UET Peshawar Publications Site (University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar)
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DEVELOPMENT OF AN ENERGY EFFICIENT WHEAT PLANTING MACHINE
No full textPakistani farmers use conventional tillage/planting systems in rice-wheat zones. Under rice-wheat rotation system, wheat crop is delayed due to delayed harvest of rice or labor-shortage and because of the extensive tillage operations. Tillage is a time, energy and most cost consuming production process. Scientist/engineers at the Farm Machinery Institute, Islamabad and University of Agriculture, Faisalabad had demonstrated through experiments for many years that wheat crop could be successfully produced with minimum tillage without any yield loss, provided other inputs are properly managed in time. For successful adoption of till-plant technology under varying field soil conditions, a technically suitable and economically feasible tractor drawn 7-row zone disk tiller drill has been developed, fabricated and tested under farmers field conditions in paddy growing areas of Sheikhupura and Faisalabad divisions of Punjab, Pakistan. It cuts and pulverizes a 50.8-cm wide and 10.16-cm deep soil zone in front of each furrow opener of zone disk tiller drill. The new system of planting saved on an average 46 1/ha of diesel fuel energy and increased crop grain yield 1.2 ton/ha compared to the conventional method of wheat planting. Moreover, huge amount of savings in labor and irrigation water are expected. The machine has been commercialized by the University of Agriculture, Faisalabad for farm level adoption and is available for Rs. 60,000/-
DERIVATION OF BEARING CAPACITY EQUATION FOR A TWO LAYERED SYSTEM OF WEAK CLAY LAYER OVERLAID BY DENSE SAND LAYE
No full textCalculation of the ultimate bearing capacity of shallow footing on Iwo layered system of soil depends on the pattern of the failure surface that develops below the footing. For a weak clay layer overlaid by top dense sand layer, previous studies assumed that the failure surface is a punching shear failure through the upper sand layer and Prandtl‘s failure mode in the bottom weak clay layer. By adapting this assumption in this study, the ultimate bearing capacity equation was derived as a function of the properties of soils, the footing width, and the topsoil thickness. The paper presents detail parametric study of the design parameters including the effect of angle of friction, the ratio of the thickness of sand layer to the footing width, the ratio of the depth of embedment to the footing width, and the ratio of the clay soil cohesion to the product of the clay unit weight by the footing width. Design charts were developed in dimensionless form for very wide ranges of design parameters. The available method that developed based on the limit equilibrium analysis was developed in dimensionlized form and for limited range of design parameters. The new charts give another option for the people who believe that the design charts that developed based on the upper limit analysis overestimate the bearing capacity due to the very nature of the upper bound solution. The new design charts are limited for shallow footings
ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF NICOTINE AND ITS CADMIUM COMPLEX
No full textNicotine and its metal complex; Cd(Il)-nicotine were isolated from leaves of Nicotiana tabacum using various metal ions by the reported techniques and studied for their antifungal activity against fourteen different species of fungi. For comparative study, pure sample of nicotine and metal salt used for complexation; cadmium(lI) iodide was also subjected to antifungal tests with the same species of fungus under similar conditions. Results indicated that nicotine is quite effective against the Rare pathogenic and Non pathogenic fungi but comparatively less effective against Pathogenic fungi. Nicotine was found to be completely ineffective against the selected species of Occasional pathogenic fungi. Cadmium(1I) iodide effectively inhibited Pathogenic and Non pathogenic fungi whereas relatively ineffective against the Occasional pathogenic and Rare pathogenic fungi. On the other hand, Cadmium(II) nicotine complex inhibited all the selected species of fungi except Fusarium solani
SIMULATED EARTHQUAKE VIBRATION TESTS ON BRICK MASONRY MODEL THROUGH CONTAINED UNDERGROUND EXPLOSIONS
No full textAbstract
The paper describes details of simulated earthquake vibration generated through contained underground explosions. The tests were carried out on single story unreinforced masonry model as part of the PhD work of the first author. The testing activity included total of three explosion tests. The explosion in test I was conducted for evaluating the dynamic characteristics of the masonry model. Explosions in tests 2 and 3 were carried out with increased intensity for determining seismic resistance of the masonry model. The paper concludes that generation of simulated earthquake vibrations through contained underground explosions can be effectively used as a substitute to other costly method of dynamic testing of structures.
 
DEVELOPMENT OF A DROP-PIPE TYPE UNIVERSITY BOOM SPRAYER
No full textA drop-pipe tractor mounted university boom sprayer has been developed and tested for mortality rate of attacking sucking insects which cause the severe damage to cotton crop and reduce the yield. This sprayer has upper and lower two booms to spray the cotton crop both from above and below the leaves. The lower boom has drop-pipes on the lower ends of which are mounted nozzles, which have the ability to be rotated and adjusted in 360o both in horizontal and vertical planes. Drop-pipes have also the facility to be adjusted at any angle from 00-900 with respect to vertical position to avoid crop damage when there is more vegetative growth at later stages of crop growth of growing season. The nozzles can be adjusted at any angle to directly hit the sucking insects lying on the undersurfaces of leaves. The upper auxiliary boom has been designed to spray from top to bottom as in the conventional boom sprayer. The performance of newly developed drop-pipe boom sprayer was found best at 4-km/h field speed 400 kPa pressure fluid pressure, and 0o-anozzle angle with respect to boom axis than those at other speeds, pressures, and nozzle angles
RECYCLING OF CANTEEN WASTE WATER FOR IRRIGATION PURPOSE
No full textRecycling of wastewater of a canteen was done at Attock refinery Limited, Rawalpindi during 2002. The wastewater of the refinery canteen was recycled after a long process and was reused for irrigation of nearby garden and other landscape plants. The average outflow of the wastewater from the canteen was calculated as 4000 liters/day. Laboratory analysis for the quality of wastewater was conducted and it was found that suspended solid. Chemical Oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of the wastewater were above the National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) limits. Treatment system employed was composed of screening and settling tank for removing the suspended solids and aeration for decreasing the COD and BOD. It was a low cost system in which the materials used were mostly taken from the redundant stock. Air was given for aeration with the help of a compressor. The treated water was tested in the laboratory for the priority parameters i.e Temperature, pH, BOD, COD, Total suspended solids (TSS), Total dissolved (TDS), oil and grease and Phenols. These parameters were compared with the National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS). Treated water was used for irrigation of the nearby garden and landscape. The recycling process was successfully conducted and a huge quantity of 4000 litres water/day (1000 G water/day) was recycled with a daily saving of Rs.100 at the rate of Rs. 1/10 G water that was taken from market survey
STUDY OF STAGE-DISCHARGE RELATIONSHIP AND STREAM EROSION IN SUB-CATCHMENTS OF HILKOT WATERSHED (MANSEHRA)
No full textThe study was conducted on discharge and stream erosion in the sub-catchments of Hilkot Watershed (Mansehra), NWFP Pakistan, during 1999. The objectives of study were to develop stage-discharge relationship and to investigate suspended sediment losses at different discharge levels at five hydro-stations representing different land uses. In the Hilkot watershed annual maximum rainfall ranges from 1324 mm to 1445 mm while maximum monthly rainfall was recorded is September i.e. 301 mm. Resulting R2 values show that there is a strong relationship between stage and discharge. It was found that 71 to 99% of variability in discharge could be explained stage. There is a very good and clear relationship between sediment concentration and discharge on hydro station No. ¡ and 2 but relationship on other station is not very clear. In most of the cases per liter sediment concentration is below 5 gm on all hydro station. Only some events are most destructive when per liter concentration is above 10 mg/l. Hydro graph shows the positive skew, with recessing time greater than the rising time. Flood reaches from base flow to peak with in 3 hour and falls very rapidly. Normally base flow of the area is very low
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES OF AN INTERMEDIATE CITY A CASE OF MINGORA
No full textOur urban centers present a unique dimension of environmental problems. They are at one and the same time, enormous consumers of natural resources and produces of waste and pollution, in this respect intermediate cities and small towns appear to be more vulnerable to natural catastrophes and ecological accidents caused by human factors. While in large cities there exist pressure groups which attain government attention for the solution of their problems and have well equipped municipalities. However, a vast majority of the population lives in rural areas and depends upon medium sized cities and towns for access to services. These cities and towns form the pivot of economic, social, cultural and political life for a large part of the population. Therefore it deserves more attention than bigger ones. This paper explores local people perception about urban environmental problems exist in the city. Attempts are also made to shape and guide municipality efforts to overcome such problems with available resources
SIMULATION OF AUTOMATED GUIDED VEHICLES AS MATERIAL HANDLING SYSTEM IN FLEXIBLE MANUFACTURING
No full textAutomated guided vehicles (AGVs) are widely used for material handling in flexible manufacturing systems (FMSs) due to their flexibility.The quantitative analysis of an AGV system is useful for determining the operational design issues such as the effect of the number of AGVs on the system ‘s performance. A simulation model Is developed in this paper to see the effect of changing the number of AGVs on the through put of the System, queue lengths, waiting times under certain assumptions by using a number of dispatching rules.The proposed methodology for the simulation model is explained with the help of a detailed example. The simulation model is developed and implemented in simulation software, AweSi
ASSESSMENT OF GROUND WATER QUALITY FOR IRRIGATION IN THE LACHI AREA OF DISTRICT KOHAT
No full textGround water samples from different tube wells and dug wells at different locations in Lachi area of district Kohat were collected for chemical analysis. The objective was to check their quality for irrigation prior to their use. The EC values of the selected water samples ranged from 0.73 to 11.37 dSm-1 with an average of 3.54 dSm-1, the SAR values ranged from 1.18 to 26.00 with an average of 7.98 and the RSC values ranged from 0 to 3.9 meql-1 with an average of 0.79 meql-1. Based on EC, SAR and RSC cumulatively, 44% of the water samples were found suitable for growing nearly all types of crops without reduction in yield, 10% of samples have marginal quality and 46% have hazardous nature. Based on EC and SAR, only 3% data point is in C2S1 class (medium salinity), 50% samples are in C3S1 class (high salinity), 28% samples are in C4S1 class (very high salinity), and 19% are in C4S3 class (extremely high salinity). The variation between the salinity classes is due to the existence of the saline stream in the area with electrical conductivity of about 13 dSm-1 i.e. area closed to the stream have high salinity and the salinity gradually advancing to the surrounding areas due to the unscientific ground water exploitation