UET Peshawar Publications Site (University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar)
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DESIGN OF A MULTI-LEVEL SAMPLING WELL FOR MONITORING HYDRO-SALINITY BEHAVIOR UNDER SHALLOW TUBEWELLS
No full textMulti-level sampling wells are installed to monitor the spatial and temporal changes in hydro-salinity in fresh-saline aquifer under different pumping regimes. Sampling wells consist of 5 mm diameter high density polyethylene tubes opened at different depth is ranging from 5 to 75 m. Lower end of each tube is perforated to allow lateral entry of the water. Water samples are collected using suction bottles attached to each tube. The storage effect during sampling is minimized by disposing off the already existing water in each tube. The sampling well is cost effective, easy to install and is suitable for collecting unmixed water samples at different depths in unconfined sand aquifers
EVALUATION OF MEASURED IRRIGATION DEPTH VS ACTUAL DEPTH UNDER FARMERS EXISTING PRACTICE IN CHAJ DOAB
No full textFive different sites were bench-marked in Chaj Doab to analyze the actual depth of irrigation under Zamindara conditions vs standard irrigation. The discharge Q was measured by using a cut-throat flume and from which the actual depth of irrigation was calculated. Irrigation application efficiency was computed by determining the ratio of irrigation depth required to depth applied. Only at one site almost an exact amount of irrigation 78.59 ± 2.10 mm was applied by the farmers with maximum application efficiency of 96.89 ± 2.42 percent corresponding to wheat yield of 3.23 ton ha-1. It was observed that the farmers have a general trend to wet the highest spot in the field which led them to over irrigation. It was concluded that additional water application than the required depth was of no value to crops as greater yields were obtained with standard irrigations of 76.2 mm
INFLUENCE OF LARGE AMPLITUDE ON FREE FLEXURAL VIBRATION OF ISOTROPIC PLATES
No full textThis research is concerned with an analytical and experimental investigation of free flexural large amplitude vibration of rectangular plates valid for an isotropic material obeying Hooke‘s law. This theory, which may be considered the dynamic analog of the Van Karman plate theory, is applied to the study of free flexural vibrations of rectangular isotropic plates with all edges simply supported and all edges rigidly clamped. The nonlinear equations are solved approximately by employing Galerkin‘s procedure. The numerical calculations for multimode vibrations are performed for both types of boundary conditions. The influence of large amplitudes on the frequencies of free vibrations are estimated. Frequencies of free flexural vibrations are then found experimentally for small amplitudes with the help of digital frequency analyzer. At the end, analytical and experimental results are compared which shows close agreement with each other
STOKES-BITSADZE PROBLEM FOR THE PERIODIC BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
No full textFor the stream function Airy stress function formulation of Stokes equations in the plane, the periodic boundary conditions are prescribed. Existence of a unique solution is proved for the Stokes-Bitsadze problem hence formed
MODELING OF PILE-SOIL INTERACTION IN A STANDARD FINITE ELEMENT BASED PROGRAM (SAP2000
No full textIn this paper, Pile-Soil interaction is modeled in SAP2000, a finite element based program. The modeling technique developed for pile-soil interaction gives spring load-deformation curve for soil surrounding the pile and hence captures the response of the soil to movement of pile relative to surrounding soil (t-z curve), as experimental technique of instrumenting the pile along the length of pile for the same purpose would have been very costly. The pile-soil system modeled in SAP2000 requires the available load settlement data from pile load test not instrumented along pile length during load testing and establishes an average bi-linear spring load deformation curve.Once the spring load deformation curve is established, the site-specific t-z curve can be obtained, the curve can then be used for the same site to carry out the parametric study i.e. to predict the effect of different length and/or diameter of the pile on the load settlement curve of pile. in addition, the load settlement curve for other sites can be generated if the soil profile does not vary remarkably from that soil profile from which the spring load deformation curve is developed.This technique is applied to load settlement data of three pile load tests conducted in various localities of NWFP. The site-specific spring load-deformation curves are generated and transformed into t-z curves
INDUS BASIN IRRIGATION SYSTEM WATER BUDGET AND ASSOCIATED PROBLEMS
No full textAround 74% of mean annual river flows (140 MAF) are diverted to the canal system and the rest flows to the Arabian Sea (19%) or contributes to the river system losses (7%). Efficiency of the canal irrigation system is extremely low, as 53% of water (55 MAF) is lost in conveyance through canals, watercourses and field channels. Thus system conveyance efficiency is only 47%. The loss of 55 MAF of canal water in conveyance to the fields can be translated to a financial loss of around Rs. 3.3 Billion per annum assuming a value of Rs. 60 per acre-foot of water based on existing "Abiana" rates. In terms of pumped water cost it will be around Rs. 55 billion per annum. In-efficient application of water in basin/fiood irrigation contributes to around 25% of water losses in fields. This is mainly due to un-levelled fields and unscheduled irrigation without considering the management allowed deficit based on crop and soil needs. Total loss of water in conveyance and field application (around 64% of canal diversions and 32% of groundwater) is not only loss of water but it also adds to waterlogging and salinity. Acute shortage offreshwater forced farmers to exploit groundwater by installing tubewells and thus use of marginal to brackish quality groundwater resulted in secondary salinization and increased dependence on energy. The loss of productivity in the IBIS due to waterlogging and salinity was estimated as 25% of total crop productions. The GNP of crops in Pakistan is over Rs. 355 billion per annum. Thus the production loss due to waterlogging and salinity can be estimated as around Rs. 88 billion per annum. Around 10% of the irrigated area within canal commands is severely affected due to waterlogging and salinity and value of land is now much lower than the productive lands and in certain cases it is only 10% of the problem free lands. This is a financial loss to farmers and their families and an economic loss to the country
EFFECT OF MULCHING ON ROOT ZONE MOISTURE CONTENT AND YIELD OF DIFFERENT SUNFLOWER VARIETIES UNDER RAINFED CONDITIONS
No full textThe research study was conducted at Barani Agricultural Research Station, Kohat, NWFP during spring season, 1999. The main objective of the study was to investigate the effect of mulching on root zone moisture contentand yield of different sunflower varieties under rain fed conditions. The experiment was conducted with five varieties of sunflower and two types of mulches with two different rates, i.e. 4 & 5 t/ha using randomised Complete Block Design with split plot arrangement. Five treatments were assigned. Control (T1), wheat straw at the rate of 4 ton/ha (T2), wheat straw at the rate of 5 ton/ha (T3) , grass hay straw at the rate of 4 ton/ha (T4) , and grass hay straw at the rate of 5 ton/ha (T5). The plot size was 6 m\ Soil physical and chemical properties were determined in laboratory. Eta was determined by depletion method. The consumptive use (Eta) of sunflower during mulching period was 248.3mm (T5). Results on yield and its components indicated that mulching had significant effect on all yield components. The maximum yield of 524.9 kg/ha was obtained in the plot covered by wheat straw at the rate of 5-ton/ha (T3). Based on this study, it can be concluded that wheat straw and massive hay straw should be applied at 5 ton/ha for having maximum yield with light irrigation in flowering and grain formation stages
ION EXCHANGE REMOVAL OF PHOSPHATE FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
No full textThe sorption of phosphate is studied on amberlife IRA-400 as a function of temperatures (25 -55 °C) and phosphate concentrations 1.94 -3.23 mmol/L) which is found to increase with the increase in temperature and concentration of phosphate in solution. The ratios of chloride released/phosphate sorbed at all the temperatures are almost equal to one, indicating the sorption of HEOJ by the exchanger. The decrease in pH with the increase in temperature points towards the deprotonation of HJPO4 ~ before its sorption on the amber life IRA-400, The positive values of both the enthalpy and entropy show that the sorption of phosphate is endothermic and spontaneous in nature
MANUFACTURING APPLICATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
No full textManufacturing is a prime generator of wealth and is critical in establishing a sound basis for economic growth. Recently there has been a tremendous increase in the application of Artificial Intelligence (Al) in Manufacturing. This paper examines various Al tools and their application in manufacturing. The tools reviewed are knowledge-based/expert systems, fuzzy logic, neural networks, genetic algorithms and constraint satisfaction
USE OF RICE HUSK ASH IN CONCRETE AS PARTIAL CEMENT REPLACEMENT MATERIAL
No full textThe rice husk, locally available at low cost contains a high content of silica and hence can be used as a partial cement replacement material in the form of ash. The rice husk ash upon grinding into possible fine size passing through sieve No. 200 produce a cementicious calcium silicate hydrate. After burning the rice husk up to 725°C, the ash formed is ground finely. The resultant product is used as cement replacement (by weight) with different proportions .i.e. 25%, 30%, 40% and 50% cement replacement by RHA. The rice husk ash cement concrete was checked for compressive strength, flexural strength, and resistance so chemical attack. The research reveals that the strength of concrete containing 25 percent of RHA is not affected appreciably but the cost is reduced considerably. It is also found that the resistance to chemical attack of RHAC concrete is much better than ordinary Portland cement concrete