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Improving the method for determining the physiological and sanitary potential of Gherkin seeds
Get PDFGherkin seeds usually show irregular physiological quality. Seed production requires fast and reliable tests to evaluate seed quality. Germination test is considered a recognized analysis method; however, seed technology has pursuit the improvement of vigor tests aiming the evaluation of seed’s physiological potential. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate procedures to perform the test of accelerated aging and determine the physiological and sanitary potential of gherkin seeds. Four seed lots of cultivar Liso Calcuta were used in the study. To evaluate the initial physiological quality the water content was determined and germination and emergence tests, as well as indices of germination speed and emergence speed were used. The accelerated aging test was performed as traditionally and with saturated saline solution, with 48, 72 and 96 hours, at temperatures of 41oC and 45oC. After aging, the water content was determined, and seeds’ germination and sanity tests were performed. The experiment was set under a completely random design in factorial 4x3x2 (lots x aging periods x temperatures). The standard accelerated aging test and the test with saturated saline solution at 41oC for 96 hours were efficient to evaluate the vigor of gherkin seeds. Saturated saline solution provides uniform water absorption and deterioration in gherkin seeds, allowing to discriminate seed lots in different vigor levels. The salinity test after accelerated aging with saline solution reduces the incidence of some fungi.As sementes de maxixe geralmente apresentam qualidade fisiológica variável. Empresas produtoras de sementes de hortaliças necessitam de testes rápidos e confiáveis para a avaliação da qualidade das sementes. O teste de germinação é o método oficial de análise, porém a tecnologia de sementes tem procurado aprimorar testes de vigor para a avaliação do potencial fisiológico da semente. Nesse sentido, objetivou-se avaliar procedimentos para a condução do teste de envelhecimento acelerado e determinar o potencial fisiológico e sanitário de sementes de maxixe. Para isso, utilizaram-se quatro lotes de sementes da cultivar Liso Calcutá. Para a avaliação da qualidade fisiológica inicial determinou-se o teor de água e utilizou-se os testes de germinação, emergência e índices de velocidade de germinação e emergência. O teste de envelhecimento acelerado foi conduzido pelos procedimentos tradicional e com solução salina saturada, nos períodos de 48, 72 e 96 horas, nas temperaturas de 41 oC e 45 oC. Após o envelhecimento, determinou-se o teor de água e as sementes foram submetidas ao teste de germinação e sanidade. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 4x3x2 (lotes x períodos de envelhecimento x temperaturas). O teste de envelhecimento acelerado conduzido no método tradicional e com solução salina saturada a 41 ºC por 96 horas é eficiente para avaliar o vigor de sementes de maxixe. A solução salina saturada proporciona absorção de água e deterioração uniforme das sementes de maxixe permitindo a diferenciação dos lotes de sementes em diferentes níveis de vigor. O teste de sanidade após o envelhecimento acelerado com solução salina, proporciona diminuição da incidência de alguns fungos
Determination of bioactive compounds, antimicrobial activity, and the phytochemistry of the organic banana peel in Thailand
Get PDFBanana fruit is enriched with phytonutrients, minerals, and its peel, which is mostly discarded as waste. This research aimed to study its bioactive compound properties, antimicrobial activity, and identify and characterize the constituents of organic banana peel extract (BPE), composed of six species (i.e., Kluai Homthong, Kluai Namwa, Kluai Kai, Kluai Hukmook, Kluai Lebmuernang, and Kluai Homtaiwan). Total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant content, and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were important in BPE of Kluai Kai. BPE of Kluai Hukmook could inhibit Aeromonas hydrophila and Staphylococcus aureus. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectrum exposed diverse compounds of primary and secondary phytochemicals. Four main constituents, including acetic acid, formic acid, 1,2-benzenediol,3-methyl-, and 4-hydroxy-2-methylacetophone derived from gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), demonstrated their antioxidant properties and antimicrobial activity. This result suggests that organic banana peel can both be applied as an antioxidant and antimicrobial substance. BPE increases the value of banana peels (BPs) and reduces the burden of its waste disposal in the environment
There is an increasing interest in the use of herbal remedies as healing agents, due to their lower cost in relation to other drugs and the vast Brazilian fauna. The objective of this research was to evaluate the cicatrization effect of the guariroba leaf
Get PDFThere is an increasing interest in the use of herbal remedies as healing agents, due to their lower cost in relation to other drugs and the vast Brazilian fauna. The objective of this research was to evaluate the cicatrization effect of the guariroba leaf (Campomanesia pubescens) on the healing of infected wounds. We used 45 Wistar rats, distributed in five groups (n = 9) all with surgically induced skin injury, differing in the presence of contamination and treatment, with evaluation periods of 3, 7 and 14 days, being: G1- negative control without contamination, treated with Physiological Solution 0.9%; G2- control with contamination, treated with Physiological Solution 0.9%; G3 negative with contamination, treated with Carbopol in 0.5% gel; G4- positive control with contamination, treated with Colagenase at 0.6 U / g + 0.01 g Chloramphenicol; G5- positive test with contamination treated with Campomanesia pubescens at 3%, whose vehicle was Carbopol at 0.5%. The wound was made with a metal punch 8 mm in diameter, and a cutaneous fragment was removed from the animals\u27 backs and wound infection was applied to S. aureus in groups G2 to G5. Euthanasia was performed for a lethal dose of anesthetic, and the edges of the wounds were removed for histopathological study. The fibrinoleukocytic crust was present in all animals in the groups of 3, 7 and 14 days. The contraction of the wound was also evaluated, and all groups showed low percentage of wound regression in the 3-day treatment and with 14 days presented a high percentage of regression. Of the 5 groups, the only one that presented complete epithelialization was G5. Of the 5 groups, the ones with the best epithelialization were G4 and G5. The group with the highest amount of mature collagen fibers was G4, followed by G5, and the one with the highest proportion of immature fibers was G1. At the end of the experiment, G4 was the group that gained the most weight and G1 the one that had the lowest weight gain. Guariroba leaf extract (Campomanesia pubescens) was able to promote healing in infected skin wounds similar to the group treated with antibiotics.There is an increasing interest in the use of herbal remedies as healing agents, due to their lower cost in relation to other drugs and the vast Brazilian fauna. The objective of this research was to evaluate the cicatrization effect of the guariroba leaf (Campomanesia pubescens) on the healing of infected wounds. We used 45 Wistar rats, distributed in five groups (n = 9) all with surgically induced skin injury, differing in the presence of contamination and treatment, with evaluation periods of 3, 7 and 14 days, being: G1- negative control without contamination, treated with Physiological Solution 0.9%; G2- control with contamination, treated with Physiological Solution 0.9%; G3 negative with contamination, treated with Carbopol in 0.5% gel; G4- positive control with contamination, treated with Colagenase at 0.6 U / g + 0.01 g Chloramphenicol; G5- positive test with contamination treated with Campomanesia pubescens at 3%, whose vehicle was Carbopol at 0.5%. The wound was made with a metal punch 8 mm in diameter, and a cutaneous fragment was removed from the animals\u27 backs and wound infection was applied to S. aureus in groups G2 to G5. Euthanasia was performed for a lethal dose of anesthetic, and the edges of the wounds were removed for histopathological study. The fibrinoleukocytic crust was present in all animals in the groups of 3, 7 and 14 days. The contraction of the wound was also evaluated, and all groups showed low percentage of wound regression in the 3-day treatment and with 14 days presented a high percentage of regression. Of the 5 groups, the only one that presented complete epithelialization was G5. Of the 5 groups, the ones with the best epithelialization were G4 and G5. The group with the highest amount of mature collagen fibers was G4, followed by G5, and the one with the highest proportion of immature fibers was G1. At the end of the experiment, G4 was the group that gained the most weight and G1 the one that had the lowest weight gain. Guariroba leaf extract (Campomanesia pubescens) was able to promote healing in infected skin wounds similar to the group treated with antibiotics
Characterization of milk production systems in the county of Alegrete, RS, Brazil, based on productive indexes
Get PDFThis study aimed to characterize dairy production systems in Alegrete, RS, Brazil, based on productive indices, management practices, and technification. The present study was conducted on 43 farms distributed in 22 localities of the county. The collection of data on milk production systems was carried out through visits to the properties, using a semi-structured guide questionnaire. The data obtained with the questionnaires were tabulated in Excel and with the aid of the IBM SPSS Statistics 20.0 software, through multivariate statistics, data were submitted to main component analysis (MCA) and hierarchical clusters analysis (HCA), allowing the division of 43 production units into homogeneous groups. The studied variables were summarized through the MCA in two main components (1 and 2), which clarified 71.53% of the explained variance. The alpha-Cronbach values observed for the two main components totaled 0.977, a result that confirms the reliability of the questionnaire used and reveals the high correlation between the answers obtained. From the hierarchical classification analysis, the dataset of the 43-farm studied was reduced to six groups (G1, G2, G3, G4, G5, and G6). The quadrants obtained from the insertion of the axes of the main components 1 and 2 allowed the interpretation of the groups of systems, according to the characteristics related to milk production. G2 presented the highest number of farms of the six systems formed, representing 41.86% of the establishments studied. These are characterized by being a more productive farm, an average 881-1 L day, with greater technological adoption of production and greater area destined to milk production, corresponding to the average of 78 hectares. The productive aspects that define the characteristics of milk production systems in the county were related to the structure of the herd, pasture area, daily production, disposal criteria, and milking management. The main differences found in the different groups are related to the productive indexes, suggesting that the technical assistance and rural extension actions in the dairy production systems in the county of Alegrete should be directed according to the individual need of each group formed
Potential degradation and colonization time of ruminal microorganisms on the particles of different oilseeds-crushed, and its chemical composition
Get PDFThis study was carried out to evaluate by-product of the biodiesel industry as canola, safflower, forage turnip, and soybean crushed on the chemical composition, in situ degradability, and colonization time. Canola (Brassica napus L. var. oleifera), safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.), forage turnip (Raphanus stivus L. var. oleiferus Metzg), and soybean (Glycine max) grains went through the oil extraction process by means of a cold pressing, resulting in the oilseeds-crushed. The treatments identification included: CAN – Canola crushed; SAF – Safflower crushed; TUR – Forage turnip crushed; and SOY – Soybean crushed. The oilseed-crushed treatments were quantified about mineral (calcium, magnesium, copper, iron, manganese, zinc, phosphorus and potassium), chemical composition (dry matter, ash, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, total carbohydrates, non-fibrous carbohydrates, and total digestible nutrient contents), In situ degradability, and colonization time. Magnesium, phosphorus, and zinc showed the greater values for TUR treatment 3.46, 27.4, 39.8, respectively, when compared to the other oilseed-crushed treatments. The TUR treatment had the lowest organic matter, whereas had the greater (p≤0.05; TUR and SOY treatments) for the non-fibrous carbohydrates. Ether extract was not affected (p>0.05) with the different oilseed-crushed treatments. Neutral detergent fiber was affected (p≤0.05) for CAN and SAF treatments with the greater values, 344 and 500 g/kg of dry matter, respectively. Soluble and potentially degradable fractions for SAF treatment showed similar results. Whereas the constant rate of degradation, presented the lowest value when compared to the other treatments. Effective degradability of crude protein was greater for CAN 63.2% than SOY 65.9% treatment, which had the lowest value. Potential degradability of crude protein did not differ between treatments. Colonization time for dry matter and crude protein were similar between TUR and SOY treatments. In conclusion, oilseeds-crushed from the biodiesel production can be targeted/used, as feed with great protein and energetic potential in the ruminant’s production, considering the need of correct formulation and ingredients knowledge
OTIMIZAÇÃO DE CORTE DO CAPIM TIFTON 85 PARA PRODUTIVIDADE E VALOR NUTRITIVO
No full textThe objective of this work was to determine the impact of cutting Tifton-85 grass at 14, 28, 42, 46, 70, and 80 days of regrowth on its production and nutritional characteristics during the rainy season. The study area of 238 m2 was divided into four sub-area, with 6 plots of 2 × 2 m spaced 1 m between plots and 2 m between sub-area. Random block design was used. The statistical analyses were performed following a randomized block design. Results were obtained as means from evaluations conducted in two consecutive years. The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) increased as the cutting age increased. However, crude protein, NDF nitrogen, ADF nitrogen and leaves/stem relationship decreased as the cutting age increased. The production of digestible dry matter increased linearly as the cutting age increased. Similarly, grass height, green matter and dry matter production (DMP) increased as the cutting age increased. The different cutting age did not influence the nitrogen A, B1 + B2, and B3 fractions of the grass. However, the C fraction increased as the cutting age increased. Longer intervals between cuts increased the grass productivity per cut, but compromised its nutritional composition and leaves/stem relationship. For Tifton -85, the regrowth age of 28 days allows greater production of dry matter and greater accumulated production of crude protein and digestive dry matter in the rainy season or over time.Objetivou-se com este trabalho determinar os parâmetros produtivos e nutricionais do capim 193 Tifton-85 aos 14, 28, 42, 56, 70 e 84 dias de rebrota durante a estação chuvosa. Uma área de 238 m2 foi dividida 194 em quatro faixas, cada uma com 6 parcelas de 2 x 2 m distantes de 1 metro entre parcelas e 2 metros entre as 195 faixas. Utilizou-se delineamento de blocos ao acaso. Os resultados foram obtidos pela média de três avalições 196 realizadas em dois anos consecutivos. A produção de matéria seca digestível aumentou linearmente com o 197 avanço da idade de corte. O mesmo ocorreu com a altura, produção de matéria verde e produção de matéria 198 seca, embora a proteína bruta e a relação folha/colmo tenham diminuído com o aumento da idade de corte. 199 Além disso, a fibra insolúvel em detergente neutro (FDN), nitrogênio em FDN, fibra insolúvel em detergente 200 ácido (FDA) e o nitrogênio em FDA aumentaram com o aumento da idade de corte. A idade de corte da planta 201 não alterou as frações nitrogenadas A, B1 + B2, B3. No entanto a fração C aumentou com o avanço da idade 202 de corte. Intervalos de cortes maiores aumentam a produtividade da gramínea por corte, mas comprometem a 203 composição nutricional e a relação folha/colmo do capim Tifton-85
Fruit quality of wild, sweet and yellow passion fruit genotypes in Distrito Federal, Brazil
Get PDFDespite the importance of passion fruit for the Brazilian fruit market, there are still many agronomic and fruit quality problems to be solved, in order to increase this crop performance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of twelve genotypes of wild, sweet and yellow passion fruit, aiming to identify promising materials considering fruit quality, in Federal District, Brazil. An experiment was carried out at the Água Limpa Farm of the Universidade de Brasília (UnB) from 2016 to 2018, in a randomized block design, with 12 treatments, 4 replicates and 6 plants/plot. At the harvesting time, six fruits per plot were randomly collected for the following physicochemical analysis: fruit mass, pulp mass with and without seeds, length/longitudinal diameter, width/transverse diameter, length/width ratio, husk thickness, predominant color of the pulp (L*, C*, h*), number of seeds, seed size, total soluble solids content, total titratable acidity, total soluble solids/total titratable acidity ratio and pH. High heritability values and relation of genetic/environment variation coefficients ratio were observed for most of the characteristics evaluated. The genotypes of yellow passion fruit MAR20#21 P2 x FB 200 P1 R2 and MAR20#19 ROXO R4 x ECRAM P3 R3 showed the best characteristics of fruit mass and pulp mass with seed. All the genotypes studied showed values of total soluble solids above 11ºBrix. Positive and significant correlation was observed between fruit mass and length/width ratio, indicating that oblong fruits have higher fruit mass
RA92A recombinant protein as immunogen to protect cattle against tick challenge in Brazil and Uganda
Get PDFIn this study, the recombinant gut protein rRa92A produced in Pichia pastoris yeast cells was used to immunize cattle in two experiments, one in Brazil and the other in Uganda. In both experiments, the animals were intramuscularly (IM) injected with 200 µg of recombinant protein in Brazil on days 0, 30 and 51 and in Uganda on days 0, 30. Blood samples for sera separation were collected from different days in both experiments. These samples were analyzed by ELISAs. In Brazil, ticks collected from the animals during the experimental period were analyzed for biological parameters. At Uganda, blood was collected to assess blood parameters, clinical signs were recorded and adult tick (Rhipicephalus appendiculatus) counts were performed. All animals of the vaccinated groups were shown to produce antibodies, and it was not possible to detect an effect on Rhipicephalus microplus. All the clinical parameters were considered within the normal ranges for both the experimental and control groups in Uganda. Antibody absorbance was elevated after each immunization and remained high until the end of the experiments, remaining low in the control animals. The results of stall test carried out in Brazil using R. microplus tick showed efficacy of 21.95%. The rRa92A immunization trial experiments in Uganda showing a decrease of 55.2% in the number of engorged adult ticks, which was statistically significant (p<0.05). Assessment of the immunogenicity of Ra92A produced in the P. pastoris expression system in bovines is reported for the first time, and the protein acted as a concealed antigen
Productivity and growth in cowpea inoculated with rhizobia under different light environments
Get PDFThe objective of this work was to verify the influence of light environments combined with rhizobia inoculation on cowpea growth and productivity. A completely random design was used in a 4x4 factorial scheme, with four light environments, four nitrogen sources and eight replicates in split plot parcels. Light environments were set by means of photo-conversion and thermo-conversion nettings (Aluminet®, red net and black net) and control treatment without shading (full sun). Nitrogen sources were constituted by the strains INPA 03-11B - SEMIA 6462 (Bradyrhizobium elkanni) and UFLA 03-84 - SEMIA 6461 (Bradyrhizobium viridifuturi), and two control treatments: with 70 kg ha-1 of mineral nitrogen and without N. Plant height, indices of chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophill, the number of leaves, number of nodules, dry matter of nodules, dry matter of the aerial portion, dry matter of roots and total dry matter, relative efficiency, gathering of nitrogen in the aerial portion, number, length and matter of pods per plant and dry matter of 100 grains, were evaluated. . There was interaction between light conditions and nitrogen sources for the number of nodules. Individual effect was observed in all other variables. Strain INPA 03-11B was able to promote higher nodulation in cowpea plants in light environments under full sun and Aluminet and the strain UFLA 03-84 only under full sun conditions. However, the efficiency of diazotrophic bacteria to promote vegetative growth, nitrogen gathering and production was not influenced by different light environments. Thus, full sun cultivation is recommended, independently of the nitrogen source used
Analise da influencia do endocarpo das sementes de Pinhão Manso(Jatropha Curcas) no índice de acides do óleo extraído
No full textBiodiesel is a clean and cyclical energy resource that is derived from animal and/or vegetable fat. As it blends well with petrodiesel, biodiesel is added to Brazilian commercial diesel. The main raw materials used to produce biodiesel in Brazil include soybean, corn, and sunflower oils. However, these are also used for human consumption and hence, have a high market value. Therefore, pinhão manso oil, which exhibits high productivity at low cost, is a promising alternative. However, the high acidity index of this oil results in a low transesterification yield and the produced biofuel does not meet the requirements imposed by the ANP. Thus, this study intends to demonstrate that a large part of the free fatty acids in pinion oil are present in the seed endocarp. For the development of the project, the oil was extracted by hot solvent, using the soxhlet equipment and the hexane solvent, to determine the acidity index, the titration technique was used, the titrant used was sodium hydroxide. So the acidity index of the oil extracted from the seed with its shell is 10.9 mgKOH/g, while the lipid obtained without the shell exhibits a value of 0.95 mgKOH/g, proving the influence of the endocarp.O biodiesel é um recurso energético limpo e cíclico, proveniente de gordura animal e/ou vegetal, que se equipara ao petrodiesel, tanto é que adiciona-se biodiesel no diesel comercial brasileiro. No Brasil as principais matérias primas utilizadas são: os óleos de soja, milho, girassol, que são principalmente utilizados na alimentação humana, e assim possuem o valor de mercado elevado, com isso em mente o óleo de Pinhão Manso por ser de elevado produtividade e baixo custo demonstrar ser uma alternativa promissora, porém esse azeite possui um elevado índice de acides, provocando assim um baixo rendimento na transesterificação e um biocombustível que não atende as exigências impostas pela ANP. Desta forma esse estudo pretende demonstrar que grande parte dos ácidos graxos livres no óleo do pinhão, está presentes no endocarpo da semente. Para o desenvolvimento do projeto, o oléo foi extraído por solvente a quente, utilizando o equipamento soxhlet e o solvente hexano, para determinar o índice de acidez, foi utilizada a técnica de titulação o titulante utilizado foi o hidróxido de sódio. Desta maneira o óleo extraído com a casca da semente possui em media 10,9 mgKOH/g de índice de acides, enquanto o lipídeo sem a casca 0,95 mgKOH/g demonstrando a influencia do endocarpo