary disease in chili plants with up to 100% losses. Detection from the field showed a mixed infection between Geminivirus or Pepper Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (PYLCV) and several viruses, including Chilli Veinal Mottle Virus (ChiVMV) and Cucumber mosaic Virus (CMV). Therefore, this study aimed to determine the role of PYLCV and ChiVMV dual infection in influencing the development of chili yellow leaf curl disease. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with six treatments and ten replications. The treatments used were multiple Geminiviruses and ChiVMV infections simultaneously, before ChiVMV co-infection, after Geminivirus infection, single infection and whithout infection viruses. The results showed that the presence of ChiVMV infection before, after, and concurrently with Geminiviruses infection could increase the yellow leaf curl disease intensity and reduce plant height and wet weight growth. The mean scale value of ChiVMV infection before, after, and concurrently with Geminiviruses infection were 3.38, 3.90 and 3.58 compared to single Geminiviruses infection (scale of 3.20) and single ChiVMV (scale of 1.33). The interaction analysis of ChiVMV and geminiviruses infections based on the percentage reduction in plant growth height and wet weight showed additive interaction. ChiVMV co-infection further exacerbated the incidence of yellow leaf curl diseases in chilies
Pathogenicity and Detection of Phytohormone (Gibberellic Acid and Indole Acetic Acid) Produced by Fusarium spp. that Causes Twisted Disease in Shallot
Full text linkThe twisted disease is one of the essential diseases in shallots caused by Fusarium spp. This study aimed to study pathogenicity and identify Fusarium species isolated from shallot plants with twisted symptoms in Nganjuk and Bantul areas. The Fusarium isolates were identified and then tested for pathogenicity levels and the effect of the hormones GA3 and IAA on shallot symptoms. Molecular identification using NF2 and NF4 successfully identified one isolate of Fusarium oxysporum, three isolates of F. acutatum, and three isolates of F. solani. Each of these species produces different symptoms. Pathogenicity test showed that all isolates had disease incidence reaching 100%, except isolates of F. solani1 causing wilt and F. solani3 causing twisted have the lower disease incidence were 77.8% and 77.7%, respectively. The investigation caused twisted shallot related to different symptoms was tested using the Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) method. The result indicates that all isolates did not find IAA hormone. In contrast, the hormone GA3 was found in F. solani2 and F. solani3 isolates, caused bulb rot and twisted disease, respectively. Detection of IAA, GA3, and other hormones in shallot plants showed different symptoms should be studied further
The Potency of Refugia Plants in Increasing Insect Diversity of Rice Fields in Padang Pariaman, West Sumatra
Full text linkSome flowering plants like common zinnia (Zinnia elegans (Jacq) Kuntze), marigold (Tagetes erecta Linnaeus), and cockscomb flowers (Celosia sp.) have been used as refugia and conservation plants for predators and parasitoids but are still not yet optimal. Planting refugia plants can affect insect diversity and evenness index, affecting the stability and balance of the agroecosystem. The study aimed to determine the effect of common zinnia, cockscomb flowers, and marigold as refugia on insects’ diversity and evenness index and their potential as a medium for conservation of predators and parasitoids. The study was conducted in organic rice fields in Batang Anai Sub-district, Padang Pariaman District, West Sumatra, from May to July 2020. The Insect was collected from plots covering an area of ??48 m2 and identified in the Bioecology laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Andalas. Planting common zinnia, marigolds, and cockscomb flowers increased the index of diversity and evenness of insects around rice fields. The index of diversity and evenness of insects on cockscomb flowers (H = 2.90) was higher than that of common zinnia (H = 2.61) and marigold (H = 2.63). Cockscomb flowers have more potential as a medium for conserving predators and parasitoids.
Utilization of bunga kertas (Zinnia elegans), jengger ayam (Celosia sp.), and marigold (Marigold erecta) as refugia plants and conservation media for predators and parasitoids among farmers is still not optimal. Planting refugia plants around rice plants affects the diversity and evenness index. Insect diversity and evenness index describes the level of stability and balance of the cropping ecosystem. This study was conducted to determine the effect of planting Zinnia elegans, Celosia sp., and Marigold erecta as refugia on the diversity and evenness index of insects and their potential as a medium for the conservation of predators and parasitoids. in the expanse of organic rice fields in Batang Anai sub-district, Padang Pariaman district, West Sumatra from May to July 2020. Insect collection was carried out in treatment plots covering an area of ??48 m2 and identified in the Bioecology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Unand in Padang. The types and populations of insects in rice planted with refugia plants, especially Celosia sp., were higher than those of Zinnia elegans, Marigold erecta and control. Celosia sp plants have a higher index of insect diversity and evenness than Zinnia elegans, Marigold erecta plants. The ratio or comparison of pest populations, predators and parasitoids on Celosia sp plants was lower than that of Zinnia elegans, Marigold erecta dan control plants.
 
Activity of Castor Bean Leaves Extract (Ricinus Communis Linnaeus) to Development of Nematode Meloidogyne Spp. on Tomato Plant (Lycopersicum esculentum Miller)
Full text linkMeloidogyne spp. is one of the nematodes that cause root-knot on tomato plants. The botanical nematicide that potentially suppresses the nematode is castor bean leaves (Ricinus communis Linnaeus) extract. This research aimed to get the lethal concentration (LC50 and LC95) of castor bean leaves extract against nematode larvae in-vitro and their effect on the development of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) in-planta on tomato plant. The research was carried out in Plant Pest and Disease Laboratory and Greenhouse of Agriculture Faculty, Universitas Andalas, using a completely randomized design (CRD) with two stages; in-vitro and in-planta. The research was used the experiment method in-vitro testing consists of six treatments and five replications, and in-planta testing consists of three treatments and nine replications. The result showed that the application of castor bean leaves extracts invitro can suppress Meloidogyne spp. larvae with LC50 by 0,27% and LC95 by 0,87%. The application of castor bean leaves extract in-planta with treatment concentration 2xLC95 (1,74%) showed effectiveness by 74,69% against the developments of Meloidogyne spp. on tomato plant roots
Efficacy of Neem Leaf and Seed Powder in Teabag to Control Sitophilus oryzae on Rice
Full text linkNeem (Azadirachta indica Juss) powder is often used as a botanical insecticide which is applied directly to stored rice to control the rice beetle (Sitophilus oryzae), however this method may cause contamination on the stored rice. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of neem leaf and seed powder in teabag packaging in controlling S. oryzae. The study used a completely randomized design with a factorial pattern consisting of 2 treatment factors. The first factor was the type of neem powder (without powder, leaf powder, and seed powder), and the second factor was the application technique (direct sow and in teabag packaging). The results showed that the type of neem powder and its application technique on rice interacted significantly in causing mortality of S. oryzae at 2 - 3 days after treatment (DAT) and was very significant at observations of 4-7 DAT. Applying leaf and seed powder in teabag packaging can provide higher yields than direct sowing. At 7 DAT, the highest mortality of S. oryzae occurred in the treatment of neem seed powder with direct sow application technique (57.50%), the mortality was lower in tea packaging (33.33%). The application of neem powder in teabag packaging caused a higher number of the adult of the first offspring of S. oryzae and the damage to rice. The application of leaf and seed powder of neem in teabag packaging does not cause contamination of rice, so it is safer for consumers
Attack Level of Brown Planthopper Nilaparvata lugens Stal (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) on Varieties of Rice from Pasaman in Greenhouse
Full text linkBrown planthopper (BPH) is a major pest on rice plants that can cause hopperburn and crop failure. The study aimed to determine the level of BPH attack on several local rice varieties in the Pasaman Regency. This research was conducted in a greenhouse, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Andalas, using a completely randomized design (CRD), with five treatments and five replications. The treatments were four different rice varieties from Pasaman and control (Siganteng, Pulau Batu, Mundam Kuning, Mundam Putih, IR 42). BPH was infested when the rice was five days after sowing. Observation parameters were the percentage and the intensity of the attacks. Observations were done until 15 days after infestation; after the IR 42 variety died 90%. The results showed that the attack rate of BPH on rice varieties from Pasaman was moderate. The lowest percentage of attack occurred in the Mundam Putih variety (94%), while the intensity of the attack was not significantly different from other varieties