Jurnal Proteksi Tanaman (Journal of Plant Protection)
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First Detection of Major Viruses Causing Mixed Infections in Melon (Cucumis melo L.) in Bengkulu Province, Indonesia
Full text linkMelon cultivation has increased rapidly in recent years and is frequently associated with widespread virus-like symptoms in Bengkulu Province, Indonesia; however, thereis no formal documentation of the mixed viral infections has been available. Therefore, this study aimed to detect major viruses infecting melon crops in Bengkulu Province and to evaluate their occurrence based on field symptoms and serological detection. Field surveys were conducted at three melon cultivation sites: Kandang Limun Village (Bengkulu City), Air Sebakul Village (Central Bengkulu Regency), and Tawang Rejo Village (Seluma Regency). Symptomatic leaf samples were collected purposively. Virus detection was performed using the Dot Immunobinding Assay (DIBA) with antisera specific to Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), and Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV). The results showed that the dominant symptoms of viral infection in melon plants included mosaic, vein banding, chlorosis, leaf curling, and stunted growth in both Snow & Rock and Merlin F1 varieties. Disease incidence varied among varieties and locations, with the highest incidence recorded in Snow & Rock (73.3%). Serological detection revealed that 100% of symptomatic samples tested positive for CMV, TMV, and PRSV, confirming that all infections occurred as mixed infections. This study represents the first report of mixed viral infections in melon crops in Bengkulu Province. These findings demonstrate that overlapping and variable field symptoms cannot be attributed to a single virus and cannot be reliably distinguished through visual diagnosis alone, highlighting the importance of laboratory-based diagnostic approaches for accurate virus identification.Melon cultivation has increased rapidly in recent years and is frequently associated with widespread virus-like symptoms in Bengkulu Province, Indonesia; however, thereis no formal documentation of the mixed viral infections has been available. Therefore, this study aimed to detect major viruses infecting melon crops in Bengkulu Province and to evaluate their occurrence based on field symptoms and serological detection. Field surveys were conducted at three melon cultivation sites: Kandang Limun Village (Bengkulu City), Air Sebakul Village (Central Bengkulu Regency), and Tawang Rejo Village (Seluma Regency). Symptomatic leaf samples were collected purposively. Virus detection was performed using the Dot Immunobinding Assay (DIBA) with antisera specific to Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), and Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV). The results showed that the dominant symptoms of viral infection in melon plants included mosaic, vein banding, chlorosis, leaf curling, and stunted growth in both Snow & Rock and Merlin F1 varieties. Disease incidence varied among varieties and locations, with the highest incidence recorded in Snow & Rock (73.3%). Serological detection revealed that 100% of symptomatic samples tested positive for CMV, TMV, and PRSV, confirming that all infections occurred as mixed infections. This study represents the first report of mixed viral infections in melon crops in Bengkulu Province. These findings demonstrate that overlapping and variable field symptoms cannot be attributed to a single virus and cannot be reliably distinguished through visual diagnosis alone, highlighting the importance of laboratory-based diagnostic approaches for accurate virus identification
Potential of Nematophagous Fungi from Kutalimbaru, North Sumatra, Indonesia, as Biological Control Agents to Manage Root Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne incognita
Full text linkRoot-knot nematodes (RKN), especially Meloidogyne incognita, are one of the most damaging and widespread plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) in cultivated plants worldwide. The intensive application of chemical nematicides in controlling these pests raises environmental and ecological concerns, prompting the need for sustainable alternatives. This study aimed to isolate and evaluate the predatory potential of indigenous nematode-trapping fungi (NTF) from the rhizosphere soils of healthy tomato plants against M. incognita under in vitro conditions. Soil samples were processed using the soil sprinkle technique, and fungal isolates capable of forming traps were screened by exposing them to second-stage juvenile (J2) of M. incognita. This study isolated 20 nematophagous fungi that have antagonistic activity against M. incognita from the rhizosphere soil of tomato plants. Among these, four isolates were identified as nematode-trapping fungi, with TRK 04 showing the highest predation efficacy, followed by TRK 07, TRK 09, and TRK 16. All four isolates were identified as part of the Arthrobotrys genus. These findings highlight the potential of indigenous nematophagous fungi as sustainable biocontrol agents for managing root-knot nematodes. Their application could support the development of environmentally friendly agricultural practices and reduce reliance on chemical nematicides. Further, in vivo studies are recommended to validate their efficacy under field conditions
The Increase of Insect Pest Population in Paddy Field Managed with an Ecological Approach using Refugia Plants and Biopesticides
Full text linkInsect pests can damage plants and act as vectors of diseases such as brown planthoppers which can transmit dwarf virus disease. The presence of insect pests is influenced by the type of variety, planting patterns, and excessive use of chemical pesticides so that insect pests increase and are difficult to control. This research wanted to provide insights into the effectiveness of combining insectary plants and biopesticides as ecological strategies to manage paddy (Oryza sativa Linnaeus) insect pests. The study was conducted in February-April 2024 in Sukodadi Village, Sukodadi District, Lamongan Regency. Method of study was conducted using a combination of direct observation, insect traps, and quantitative analysis to evaluate the impact of refugia plants and biopesticides on insect pest populations in paddy fields. The analysis includes the species diversity index (Shannon-Winner), species evenness index, species richness index (Margalef), dominance index (Simpson) and similarity index (Bray-Curtis). The study obtained 2,687 individual insect pests in paddy fields with refugia and fobio and 1,761 individuals in paddy fields without refugia and fobio. Insect pests were more abundant in paddy fields with refugia and fobio compared to fields without refugia and fobio. Refugia provides alternative habitats and additional resources for insect pests, and the use of biopesticides can create temporary ecosystem imbalances, and increase the population of insect pest
Bagaimana Trichoderma Meningkatkan Enzim Pertahanan pada Tanaman Pangan: Pandangan Saat Ini dan Perspektif Masa Depan di Asia
No full textFood crops are plants grown for consumption by humans and animals. These crops face threats from both abiotic and biotic factors. Therefore, environmentally friendly alternative controls, such as enhancing plant resistance using Trichoderma spp, are needed. This systematic literature review provides information on the effects of Trichoderma spp. application on plant physiology, particularly focusing on defense enzymes in food crops in the Asian region. Articles on the effects of Trichoderma application on food crop defense enzymes in Asia were retrieved from PubMed and Scopus. The literature search yielded 3,022 articles from these databases. Four criteria were established for study inclusion: i) studies involving Trichoderma spp.; ii) studies using food crops as the subject; iii) studies conducted in Asia; and iv) studies evaluating at least one defense enzyme activity. In this systemic review, we found at least 100 isolates of Trichoderma spp. that can increase plant resistance, as indicated by the increase of plant defense enzymes in Asia. The studies were mostly reported in India and China. Rice is the most frequently studied crop. The most frequently used is T. harzianum. Meanwhile, the defense enzymes tested are peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, chitinase, and β-1,3-glucanase. The most commonly used inoculation method is seed treatment in a controlled environment such as a greenhouse. More research on changes in plant enzymes due to Trichoderma spp. application is recommended to assess its effectiveness in practical, real-world settings, especially in field conditions
Aplikasi Rizobakteri untuk Pengelolaan Spodoptera exigua Hübner pada Tanaman Bawang Merah (Allium cepa Linnaeus) di Lapangan
No full textSpodoptera exigua is the primary pest attacking shallot plants from the vegetative to the generative phase. Yield loss caused by S. exigua attack can reach 57%. Rhizobacteria have been known to be used as biocontrol agents for controlling insect pests. The research objectives were to determine and compare the effectiveness of Yuyaos and BPTPH rhizobacteria formula (Bacillus sp.) in suppressing the attack of S. exigua on shallot-growing areas. The study used a completely randomized design (CRD) of 3 treatments and five replications. The treatment consisted of shallot seedlings treated with two types of rhizobacteria (Yuyaos and BPTPH) and water (without rhizobacteria) as control before planting. Beneficial effects of the rhizobacteria on shallot plants were observed in the following variables, including the development of the S. exigua population, damage level of S. exigua, and shallot growth. The results showed that introducing Yuyaos rhizobacteria (RZ2.1AG1, Bacillus thuringiensis), which originated from the rhizosphere of the chili plant, was the best way to protect shallot plants from S.exigua. Effectively reduced the population of S.exigua (78.90%), leaf damage (62.12%), and damage intensity (38.88%). On the other hand, Yuyaos was also influential in increasing tuber growth (11.11%), plant height (43.29%), number of leaves (58.33%), and number of tillers (22.22%).  
Interaction of Predatory Ladybird Beetle, Micraspis discolor with Nilaparvata lugens throughout Paddy Growing Seasons
Full text linkCoccinellidae is a high-interest family that has performed well and is widely distributed. It is valuable in economic service because it acts as an agricultural biological control agent. The Micraspis discolor (Syn=Verania) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is a successful omnivorous predator in rice ecosystem and functions well as a general biological control for maintaining the population of brown planthopper (BPH) (Nilaparvata lugens), the major rice pest worldwide. Studies of natural enemies’ abundance are necessary to increase the practical use of biological control in agriculture. This study investigated the abundance correlation of M. discolor (prey) and rice pest N. lugens (prey) from two different geographical areas of rice fields in west and south Peninsular Malaysia. The cyclone lightrap and sweep net method succeeded in collecting 185 individuals of M. discolor and N. lugens. The study indicated that M. discolor, and the N. lugens collected from Selangor were more numerous than Johor in the ripening phase than in the reproductive and vegetative phases. M. discolor can be found in all stages of rice growth. There are positive correlations between M. discolor and N. lugens in both localities throughout the rice growing season. The positive correlation highlighted that the number of pests has increased parallel to the number of predators and vice versa. The use of M. discolor as a predator is essential in agriculture, along with the treatment of a healthy ecosystem landscape of diverse vegetation combinations, which helps to reduce the use of pesticides
Eksplorasi dan Karakterisasi Rizobakteri untuk Mengendalikan Jamur Fusarium fujikuroi secara In vitro
No full textRhizobacteria is bacteria that found in the root zone of plants. Rhizobacteria can act as biocontrol agents against Fusarium fujikuroi, the fungus that causes bakanae disease in rice plants. This study aimed to obtain rhizobacteria isolates from the roots of rice plants and to determine their characteristics as biocontrol agents against F. fujikuroi in vitro. This research consisted of two stages: 1) Exploration of rhizobacteria from the roots of rice plants in Padang City, West Sumatera, Indonesia and 2) Antagonistic character of Rhizobacteria against F. fujikuroi in vitro including: antagonistic test, hydrolytic enzyme production test (protease, amylase, and chitinase), and HCN compound production test. Based on the research, 32 rhizobacterial isolates were obtained as candidates for biological agents. All rhizobacterial isolates can suppress the growth of Fusarium fujikuroi in vitro with an inhibition percentage of 19.43-73.53%. The 4 best isolates in suppressing the growth of Fusarium fujikuroi are Kr 2.2 from Kuranji, KG 2.2 from Korong Gadang, PA 2.1 and PA 1.2 from Pasar Ambacang with an inhibition percentage of 60.39-73.53%. The four isolates are also able to produce hydrolysis enzymes (protease, amylase and chitinase) and HCN compound
Potensi Konsorsium Bakteri Pseudomonad fluorescent dan Bacillus mycoides Terhadap Penyakit Layu Bakteri Secara In-vitro
No full textBacterial wilt disease caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is a disease in chili pepper plants (Capsicum annuum) that is difficult to control. One technique to prevent bacterial wilt disease is consortium of antagonistic bacteria such as Pseudomonad fluorescent and Bacillus mycoides. This study aimed to determine whether the consortium of Pseudomonad fluorescent pf-142 and Bacillus mycoides can inhibit R. solanacearum better than a single application in-vitro. This study was conducted in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four treatments (Pseudomonad fluorescent pf-142, B. mycoides, Pseudomonad fluorescent pf-142 + B. mycoides, and control) in six replications, resulting in 24 experimental units. The variables observed were the symptoms of attack and pathogenicity of R. solanacearum, compatibility and inhibitory rate of the consortium of Pseudomonad fluorescens pf-142 and B. mycoides against R. solanacearum. Based on the study, it was known that R. solanacearum caused wilting in chili pepper plants with high virulence. Pseudomonad fluorescent pf-142 and B. mycoides did not produce an inhibition zone, indicating that both were compatible. The consortium of Pseudomonad fluorescent pf-142 and B. mycoides provided the widest inhibition zone, indicating strong antagonistic ability against R. solanacearum
Potential Attack of Rice Field Rat (Rattus argentiventer) on Rice Crops Based on Climate Factors in Karawang Regency, West Java, Indonesia
Full text linkThe production of rice is closely related to the presence of pests, one of which is the rice field rat (Rattus argentiventer). The development of pests that attack plants is influenced by the dynamics of climate factors, both directly and indirectly. The climate in Karawang Regency is highly suitable for the growth of R. argentiventer. In the rice - rice - intercrop cropping pattern, climate factors have strong influence on the infestation of rice field rats during the intercrop season. Meanwhile, climate factors have low influence during the rice monocrop season. Based on CLIMEX output, the altitude difference in Karawang Regency does not have a significant effect on the environment suitability for the growth and development of rice field rats, allowing them to live in any rice field in Karawang Regency. Based on climate scenarios, the suitability of the climate in Karawang Regency for the potential growth and development of rice field rats is projected to decrease in the 2070s. Increasing temperatures and decreasing rainfall cause the rice field rats to experience dry stress
Biology of Predatory Fire Caterpillar, Sycanus sp. (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), when fed Alternative with Black Soldier Fly Maggots (Hermetia illucens)
Full text linkFire caterpillars (Sethotosea asigna, Lepidoptera: Limacodidae) are a major pest of oil palms and cause harvesting losses. Natural enemies such as Sycanus sp. are reported to control fire caterpillars. The biological of Sycanus sp. were observed in the laboratory when fed using the alternative feed, maggot Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens L.). Variables observed were egg, nymph, imago stadia, and the life cycle of Sycanus sp. The data were calculated, displayed as figures and tables, and given descriptive analysis. The results showed that predatory insects, Sycanus sp., can thrive well by providing alternative feed, such as Black Soldier Fly (BSF) (Hermetia illucens) maggots. Based on the results, it was known that one female Sycanussp. Could produce 101 eggs after being fed BSF maggots, with an incubation period of 17 days. The duration of the nymph stage was around 64.16 days, with a relatively low mortality rate (2-12%). Morphologically, Sycanus sp. grew and developed well. The body length was about twice the width of the body. The age of the male was shorter than that of the female, as was the body size. The sex ratio also showed fewer males than females (2:3)