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Well-posedness and propagation of chaos for multi-agent models with strategies and diffusive effects
Get PDFA multi-agent model for individuals endowed with strategies and subject to diffusive effects is proposed. The microscopic state of each agent is described by a spatial position and a probability measure, interpreted as a mixed strategy, over a compact metric space. The evolution is governed by a non-local interaction mechanism and by stochastic effects acting on the spatial component of the state. The well-posedness of the multi-agent system and that of a certain McKean–Vlasov stochastic differential equation are proved. Eventually, a propagation of chaos result is obtained, which guarantees that the former model converges to the latter as the number of agents goes to infinity
Analysis of Fuel Cell Systems for Off-Road Agricultural Vehicles
No full textL'abstract è presente nell'allegato / the abstract is in the attachmen
An Energy-Efficient Voltage-Doubler-Based DC–DC Stage for Current Source Inverter Operation
No full textThis article proposes the usage of a combined full-bridge voltage-doubler dc/dc stage as a way to supply a current source inverter from a low-voltage photovoltaic source. The proposed solution avoids the usage of traditional step-up stages and positively impacts both efficiency and system complexity. The topology uses a full bridge for the generation of the ac voltage that goes to the input of the doubler. This enables high-frequency ac that reduces the size of the capacitors in the doubler. This article also presents a possible technological solution to allow bidirectional power flow by bypassing the voltage doubler. An analytical discussion is presented alongside simulations and experimental validation, showing a 97.5% peak experimental efficiency
Characterizing filter suppression requirements for entanglement distribution in quantum-classical optical systems
No full textAlthough spontaneous Raman scattering is often regarded as the dominant impairment in hybrid quantum–
classical fiber links, practical deployment also requires clear limits on linear inter-channel crosstalk between
entangled photons and neighboring dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM) channels. In this work,
we experimentally determine such limits using a controlled bench-top testbed in which a high-fidelity (F >
0.97) polarization-entangled photon source shares a DWDM demultiplexer with a single classical optical channel
separated by 100 GHz. Residual classical leakage into the quantum receiver is controlled through spectral filtering
and systematically varied by sweeping the classical power incident on the detector from −120 dBm to −40 dBm.
A thin-film bandpass filter with 0.9 nm bandwidth, providing approximately 10 dB of additional suppression,
is employed in the quantum path. Entanglement quality is assessed through polarization-interference visibility
measured in multiple polarization bases and through the coincidence-to-accidental ratio (CAR). We observe that
high visibility and CAR are maintained over a broad range of crosstalk levels, with degradation governed by the
relative rate of accidental coincidences rather than by absolute optical power alone. Acceptable performance,
defined here as visibility ≥ 90% and CAR ≥ 20, is preserved provided that the classical leakage power at the
detector does not exceed the quantum-signal power by more than 12 dB for a continuous-wave carrier or for a
100 GBd dual-polarization QPSK signal. These experimental results establish filtering and isolation requirements
for entanglement distribution in hybrid quantum–classical DWDM optical systems
A Comparative Review of Wet and Dry Electrode Manufacturing Processes: Opportunities, Limitations, and Challenges in the Production of Lithium-Ion Battery Electrodes
Get PDFThe rising demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) highlights the importance of developing electrode fabrication methods
that ensure high performance, cost efficiency, and environmental sustainability. Here, wet (slurry-based) and dry (solvent-free)
electrode fabrication methods are compared with a focus on both anodes and cathodes. Despite its integration within an established industrial system, the wet method exhibits significant limitations stemming from the use of volatile solvents such as
N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), the high energy demand of the drying stage, and the complexity of scaling up thick electrode
manufacturing. On the other hand, dry electrode fabrication eliminates the need for solvents, reduces energy use, simplifies
production workflows, and improves mechanical integrity. The latter helps in the development of high-loading electrodes for
next-generation high-energy density storage systems. However, dry processing introduces new technical challenges that must
first be addressed, including binder activation, uniform material dispersion, the need for specialized hardware, and the development of customized equipment. By focusing on the underlying mechanisms, advantages, and practical limitations, this review
aims to support the development of optimized electrode fabrication strategies that facilitate the widespread adoption of sustainable battery technologies
Empirical assessment of the code comprehension effort needed to attack programs protected with obfuscation
Get PDFThis paper introduces a novel approach for the automated selection of software protections to mitigate \acrlong{mate} risks against critical assets within software applications. We formalize the key elements involved in protection decision-making --- including code artifacts, assets, security requirements, attacks, and software protections --- and frame the protection process through a model inspired by game theory. In this model, a defender strategically applies protections to various code artifacts of a target application, anticipating repeated attack attempts by adversaries against the confidentiality and integrity of the application's assets. The selection of the optimal defense maximizes resistance to attacks while ensuring the application remains usable by constraining the overhead introduced by protections. The game is solved through a heuristic based on a mini-max depth-first exploration strategy, augmented with dynamic programming optimizations for improved efficiency. Central to our formulation is the introduction of the Software Protection Index, an original contribution that extends existing notions of potency and resilience by evaluating protection effectiveness against attack paths using software metrics and expert assessments. We validate our approach through a proof-of-concept implementation and expert evaluations, demonstrating that automated software protection is a practical and effective solution for risk mitigation in software
Dall'Emergenza Linguistica alla Struttura Latente: Il Variational Autoencoder come Generatore di Archetipi
Get PDFPartendo dall'analisi metodologica pubblicata da Daniele Luttazzi su Il Fatto Quotidiano, questo lavoro identifica nel Variational Autoencoder (VAE) l'architettura neurale che meglio riflette i meccanismi di "emergenza" e "organizzazione dello spazio numerico" descritti dall'autore. L'articolo evidenzia come l'IA non impari elenchi di dati, ma una rete di connessioni; tecnicamente, il VAE traduce questa intuizione forzando la creazione di uno spazio latente regolarizzato dove segnali simili vengono mappati in regioni contigue. Attraverso il meccanismo di campionamento stocastico, il VAE permette di passare dalla semplice previsione della "parola successiva" alla generazione di un "archetipo linguistico", simile all'archetipo da noi chiamato ''pseudospettro'', rendendo possibile la decodifica si spettri anche in condizioni di elevato rumore
Accuracy of Fiber Propagation Evaluation Using Phenomenological Attenuation and Raman Scattering Models in Multiband Optical Networks
Get PDFThe constant growth of IP data traffic, driven by sustained annual increases surpassing 26%, is pushing current optical transport infrastructures towards their capacity limits.
Since the deployment of new fiber cables is economically demanding, ultra-wideband transmission is emerging as a promising cost-effective solution, enabled by multi-band amplifiers and transceivers spanning the entire low-loss window of standard single-mode fibers. In this scenario, accurate modeling of frequency-dependent fiber parameters is essential to reliably describe optical signal propagation. In particular, the combined impact of attenuation variations with frequency and inter-channel stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) fundamentally shapes the power evolution of wide wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) combs and directly affects nonlinear interference (NLI) generation, as well as the amount of ASE noise.
In this work, we review a set of analytical approximations based on phenomenological approaches for frequency-dependent attenuation and Raman scattering gain, and analyze their impact on achieving an effective balance between computational efficiency and physical fidelity. Through extensive analyses performed with the open-source software GNPy (version 2.12, Telecom Infra Project) on an optical line system exploring multi-band scenarios spanning C+L+S, C+L+E, and U-to-E transmission, we demonstrate that the proposed approximations reproduce the reference SRS power evolution and NLI profiles with root mean square errors (RMSEs) consistently below 0.03 dB, and down to the 10^-3 to 10^-2 dB range for the most accurate configurations.
Although the current implementation does not yet provide a direct reduction in computational time, the proposed framework lays the groundwork for future developments toward closed-form or semi-analytical solutions, enabling more efficient modeling and optimization of ultra-wideband optical transmission
Exploring functionalized nanocrystalline cellulose binders for potassium-ion batteries
Get PDFThe development of sustainable and efficient binder materials is crucial to improve the performance and environmental compatibility of potassium-ion batteries (KIBs). In this study, we investigate the use of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) as eco-friendly binders for carbon-based anodes for KIBs. Three types of CNCs are synthesized from microcrystalline cellulose via enzymatic, hydrochloric acid, and sulfuric acid hydrolysis, and fully characterized by spectroscopic, elemental, crystallographic, and morphological analyses. Their electrochemical stability is confirmed by cyclic voltammetry on binder-only electrodes, which shows negligible activity in the 0.01–3 V vs. K+/K window. When incorporated as binders into anode electrodes based on commercial Super C45 carbon, CNCs enable excellent electrochemical performance, outperforming conventional carboxymethyl cellulose-based counterparts. Among them, CNCs synthesized from enzymatic hydrolysis provide the best results in terms of specific capacity, capacity retention (97 % after 100 cycles), rate capability, and electrode morphology. These improvements are attributed to the neutral surface chemistry and enhanced structural homogeneity. Our findings highlight CNCs as promising, low-cost, and sustainable binder materials for next-generation KIB systems
Transforming Cities. An Exploratory Research Journey on the EU Green Transition
No full textThis report examines barriers and enablers shaping the role of cities in the EU green transition pathway. It presents the outcomes of an international expert workshop organised by the Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission in collaboration with Politecnico di Torino, Italy. The workshop is part of a series of JRC exploratory research activities applying innovative methods to co-create shared visions for system transitions across the EU food, urban, and green innovation domains. During the workshop, experts from academia, architectural and landscape firms, policymaking institutions, major urban networks, living
labs, the European Committee of the Regions, and non-governmental organisations identified enablers and local good practices to strengthen the implementation of selected European Green Deal targets at the urban level and to address structural challenges hampering transformative change.
Seven enabling conditions emerged as critical for advancing urban green transitions: strengthened and systematic community and citizen engagement; upgrading urban infrastructure and uptake of nature-based
solutions; innovative governance and policymaking; sustainability education and skills; coupled energy and digital transitions; adequate financial resources and public-private cooperation; and transparent communication
and information sharing.
A central element of the workshop was ShapeEUrbe, a science-based board game specifically designed for this event. Through the game, participants explored policy gaps, good practices, barriers and enablers for
achieving the European Green Deal targets and envisioning urban futures towards the EU’s 2050 climate neutrality ambition