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Biofertilizer and reduction of water losses in soil cultivated with tomato irrigated with moderately saline water
Full text linkIn semi-arid regions, agricultural production is often limited due to scarcity and rainfall irregularities, and, therefore, the production system depends on irrigation. In this direction, the research aimed to evaluate the influence of the reduction of water losses in the soil through the coating of the lateral faces of the planting furrows with plastic film, by lateral infiltration of water and bovine biofertilizers for growth in height, production, and chlorophyll responses of tomato cv. Fascínio F1 irrigated with moderately saline water. The experiment was carried out in randomized blocks, in a 2 × 3 factorial scheme, with 4 replicates and 21 plants per plot. Different conditions were used and compared with each other: the furrow had side coating or not, and the soil received a common biofertilizer (fresh lactating bovine manure), chemically enriched fertilizer (common biofertilizer, milk, molasses, and gypsum), or no fertilizer at all. The variables evaluated were soil moisture, plant height, a, b, and total chlorophyll content, number and average fruit mass, tomato production, and productivity. The enriched bovine biofertilizer associated with the lateral furrow coating increased the synthesis of chlorophyll pigments, the number of fruits per plant, and the productivity of tomato cv. Fascínio F1. Protecting the faces of the furrows against water losses from the root environment of plants keeps the soil moist, stimulates the synthesis of chlorophyll, and increases the average mass of the fruits. The common bovine biofertilizer promotes greater growth in plant height, and the chemically enriched biofertilizer increases the average weight of tomato fruits.Em regiões semiáridas, a produção agrícola quase sempre sofre limitação devido à escassez e irregularidades pluviométricas e, por isso, o sistema produtivo depende da irrigação. Os reservatórios superficiais e subterrâneos, na maioria dos casos, apresentam teores de sais acima do nível tolerado pelas culturas olerícolas em geral, inclusive o tomateiro. Nesse contexto, há necessidade de uso de técnicas que minimizem os efeitos dos sais e maximizem a produção das plantas nas terras semiáridas. Nessa direção, a pesquisa teve o objetivo de avaliar a influência da redução das perdas hídricas do solo, através do revestimento das faces laterais dos sulcos de plantio com filme plástico, por infiltração lateral da água e biofertilizantes bovino no crescimento em altura, produção e respostas clorofiláticas do tomateiro cv. Fascínio F1, irrigado com água moderadamente salina. O experimento foi desenvolvido em blocos casualizados, no esquema fatorial 2 × 3, com quatro repetições e 21 plantas por parcela, referente ao sulco sem e com revestimento lateral com filme plástico, no solo sem, com biofertilizante comum (esterco fresco de bovino em lactação) e enriquecido quimicamente (biofertilizante comum, leite, melaço e gesso agrícola). As variáveis avaliadas foram à umidade do solo, altura de plantas, teores de clorofila a, b e total, número e massa média de frutos, produção e produtividade do tomateiro. O biofertilizante bovino enriquecido associado ao revestimento lateral dos sulcos aumenta a síntese de pigmentos clorofiláticos, o número de frutos por planta e a produtividade do tomateiro cv. Fascínio F1. A proteção das faces dos sulcos contra as perdas hídricas do ambiente radicular das plantas mantém o solo mais úmido, estimula a síntese de clorofila e aumenta a massa média dos frutos. O biofertilizante bovino comum promove maior crescimento em altura das plantas e o biofertilizante enriquecido quimicamente eleva a massa média dos frutos de tomateiro
The probable radioprotective role of Acacia nilotica L. against biochemical and cytogenetic disorders induced in gamma irradiated male rats
Full text linkGum Arabic (Acacia nilotica L.) is a respected plant that has many nutrients and curative practices. It hinders, improves, or manages many disorders. The radio-protective activity of Acacia nilotica was investigated against γ-rays-induced testicle damage in rats. Twenty-four rats were correspondingly distributed into 4 groups; control, Acacia nilotica (15mg/kg, daily for 30 days), γ-irradiated (5Gy γ-rays, single dose) and Acacia nilotica plus γ-rays treated groups. The plasma testosterone and total antioxidant status (TAS) were estimated. Lipid peroxidation; malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), also glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) with interleukin-1β (IL-1β), were determined in the testicle tissues. A testis weight, sperm count and motility, peripheral-blood and bone-marrow micronuclei (PMN and BMN), and frequency of chromosomal aberrations (CAs) were scored. A significant decline in the levels of plasma testosterone with TAS observed in the γ-irradiated rats. The results also showed significantly increased levels of testicle MDA, inflammatory markers, PMN, BMN and CAs frequencies and decrease in testes weight, sperm count and motility and levels of testicle antioxidants markers in gamma irradiated group. All these biochemical and fertility indices results were significantly enhanced in the Acacia nilotica plus γ-rays treated groups. However, the possible alleviate activity of Acacia nilotica on γ-rays-induced testicle injury in rats has not previously conversed, and this is the topic of this study
Yield potential and selection of off-season maize for silage and grain using GT Biplot under limited water and frost
Full text linkMaize silage has been used as a forage reserve strategy for critical periods or continuous use in animal feed. However, new genotypes and their potential must be identified. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the potential of maize genotypes for silage and grain in one off-season in the midwest region of Brazil, under limited water and frost, and select them for this dual purpose (silage and grain) using the GT Biplot tool. The experiment was performed at Embrapa Western Agriculture in the autumn-winter season of 2021 in Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks of six maize genotypes (BRS1010, KWS9606, 1P2224, 1Q2383, BRS3046, and CAPO) with five replications under no-tillage. Silage points were evaluated at harvest when the grain milk line was at ¾ and maize grains at the maturation stage (dry plant). The 1P2224 and 1Q2383 maize genotypes present silage (high green and dry biomass) and grain yield potential. The GT Biplot tool identified the 1P2224 genotype as superior and suitable for cultivation or as a parent in a breeding program in the midwest region of Brazil for silage and grain yield evaluations of one off-season under limited water and frost
Nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome b gene for phylogeny of some species of Rodentia
Full text linkOrder Rodentia contains approximately half of all living mammalian species. Most of the living species diversity within rodents is within five monophyletic radiations: Hystricognathi, Sciuridae, Geomyoidea, Dipodidae, and Muroidea. The samples collected across different areas of Egypt were analyzed by means of mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequence analysis to ascertain the true taxonomic status between the studied species. For phylogenetic analysis, the cytochrome b sequences from this study were combined with previously published data. This study reveals that all species were divided into two main clades, the first for the Gerbillinae taxon and the second for the other studied genera in the molecular phylogenetic trees and demonstrates that Gerbillus species form a sister group with Dipodillus species. The phylogenetic relationships specified for the murine genera. Clustering was obtained between Mus and Rattus as well as in all Gerbillinae species. This study provides the first insight into the genetic diversity of some rodents in Egypt.
Pod positioning and grain yield of common bean as affected by sowing density, nitrogen fertilization and fertilization depth
Full text linkThe positioning of pods in common bean directly affects grain losses in mechanized harvesting. However, only few studies have assessed facttors that can affect pods positioning. The objective of this work was to determine the effect of plant density, nitrogen fertilization, and fertilization depth on the distribution of pods of the common bean. The field experiments were carried out in two cropping seasons, 2017 and 2018, during the winter period in the Cerrado region. The experimental design was randomized blocks in a 4x2 factorial scheme, with four replications. The treatments consisted of the combination of four sowing densities (5, 10, 15, and 20 plants m-1) with two depths of fertilizer application (6 and 12 cm). The results allowed inferring that the depth of the fertilization does not affect the distribution of pods in the common bean. Plant density does not affect common bean grain yield. More than a quarter of the common bean pods of the BRS FC104 are positioned close to the ground, below 100 mm, in the area where harvester machines operate. Nitrogen fertilization and plant density affect the distribution of pods in common bean plants. At higher doses of N (90 kg ha-1), plant density should be increased. On the other hand, at lower doses (45 kg ha-1), plant density must be reduced. It is concluded that the sowing density can be an efficient strategy to provide the highest positioning of pods in the upper part of the common bean plants, reducing harvest loss
Analysis and study of the bioelectric production potential of actinomycete and microbial isolates in industrial glass factory wastewater using a microbial fuel cell
Full text linkA microbial fuel cell (MFC), a novel technology, is a biochemical catalyzer system that can convert the chemical energy of materials to bioelectric energy. This system can serve as a unique device for the treatment of wastewater. Based on this knowledge, we decided to study the bioenergy production ability of Actinomycete and microbial isolates in industrial glass factory wastewater as the decomposers of organic materials in this wastewater and the generation of Voltage and current in two batches and fed-batch conditions. At the most favorable condition maximum of 1.08 V (current 3.66 mA and power density 2.88 mW/m2), 81.2% chemical oxygen demand was obtained for a fed-batch system. Also, the outcomes of MFC’s essential parameters, for example, pH and TDS, were studied before and after the performance of MFC. The results showed a significant decrease after the operation of the MFC. To realize which Actinomycete were the most powerful bioelectric microorganism, the growth curve and electricity performance of three kinds of Actinomycete was selected. Results showed that the C2 would be more potent because its Voltage of 0.224 V and current of 1.187 mA possessed by it would result in an excellent power density of 141.42 mW/m2
Genetic variability of cocoa from the amazon basin: implications for genetic conservation
Full text linkThe cocoa and chocolate production chain involves US60 billion annually and three million farmers around the world, in an area exceeding nine million hectares. The use of wild germplasm will enable to generate new disease- and pest-resistant cultivars and ability to adapt to changing environments. Here we evaluated 145 cocoa accessions, originated from nine Amazonian basins, based on eight fruit traits. Univariate anova showed significant differences (p<0.05) for all traits. For seven traits, the variance component within basins was higher (81.5%, on average). Therefore, it is recommended that the collection of wild accessions prioritize a larger number of plants from a few populations of the most divergent basins. The multivariate analyses revealed a greater divergence between the Ji-Paraná-RO and Solimões/Amazonas-PA basins (27.69) and a greater similarity between Alien clones-PER and Solimões/Amazonas-AM (0.66) in relation to their populations. They also revealed that the accessions differentiation occurred according to the river basin system. These results allowed elucidate the genetic structure and distribution of cacao populations. In addition, strengthen the importance of collecting and conserving germplasm to preserve genetic resources.A cadeia produtiva do cacau e do chocolate envolve US 60 bilhões anuais e três milhões de produtores ao redor do mundo, em uma área superior a nove milhões de hectares. O uso de germoplasma selvagem permitirá a geração de novos cultivares resistentes a doenças e pragas e capacidade de adaptação a ambientes em mudança. Aqui avaliamos 145 acessos de cacau, originários de nove bacias amazônicas, com base em oito características de frutos. A anova univariada apresentou diferenças significativas (p <0,05) para todas as características. Para sete características, o componente de variância dentro das bacias foi maior (81,5%, em média). Portanto, recomenda-se que a coleta de acessos silvestres priorize um maior número de plantas de algumas populações das bacias mais divergentes. As análises multivariadas revelaram maior divergência entre as bacias Ji-Paraná-RO e Solimões / Amazonas-PA (27,69) e maior similaridade entre os clones Alienígenas-PER e Solimões / Amazonas-AM (0,66) em relação às suas populações. Eles também revelaram que a diferenciação dos acessos ocorreu de acordo com o sistema de bacia hidrográfica. Esses resultados permitiram elucidar a estrutura genética e a distribuição das populações de cacau. Além disso, reforça a importância da coleta e conservação de germoplasma para preservar os recursos genéticos
A DISTÂNCIA ENTRE O NINHO E A FONTE ALIMENTAR PODE REGULAR O COMPORTAMENTO DE FORRAGEAMENTO DE Nasutitermes corniger (TERMITIDAE)?
No full textResearch on food finding by pest termites can be used to inform the development of techniques to control their population; however, there is a paucity of information available on the foraging behavior of Nasutitermes corniger, an urban pest in South America. In the present study, we analyzed the effect of the distance between the nest and food on the exploration and recruitment of N. corniger during foraging behavior under laboratory conditions. Nests containing mature colonies were collected in the field and placed in a glass cube connected to a test arena (50.0 × 40.0 cm) in which Eucalyptus grandis blocks were supplied at three different distances: 10, 20 and 30 cm. In each test, the occurrence of the following events were recorded: initial exploitation, initial recruitment, and mass worker recruitment. Individuals in the blocks were counted at the end of each test and divided into the total number of recruited termites, recruited workers, consuming workers and recruited soldiers. Each test lasted 60 minutes and was repeated with 20 colonies. Nasutitermes corniger foragers showed the three behavioral events of interest at all three distances. The occurrences of initial exploitation and initial recruitment, the latency of the three events and the number of foragers were not affected by the distance between the nest and food. The occurrence of mass worker recruitment was the only event affected by this distance, with higher recruitment at shorter distances.Estudos sobre localização de alimentos por cupins-praga podem ajudar a desenvolver técnicas de controle de sua população; no entanto, há uma escassez de informações disponíveis com relação ao comportamento de forrageamento de Nasutitermes corniger, uma praga urbana na América do Sul. No presente estudo, analisamos o efeito da distância entre o ninho e o alimento na exploração e recrutamento de N. corniger durante seu comportamento de forrageamento em condições de laboratório. Ninhos apresentando colônias maduras foram coletados em campo, colocados em cuba de vidro conectada a uma arena de teste (50,0 cm x 40,0 cm), onde blocos de Eucalyptus grandis foram fornecidos aos espécimes em três diferentes distâncias dentro da arena: 10, 20 e 30 cm. Cada teste analisou a incidência, ou não, de um dos seguintes eventos: exploração inicial, recrutamento inicial e recrutamento em massa de operários. Os indivíduos encontrados nos blocos foram contados ao final de cada teste e divididos em número total de cupins recrutados, operários recrutados, operários consumidores e soldados recrutados em cada tratamento. Cada teste durou 60 minutos e foi repetido com 20 colônias. Forrageadores de N. corniger apresentaram os três eventos comportamentais nas três distâncias. A incidência da exploração inicial e recrutamento inicial, o tempo necessário para os indivíduos realizarem os três eventos e o número de forrageadores que não foram afetados pela distância entre o ninho e o alimento. Assim, a incidência de recrutamento em massa de trabalhadores foi o único evento afetado por esse fator, sendo maior em distâncias menores
Preparation and characterization of steam and CO2 activated carbon from Brazil nut shell
Full text linkActivated carbon is a porous material with several industrial applications. In this research, brazil nut shell was used to produce activated carbon, a promising raw material based on its low cost and high quality. Also, nut processing generates an extensive amount of waste, requiring proper disposal. The carbon was produced at temperatures of 600, 700, and 800 °C and activated by physical method using steam or CO2. Yield was calculated, and the activated carbon was analyzed according to the following physical-chemical parameters: water content, volatile material, fixed carbon, ash, apparent density, and pH. Infrared spectroscopy and BET adsorption isotherms were also performed. The fixed carbon contents of the carbons produced at 700 and 800 °C remained above 84%. The pH values characterized them as basic. The surface areas of the carbon obtained at 800 °C were 397 ± 8 m2 g–1 and 325 ± 7 m2 g–1 in those which were activated by steam and CO2, respectively.Carvão ativado é um material poroso com várias aplicações industriais. Neste trabalho foi utilizada a casca da castanha-do-brasil para sua produção, matéria-prima promissora por possuir baixo custo e alta qualidade. Além disso, o beneficiamento da amêndoa gera grande quantidade de resíduo, necessitando de destinação adequada. O carvão foi produzido o carvão nas temperaturas de 600, 700 e 800 °C e ativado pelo método físico utilizando vapor d’água ou CO2. O rendimento foi calculado e o carvão ativado foi analisado de acordo com os seguintes parâmetros físico-químicas: teor de água, material volátil, carbono fixo, cinzas, densidade, pH. Também foram realizadas a espectroscopia de infravermelho e as isotermas de adsorção de BET. Os teores de carbono fixo dos carvões produzidos à 700 e 800 °C permaneceram acima de 84%. Os valores de pH os caracterizam como básicos. As áreas superficiais dos carvões obtidos em 800 °C foram de 397 ± 8 m2 g–1 e de 325 ± 7 m2 g–1 nos ativados com vapor d’água e CO2 respectivamente
The effectiveness of insulin therapy in the functional and morphological recovery of leydig cells in rats submitted to Diabetes mellitus
Full text linkThe effects of systemic insulin administration at different concentrations on the testicular tissue of diabetic adult rats, induced by streptozotocin, are evaluated by the morphological analysis of spermatogenic process. Twenty-four adult male rats were divided into 1) Control Group: they received citrate buffer, by intraperitoneal injection; 2) Diabetic Group: induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (60 mg. kg-1 of body weight); 3) Insulin 50%: induced diabetes treated with half of standard dosage of insulin; 4) Insulin 100%: induced diabetes treated with standard dose of insulin. After eight weeks, animals were weighted and anesthetized; testicles were removed and processed in resin. Body and testicular weight of diabetic rats decreased when compared to that of control. Parameters increased with insulin therapy. Testosterone levels were low in diabetic animals but rates recovered after insulin therapy. Nuclear diameter and volume of Leydig cells decreased in diabetic rats although they significantly increased after insulin therapy. Results showed that the administration of insulin in diabetic rats promoted a protective effect of testicular parenchyma, enhancing efficient recovery on testosterone levels and increase in daily sperm production