UET Peshawar Publications Site (University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar)
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A TUTORIAL ON ADAPTIVE ROBUST POSITION CONTROL OF DC MOTOR USING FUZZY LOGIC COMPENSATION
No full textThis article presents a tutorial on adaptive fuzzy sliding mode control for position control of DC servo motor which is subjected to nonlinear friction and external disturbance torque. Friction phenomenon is simulated using Lugre dynamic model. Adaptive fuzzy system is used to approximate nonlinear friction and external disturbance. Assuming that system state matrixes are known, model based robust controller is formulated using sliding mode control method. Adaptive fuzzy system formulated using Lyapunov function. The proposed controller is derived for DC motor position control system and numerical simulations are presented to verify its effectiveness
Performance Evaluation of Aquatic Macrophytes for Municipal Wastewater Treatment
No full textMunicipal Sewage of Taxila was selected for evaluation and comparison of the performance of three aquatic macrophytes regarding sewage treatment. A bench scale laboratory model was developed and used for experimentation. Six experimental runs were conducted and each run laps over thirty (30) days. In each experimental run continuous monitoring of municipal sewage was done for each macrophyte specie. The aquatic macrophyte species used for the performance comparison were Water Hyacinth, Duckweed & Water Lettuce. For performance comparison four parameters including BOD5, COD, Nitrogen and Phosphorus were selected. These parameters were monitored for both the influent and effluent sewage samples. During the entire study, the average reduction of 51% for BOD5, 47% for COD, 19% for phosphorus, and 41% for nitrogen were found with water hyacinth. When the same sewage was treated with Duckweed the values came out to be 34% for BOD5, 27% for COD, 16% for phosphorus and 18% for nitrogen. Similar trend was observed in the experiments with Water Lettuce as 33 % for BOD5, 29% for COD, 11% for phosphorus and 15% for nitrogen. Sewage treatment in macrophyte based system included both the anaerobic & aerobic microbial processes. The treatment is further followed by chemical conversions, sedimentation & volatilization. The highest pollutant removals were observed for at temperature range of 15-38 oC and at pH variation between 6 and 9. In developing countries like Pakistan, where no importance is being given to municipal sewage treatment, the method found to be environmentally and financially sustainable. 
A REVIEW OF DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF FATIGUE
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Driving under the influence of fatigue and drowsiness is one of the leading causes of accidents throughout the world. The United States Department of Transportation (USDOT) estimates that every year driver fatigue causes close to 100,000 crashes in the United States. These accidents results in1,544 fatalities, 71,000 injuries, and 1.6 billion) for Pakistan. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the previous literature regarding driver fatigue and drowsiness research, the present state of research and the future trends. Various factors that may contribute to driverfatigue and drowsiness, Fatigue related countermeasures from various sources along with their merits are discussed. The Center for Intelligent Systems Research (CISR) of the George Washington University conducted an experiment at their Vehicle Simulator Laboratory to study driver drowsiness. Results of this study and description of the algorithm are provided. A comprehensive list of references is provided at the end
CHARACTERIZATION OF CERAMICS WALL TILES USING LOCAL TALC AS A FLUXING AGENT
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Talc, a magnesium silicate mineral, is abundantly available in Pakistan. Internationally talc is used with other raw materials to produce wall tiles. But due to difference in mineralogical locations of the local talc and other raw materials, a local optimum wall tile composition was needed which can lead to the utilization of abundant talc resources in Pakistan. Considering this fact, here, several different compositions are arranged and analyzed. The variation within these compositions bases on gradual increase in talc percentage which drastically boosted fired strength, stabilized thermal shrinkage, thermal expansion to an optimum level and controlled the excessive water absorption. All these properties variations are in favor of good and free of defects wall tiles. The use of talc indicated that a normal strength (200-220 kg/cm2) can be acquired using 20% talc even at lower temperature of 1030-1050°C compared to 1160-1167°C used in local industry. This substantial decrease of nearly 100°C in production temperature will reduce the energy cost for wall tile production. In addition talc's use is economical because of its cheaper cost than other fluxes like feldspar and lime stone
Temporal Variations in Ground Water Quality Due to Urbanisation in Peshawar District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan: A Case Study
No full textGroundwater is a significant source of water for both domestic and agricultural use. The main objective of this study was to identify temporal variations in groundwater quality of Peshawar by developing GIS based physio-chemical parameters contour maps, comparative graphs and analyse results in light of Pakistan Standard Quality Control Authority (PSQCA). In 2004, same study for district Peshawar was carried out jointly by PCSIR Peshawar and Kyungpook National University. In order to assess the effects of urbanization on ground water quality in district Peshawar, another study was undertaken in 2014-15 by collecting samples from the same locations. Standard procedures were adopted to determine the selected parameters and results of both the studies were compared. Comparative analysis of both the studies showed that some of the chemical parameters values gained an increase while other got decreased. Results also showed that electrical conductivity (EC), Cl-, SO4-2, NO3-1 were increased by 119.11%, 29.98%, 469.60%, and 59.47% respectively, while total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity, total alkalinity, total hardness, calcium (Ca++), HCO3-1 and Magnesium (Mg++) were decreased by 6%, 10.51%, 37.39% and 11.52%, 22.21%, 37.56% and 21.19% respectively. Results revealed that changes in water quality have occurred due to over population of Peshawar and remedial measures are needed in future
FORMULATION OF NUMERICAL TECHNIQUE TO DEVELOP t-z CURVE USING LOAD SETTLEMENT DATA FROM PILE LOAD TEST
No full textUntil recently very few successful attempts, have been made to analyze the behavior of piles and pile systems. This is partly associated with the historical development of piling in that a strong tradition of empiricism has become part of the folklore of piling. When one attempt to take into account aspects such as the effect of pile installation major difficulties apparently arise, but the fact that a complete solution cannot be derived does not preclude the use of analytical approaches based on simple models of soil behavior.In this paper a simple numerical technique based on load transfer approach is developed to capture the response of the soil to displacement, as experimental technique of instrumenting the pile along the length of pile would have been very costly. This technique uses the available load settlement data from pile load test not instrumented along pile during load testing and back figures the response of soil along pile length.Once the load settlement response of soil along pile length is known, the curves can be used for the same site to study the effect of different length and/or diameter of the pile on the load settlement curve of pile. In addition, the load settlement curve for other sites can be generated if the soil profile does not vary remarkably from that soil profile from which the load settlement response of soil is developed. This technique is then applied to load settlement data of three pile load tests conducted in various localities of NWFP
MACROSCOPIC SPRAY CHARACTERISTICS OF DIESEL AND BIODIESEL-DIESEL BLEND: AN EXPERIMENTAL COMPARISON
No full textThe qualitative aspects of the fuel spray particularly spray length and cone angle play a significant role not only in the temporal sequence of clean and efficient combustion, but also in the control of engine exhaust emissions and efficiency optimization. This paper investigates the effect of injection duration and ambient pressure on spray development, spray tip penetration (L) and cone angle (β) of biodiesel-diesel (20%/80%:v/v) blend (B20) and diesel, and hence compares the quality of the fuels. Both ‘L’ and ‘β’ play a key role in the fuel evaporation and mixing of fuel with air in the combustion chamber. It was found that the injection pressure, spray tip penetration and cone angle of the fuels increased with the increase in injection duration. Furthermore, the injection pressure of B20 was higher than that of diesel because of its higher incompressibility, which increased the droplet momentum and tip penetration. The ambient pressure displayed a stronger impact on ‘L’ and ‘β’ of the fuels, compared with injection duration. The ‘L’ was increased, while ‘β’ decreasedwith the decrease in P amb due to the decrease in resistance to penetration velocity. The shapes of spray images of two fuels were almost similar. However, B20 exhibited larger ‘L’ and ‘β’ due to higher initial velocity and mass of droplet, compared with diesel. This indicates that relative to diesel fuel, B20 has a stronger impacton the spray performance, and thus improves both ‘L’ and ‘β’. During the earlier phase of time after start ofinjection, the relative difference between two fuels in terms of their spray tip penetration was smaller. Thisdifference augmented, and then became roughly stable. Before the commencement of a comparatively steadyphase of time after the start of injection, the test fuels revealed an appreciable relative difference in terms oftheir ‘β’
FLOODS FREQUENCY ANALYSIS IN RIVERS OF N.W.F.P.
No full textThe data compiled for 27 catchments spread overa large parts of NWFP have been analyzed. Relationships have been derived for the estimation of mean annual flood and a dimensionless regional frequency curve is found by defining the statistical homogeneous region.Gumbel distribution extreme value Type-1 is fitted to the flood series for frequency distribution curve of floods and computation of confidence limits. Based on this analysis, the probable magnitude and frequency of floods of any recurrence interval can be obtained for ungauged streams ofNWFP
COMPARISON OF IMPACT BEHAVIOUR WITH SURFACE HARDNESS OF ISOTROPIC AND COMPOSITE PLATES
No full textImpact tests were carried out both on composite as well as plates made of conventional materials such as aluminium and steel. Various magnitudes of impact energy per unit volume of deformation were obtained for each specimen. The surface hardness number for these plates were also determined experimentally. A relationship was investigated between the impact energy per unit volume of deformation and hardness number
A systematic study of influence of process variables on the overall heat transfer coefficient in a shell and tube heat exchanger
No full textA systematic experimental study was carried out on a shell and tube heat exchanger (STHx) to examine the influence of process variables such as hot and cold water flow rate, and the hot water inlet temperature on the overall heat transfer coefficient (U). The results show that the U increased with increasing the hot water and cold water flow rates. Similarly, the increase in hot water inlet temperature, improved heat transfer rate. It was observed that the increase in the U by increasing the cold water flow rate was significantly higher than with increasing the hot water flow rate. Under similar process conditions, at 36 oC hot water inlet temperature, the U increased from 709.96 to 1045.50 W/(m2.oC) with the increasing cold water flow rate from 0.75 to 2.5 L/min. While for the hot water case, the U increased from 709.96 to 940.43 W/(m2.oC) for the corresponding hot water flow rate. An empirical model correlating the outlet temperature of the STHx fluids with the inlet conditions has also been proposed. The proposed model was used to calculate the outlet temperatures of the hot and cold water and the heat flux. The model predictions were compared with the experimental results and a good agreement was foun