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Development of optimized numerical routines used in a new, unified software for highly energetic materials behavior simulation
No full textL'abstract è presente nell'allegato / the abstract is in the attachmen
Intelligent Sensing and AI-Based Security for Next-Generation Consumer Technologies
No full textOver the past decade, the convergence of sensing, artificial intelligence (AI), and communication technologies has reshaped the entire consumer electronics landscape. Devices that were once simple tools have become interconnected platforms capable of analyzing complex environments, supporting mission-critical applications, and enhancing human capabilities across entertainment, education, health care, and global communication.
Today, consumer technologies are expected to operate not only efficiently and intuitively but also securely, robustly, and with a deep understanding of the physical and digital contexts around them. Intelligent sensing enables devices to perceive and reconstruct the real world with unprecedented fidelity, while AI-based algorithms empower decision making, personalization, and automation. At the same time, the growing dependence on digital ecosystems introduces new security challenges, particularly as adversarial attacks, while massive resource classification, mixed-reality (MR) interactions, and satellite–terrestrial communications become part of everyday consumer applications.
The articles in this issue highlight the transformative role of intelligent sensing and AI-based security in shaping next-generation consumer technologies. They address topics as diverse as adversarially robust malware detection, spatially aware crowdsensing frameworks, large-scale 3D environment scanning, wearable medical diagnostics, massive categorization for Metaverse environments, MR solutions for remote medical support, and secure communication systems enhanced by generative foundation models. Despite the diversity of these application scenarios, a unifying thread emerges: the increasing reliance on advanced AI-driven methods and sensing technologies to ensure that consumer devices are accurate, secure, and capable of supporting emerging forms of human–machine interaction. The current issue of MCE focuses on these aspects, exploring them through the analysis of seven different application scenarios
Soft Batteries: Electrochemical Innovations for Sustainable Energy Storage
No full textResearch into soft energy storage materials is progressing rapidly with several applications in
healthcare and soft robotics. This chapter presents novel materials used across battery
components in next-generation designs, covering innovations in electrodes, electrolytes, and
separators, in addition with possible structural designs. It includes a collection of fundamentals
about Li-ion chemistry to clarify essential material selection criteria, alongside recent
developments in soft batteries utilizing alternative chemistries
Electrodeposited NiFe-succinate for the oxygen evolution reaction in anion exchange membrane water electrolysis
Full text linkThis study proposes Platinum Group Metal-free (PGM-free) electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER) to be used in Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzers (AEMWEs). NiFe-based electrodes were synthesized via an optimized electrodeposition process in the presence of succinic acid onto a low-cost 304 stainless steel (SS) mesh, resulting in an active and durable inorganic–organic complex. Morphological characterization confirmed the formation of high-surface-area electrodes, with a catalyst layer composed of Ni and Fe ions coordinated by organic carboxylic groups. X-ray Photoemission Spectroscopy (XPS) proved the formation of NiFe2O4 as the active species for OER, showing improved electrochemical performance compared to Ni-based and Fe-based electrodes. Notably, 240 mV and 306 mV were recorded as onset overpotential and overpotential at 10 mA cm−2, respectively, with a low Tafel slope of approximately 50 mV dec−1, using electrodes with total catalyst layer mass loading lower than 1 mg cm−2. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations were performed to gain more insight into the OER mechanism on NiFe2O4 species, obtaining simulated polarization curves in very good agreement with experimental data. Finally, the best-performing electrode was tested in a single-cell AEMWE, achieving a maximum current density of 1.86 A cm−2 at 2.2 V and 60 °C, and demonstrating good stability after a 40-h chronoamperometric test conducted at 2 V
Experimental shape sensing of a wing structure using SSB-iFEM: Static assessment and dynamic wind tunnel test
Full text linkReconstructing the displacement field from discrete strain measurements, commonly known as shape sensing, plays a crucial role in the development of advanced Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) frameworks. Monitoring displacements throughout a structure’s operational life provides valuable data for predictive maintenance strategies and supports the implementation of digital twin technologies. Among the various shape-sensing techniques, the inverse Finite Element Method (iFEM) has emerged as a prominent solution. However, despite its demonstrated effectiveness, the practical application of iFEM remains limited by the requirement for back-to-back strain sensor configurations, i.e., sensors installed on both surfaces of a thin-walled structure. To overcome this limitation, a new variant called Single Sensor Based iFEM (SSB-iFEM) has recently been proposed. In this work, SSB-iFEM is employed to perform, for the first time, shape sensing on an entire aerospace structure: the half-wing of a commercial hotliner. The test setup reflects the complexity and constraints of real industrial conditions, as only limited structural information is available due to the commercial nature of the test article. Furthermore, the structure is instrumented exclusively on the accessible external surface and tested under simulated operating conditions in a wind tunnel. The experimental results demonstrate the high versatility and accuracy of SSB-iFEM, even when using a reduced set of strain sensors. This study proves that the proposed formulation successfully overcomes the main limitations of standard iFEM and significantly extends the applicability of shape sensing approaches to real-world aerospace structures
FBG bandwidth impact on dual-comb interrogation for high fidelity strain sensing
Full text linkDual Optical Frequency Comb (DOFC) interrogation has emerged as a promising approach for high-resolution
Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensing, yet its robustness across gratings of differing spectral bandwidths remains
insufficiently explored. Two key gaps persist: first, the lack of systematic evaluation of a single DOFC platform
applied consistently to both narrow- and broadband FBGs; and second, the absence of a unified signal-processing
strategy that maintains accuracy under variable spectral sampling conditions. Here, we address these challenges
by developing a bandwidth-adaptive DOFC interrogation framework that unifies optical and algorithmic optimization across diverse FBG bandwidths. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic assessment of a
mutually coherent dual-comb system applied to multiple FBG bandwidth regimes within a single interrogation
platform. The system employs Externally-Injected Gain-Switched Lasers (EI-GSLs) to generate two mutually
coherent combs and a custom ADC-FFT module enabling real-time spectral acquisition. A spectral-envelopeassisted inverted Gaussian fitting (IGF) algorithm is implemented to reconstruct sparsely sampled FBG notches
and extract precise Bragg wavelength shifts. Experiments on FBGs with 0.1 nm and 0.3 nm bandwidths
demonstrate consistent high-fidelity strain tracking, achieving effective detection limits of ~ 375–380 nε, dynamic ranges up to 1300 με, and linearity of R2 ≈ 0.98. Compared with a state-of-the-art swept-laser interrogator,
which fails to resolve at the finest nano-strain increments, the proposed DOFC-IGF approach delivers superior
stability and resolution across all tested bandwidths. These findings establish a practical framework for
bandwidth-adaptive DOFC interrogation, enabling scalable and cost-effective deployment of mixed-bandwidth
FBG arrays in high-resolution sensing networks
Advanced and Systemic Design Approaches to Smart Packaging for the Made in Italy Fashion Transition
Full text linkThis paper explores the potential of design to drive circular transitions in the Made in Italy fashion system, with a particular focus on digital innovation and packaging as a strategic interface for circularity and sustainability. To address contemporary challenges—such as environmental degradation, regulatory shifts, and digital transformation—this work aims to reframe packaging from a technical object to a multidimensional artefact that supports knowledge exchange, encourages collaboration across sectors, and helps stakeholders make informed decisions. By combining systemic and advanced design approaches, the study investigates how smart packaging can align technological innovation with ethical responsibility, promoting transparency, traceability, and value regeneration. The research includes an experimental project involving a group of universities and companies from the fashion, packaging, and information technology sectors. Using a co-design methodology, the project developed a smart, reusable packaging prototype incorporating blockchain infrastructure. This solution responds to both logistical and communication needs while anticipating and aligning with upcoming European sustainability policies such as the Digital Product Passport. This paper shows how theoretical insights can be connected with applied innovation to highlight the central role of design in steering systemic transitions. Smart packaging, therefore, can be seen as a catalyst for distributed innovation, serving as a bridge between physical systems, digital tools, and cultural values across the fashion supply chain
Effects of different cement-restorative material combinations in full-coverage onlay restorations: A FEA study
No full textObjectives: To test, through FEM analysis, different cement-material combinations in an indirect adhesive restoration scenario generated through Micro-Computed Tomography. Methods: A reference lower first molar was prepared for an overlay restoration and scanned with an intraoral camera. The restoration was milled with a reinforced lithium silicate and cemented with a dual cure resin cement. A geometrical model was segmented from a micro-CT scan generating separate volumes of enamel, dentin and restorative materials. The 3D Finite Element (FE) model was subsequently built-up (Meshlab, ISTI, CNR, Pisa, Italy) and an axial chewing load was simulated (Altair Hyperworks, Troy, Michigan, USA) considering the volumes as linear and elastic. Data concerning the tooth-restoration interface were analyzed in terms of shear stress and normal pressure. Different restoration materials and cements were tested in order to evaluate the effects of the combination between the main categories of dental materials applied for IAR and dual or light curing cements. Results: Concerning tooth-cement interface, stresses in the range from 2*10 2 to 9*10 3 Gpa, depending on observation axes, were recorded. As regards restorative material variable, resin-matrix ceramic models were subjected to the highest stresses, followed by glass-matrix ceramic and polycrystalline ceramic. Regarding the cement variable, small differences and quantitatively negligible were found in all models when comparing light- curable composite and dual-curing resin cement. Concerning cement-restoration interface, stresses in the range from 1.551*10 2 to 2.679*10 3 Gpa were recorded. Resin-matrix ceramic showed a wider stressed area both in normal pressure and shear stresses. Concerning the cement variable, small differences were found both in terms of pattern and intensity, especially when applied under the resin-matrix ceramic. Significance: Resin-matrix ceramic models showed higher stresses in both interfaces, due to the flexion of the restoration at given load. The absence of axial walls in the vestibular and buccal aspect, as well as the reduced occlusal thickness of the restoration, enhances this phenomenon. Cement type seems to have an influence only when undergoing resin-matrix ceramics, better performing when having a reduced polymerization shrinkage
Technical, economic and environmental analysis of production scraps direct recycling from lithium-ion battery manufacturing
Full text linkTo address the well-known limitations of current recycling methods, particularly the challenges associated with
heterogeneous and degraded end-of-life (EoL) lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), including complex disassembly,
electrolyte removal, and material cross-contamination, this study proposes a practical and efficient alternative
based on direct recycling of production scraps. In this study a direct recycling process, which recovers active
materials without altering their crystal structure, consisting in thermal treatment followed by mechanical
detachment through ball milling, was applied to production scraps of lithium iron phosphate (LFP) and lithium
nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) cathodes. Different temperatures (200-300-400-600 ◦C) and air or nitrogen
were explored. Experiments showed that partial melting of PVDF binder at 200 ◦C was sufficient to enable
effective material recovery, particularly for LFP, without inducing degradation. The highest recovery yields were
recorded at 400 ◦C in air for LFP (98 ± 7 % Fe and 99 ± 11 % Li) and at 600 ◦C in air for NMC (99 ± 19 % Co, 99
± 12 % Li, 99 ± 17 % Mn and 99 ± 5 % Ni). Thermal treatment at 300 ◦C led to PVDF melting without
degradation which increased the concentration of Al impurities in both LFP and NMC materials, likely due to the
binder’s molten state enhancing adhesion to the Al foil prior to its complete thermal decomposition. The economic
viability of the process was confirmed by recovery costs (0.71 €/kg LFP and 1.17 €/kg NMC) lower than
current virgin material prices. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions equal to 1.18–2.56 kg CO2/kg for LFP and
1.94–6.98 kg CO2/kg for NMC were calculated, with the most favourable trade-offs achieved at moderate
temperatures in air. Due to low energy demand and easy scalability, the proposed direct recycling process holds
potential for on-site recycling of scrap cathodes, particularly in regions -such as the European Union, where
critical raw materials supply security and waste reduction are significant issues
Multiscale Modelling of Powder Bed Fusion with Electron Beam Process
No full textL'abstract è presente nell'allegato / the abstract is in the attachmen