Bioscientia Medicina - Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research
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Pathophysiology and Management of Primary Osteoporosis: A Narrative Literature Review
Get PDFThe pathophysiology of primary osteoporosis primarily involves changes at the cellular and bone tissue levels. This process involves an imbalance between the activity of bone-destroying cells (osteoclasts) and bone-constructing cells (osteoblasts). Osteoclasts are responsible for the resorption of old and damaged bone tissue, while osteoblasts build new bone. In osteoporosis, osteoclast activity increases and osteoblasts decrease, resulting in loss of bone mass. Treatment of primary osteoporosis involves a holistic approach that includes lifestyle changes, use of medications, and fracture prevention. The main goal of management is to slow down the decline in bone density, prevent bone fractures, and improve the quality of life of sufferers. Increasing your intake of calcium and vitamin D, as well as regular physical exercise, can help maintain bone mass. Meanwhile, drugs such as bisphosphonates and teriparatide can be used to inhibit bone breakdown or stimulate new bone formation
Intensive Care Management of Eclampsia with HELLP Syndrome: A Case Report
Get PDFBackground: The incidence of HELLP syndrome is approximately 0.1-1% of all pregnant women and 5.5% of patients admitted to the ICU. Hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and thrombocytopenia are the characteristics of HELLP syndrome.
Case Presentation: A 38-year-old patient with diagnosed G4P3A0L3 31-32 weeks of preterm pregnancy + eclampsia on MgSO4 regimen, HELLP syndrome + twice previous Sectio cesarean + breech presentation. On physical examination, the general condition was blood pressure 199/103 mmHg. The results of laboratory tests post-op were hemoglobin 7,1 g/dL, leukocytes 15.930, hematocrit 24%, and platelets 38,000. The results of other laboratory tests showed decreased albumin levels (Alb 2,4), increased levels of total bilirubin 14,7, direct bilirubin 10,8 and indirect bilirubin 3,9, increased liver enzyme SGOT 2001 SGPT 513.
Conclusion: HELLP syndrome is a threatening clinical problem. Appropriate and adequate management, especially in the Intensive care unit, is needed to prevent severe complications to reduce morbidity and mortality rates in patients with HELLP syndrome
Effects of Fluoride Exposure During Pregnancy in Mice Brain Neurogenesis (Mus musculus)
Get PDFBackground: Fluoride is a type of micromineral found in teeth and bones. This mineral is also found in nature, such as in soil, water, plants, rocks, and even air. Fluoride can cross the placental barrier and diffuse into the cord blood, with a range from 60% to 91% of maternal fluoride. Maternal fluoride exposure during pregnancy and lactation can affect learning ability, memory, and expression of glutamate receptors. This study aimed to determine the effect of fluoride exposure during pregnancy and lactation on brain neurogenesis in vivo.
Methods: In vivo, experimental study using mice (Mus musculus) C57BL/6 as many as 60 brood mice (20 males and 40 females) and as many as 30 offspring mice. Mice broodstock were first mated to produce offspring. During pregnancy, the female mice were exposed to fluoride (NaF). Exposure of broodstock mice to NaF was divided into 0 mg/L, 50 mg/L, 100 mg/L, and 150 mg/L exposure groups. Expression of PSD-95 protein was carried out by immunohistochemical examination of mouse brain tissue. Data analysis was carried out with the help of SPSS using univariate and bivariate methods.
Results: There was a decrease in the expression of PSD-95 with increasing exposure to NaF doses during pregnancy and lactation. Giving NaF at a dose of 50 mg/L did not decrease PSD-95 expression because the results were not different from the control. In contrast, the administration of NaF doses that can reduce the expression of PSD-95 are doses of 100 and 150 mg/L.
Conclusion: Fluoride exposure during pregnancy contributed to a decrease in mice brain neurogenesis, as indicated by the expression of the PSD-95 protein in the hippocampus area
The Effect of Red Okra Fruit Extract (Abelmoschus esculentus) on Lactobacillus acidophilus Growth
Get PDFBackground: Dental caries occupies the top rank of dental and oral diseases that many Indonesians complain about. Dental caries is caused by Lactobacillus acidophilus. One of the latest treatments for caries disorders is by giving mouthwash. Mouthwash currently circulating, almost all contain chlorhexidine as the main ingredient. However, there are side effects from using chlorhexidine for a long period of time, namely discoloration of the teeth, which cannot be removed simply by brushing the teeth. Red okra fruit contains flavonoids which are useful as antibacterial. This study aimed to determine the potential of red okra fruit extract (Abelmoschus esculentus) as an antibacterial against Lactobacillus acidophilus in vitro.
Methods: In vitro experimental studies. A total of 28 petri dishes contained bacterial cultures of Lactobacillus acidophilus grouped into 7 groups consisting of 2 control groups and 5 treatment groups of red okra fruit extract concentration of 10% -50%. Inhibition zone diameter analysis was carried out with the help of SPSS software using univariate and bivariate methods.
Results: The group that received chlorhexidine showed the highest ability to produce the largest diameter of the inhibition zone compared to all treatment groups. Along with increasing the dose of red okra fruit extract, the ability of okra fruit extract to increase in producing a larger diameter of the inhibition zone.
Conclusion: Red okra fruit extract shows effectiveness as an antibacterial Lactobacillus acidophilus and increases the extract's concentration
Malnutrition and Pneumonia among Under-five Children in Sadewa Maternal and Child Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Get PDFBackground: Pneumonia is one of the top causes of morbidity in children younger than 5 years old. In Indonesia, pneumonia was the second leading cause of death in children under five years in 2017. The most important risk factors for pneumonia in children are malnutrition, household air pollution, non-exclusive breastfeeding, low birth weight (2500 g), overcrowding (≥ 7 or more person in the same household), and lack of measles immunization. This study aimed to determine the relationship between nutritional status and pneumonia in under-five children in Sadewa Maternal and Child Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
Methods: Analytical observational studies with a cross-sectional approach. A total of 191 subjects took part in the study. Observations of the nutritional status and degree of pneumonia were carried out in this study. Univariate and bivariate data analysis was carried out with the help of SPSS version 25 software.
Results: The majority of study subjects with pneumonia had normal nutritional status. Meanwhile, study subjects with severe pneumonia conditions had malnutrition nutritional status. The results showed that nutritional status was associated with pneumonia, with a p-value of < 0.05.
Conclusion: There is a relationship between nutritional status and the severity level of pneumonia in children under five years old in Sadewa Maternal and Child Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Immunotherapy in Lung Cancer: A Narrative Literature Review
Get PDFLung cancer is the most common cause of death from cancer in both men and women worldwide. Cancers with low immunogenicity often do not present antigens, so immune responses can be avoided. Uncontrolled growth of tumor cells occurs due to various factors such as activation of immunosuppressive mechanisms, induction of various immunosuppressive cells, and expression of immune checkpoint molecules. The development of lung cancer management has progressed since the discovery of molecular-based target therapy and immunotherapy. The high expression of tumor mutational burden in lung cancer indicates high immunogenicity in lung cancer. Various immunological mechanisms involving programmed death-1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) have been developed for the treatment of lung cancer by utilizing immune system modulation. Nivolumab is the first approved immunotherapy for lung cancer, followed by pembrolizumab, atezolizumab, and durvalumab. The use of immunotherapy involving immune checkpoint inhibitors is an important breakthrough in the management of cancer, including lung cancer. This literature review aimed to describe immunotherapy in lung cancer that focuses on immune checkpoint inhibitors anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1
The Effect of Oral N-Acetyl Cysteine Administration on Acute Kidney Injury Patients at Dr. Mohammad Hoesin General Hospital, Palembang, Indonesia
Get PDFBackground: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a clinical condition characterized by a rapid decline in kidney function that includes structural damage (injury) or malfunction (impairment). AKI is a common complication that occurs in 5-10% of patients due to various underlying etiologies. One of the underlying pathophysiology of AKI is the role of discharge reactive oxygen species (ROS), which causes injury to kidney cells. From various studies, it has been reported that N-acetylcysteine (NAC) has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects and has an effect on reducing serum creatinine values.
Methods: This research is an open randomized clinical trial without control involving 30 patients at Dr. Mohammad Hoesin General Hospital, Palembang, who were all given intervention in the form of NAC 1200 mg/day, starting in September – October 2023. This study aimed to determine the role of NAC in reducing serum creatinine values in patients with acute kidney injury at Dr. Mohammad Hoesin General Hospital, Palembang, Indonesia. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS 21 univariate and bivariate.
Results: From the research results, it was found that the average age of patients was 53.9 years, involving 21 males (70%, N=30) and 9 females (30%, N=30). The most common causes were prerenal and then renal (53.3% and 46.7%). The initial serum creatinine level was found to be 2.12± 0.79 mg/dL (n = 30 samples), and after administration of the intervention, the mean serum creatinine level was 1.28± 0.63 mg/dL (n = 30 samples). By using a paired t-test, there was a decrease in serum creatinine levels significant (p=0,012).
Conclusion: NAC administration to patients with acute kidney injury of pre-renal or post-renal causes has a statistical effect on reducing serum creatinine values in patients with acute kidney injury at Dr. Mohammad Hoesin General Hospital, Palembang, Indonesia
Continuous Sciatic Popliteal Block as Postoperative Pain Management in Patient with Closed Fracture Right Ankle Undergo ORIF PS Surgery
Get PDFIntroduction: Currently, foot and ankle surgeries are on the rise, and a significant challenge in these cases is the intense post-operative pain that arises from early patient mobilization. Continuous popliteal sciatic block have emerged as a solution, effectively alleviating pain from the intra-operative to post-operative stages for patients undergoing foot and ankle surgery. According to a study conducted by Ding and colleagues, continuous blocks have proven to be more effective than a single injection in providing pain relief.
Case presentation: A 24-year-old woman diagnosed with a closed fracture of her right ankle is scheduled for open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) with a plate and screws for her right ankle. The patient has an American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status of III and is dealing with grade II obesity. A continuous popliteal sciatic block was performed on the patient under ultrasound guidance, with the catheter tip placed outside the perineural area. Postoperatively, the patient received pain management through a regimen of 0.1% bupivacaine, 20 ml volume, administered every 4 hours. Remarkably, the patient experienced minimal pain until the 2nd day after surgery and was discharged home.
Conclusion: The continuous popliteal sciatic block is a regional anesthetic method that offers potent pain relief for patients undergoing foot and ankle surgery. Extensive evidence supports its effectiveness and safety during administration, making it a reliable choice for pain management in these procedures
Overview of the Characteristics of Meningocele Patients at Dr. Kariadi General Hospital, Semarang, Indonesia
Get PDFBackground: Meningocele is a medical condition where there is a defect in the spinal area, which allows protrusion of cerebrospinal fluid through the defect. Although epidemiologically, this case is relatively small, given the potential for high morbidity and mortality caused by this disorder, it becomes urgent for further exploration regarding meningocele. This study aimed to provide a clinical picture of meningocele patients at Dr. Kariadi General Hospital, Semarang, Indonesia.
Methods: This study was a descriptive observational study. A total of 12 meningocele patients participated in this study. Observation of clinical data and management of meningocele patients was carried out in this study. Univariate analysis was carried out with the help of SPSS software.
Results: The mean age of the patients when they were first treated was 533 days, and the average age when they were first operated on was 191.5 days. Meningocele patients have an average hospital stay of 16.5 days. The majority of patients are male. The majority of meningocele patients have congenital limb anomalies. The majority of patients have a neural tube defect located in the lumbosacral region. The majority of meningocele patients have no infectious complications, and the majority receive VP-shunt placement.
Conclusion: Meningocele patients at Dr. Kariadi General Hospital, Semarang, Indonesia, mostly have an overview of the location of neural tube defects in the lumbosacral region and have complications of limb anomaly
Self-Perceived Effect of Halitosis Related to Awareness of Maintaining Dental and Oral Health on Mask Use During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic
Get PDFBackground: The use of masks which have become part of daily activities during the pandemic, of course, causes various impacts, one of which is related to dental and oral health. The use of masks raises awareness of oral health because unhealthy teeth and mouth cause bad breath (halitosis). This study aimed to determine self-perceived halitosis related to awareness of oral health in using masks during the COVID-19 pandemic in the youth generation.
Methods: This study was an analytic observational study with a cross-sectional approach. A total of 80 research subjects were included in this study. Participant inclusion criteria were new undergraduate students at the Faculty of Medicine, and Health Sciences, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Indonesia and were willing to participate in the study. This study made observations about self-perceived halitosis related to wearing masks. Observations were carried out by interviews using online social media applications. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 25.
Results: The majority of research subjects were 18 years old, female, and had good self-perceived halitosis when using masks. The majority of research subjects had good oral health behavior. The results of this study showed that there was no difference between subjects with poor self-perceived and good self-perceived subjects regarding behavior in maintaining oral health, p> 0.05.
Conclusion: There is no relationship between self-perceived halitosis related to the use of masks and the behavior of maintaining dental and oral health