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Combining dynamic modelling codes with medium energy ion scattering measurements to characterise plasma doping
Get PDFPlasma doping ion implantation (PLAD) is becoming increasingly important in the manufacture of advanced semiconductor device structures but a fundamental understanding of PLAD is complicated. A model of PLAD into planar substrates has been constructed using the one dimensional computer code TRIDYN to predict collision cascades and hence substrate
compositional changes during implantation. Medium Energy Ion Scattering (MEIS)
measurements of dopant profiles in PLAD processed samples were used to calibrate the input ion and neutral fluxes to the model. Rules could then be proposed for how post implant profiles should be modified by a cleaning step. This learning was applied to a three dimensional TRI3DYN based model for PLAD implants into FinFET like structures. Comparison of the model to dopant profile measurements made by time of flight (TOF)-MEIS revealed the angular distributions of neutral species and doping mechanisms acting in three dimensional structures
Prevention
No full textIn previous chapters we have looked at many different examples of mad or bad, exploring how people who are experiencing mental health issues or who commit criminal offences are classified and treated by formal medical and criminal justice systems. The focus of these chapters has tended to be on the treatment of people after a diagnoses or verdict, but here we turn our attention to how mental health and offending behaviour might be prevented, and to discern the synergies and contrasts between the different approaches and the prevention aspirations. In addition, we will concentrate on childhood and adolescence, in part because it is simply not possible to deal with every aspect of prevention in a single chapter, but also because it is often most effective to conduct interventions at this stage of life. However, this focus is not meant to suggest that approaches to prevention in adulthood are not worth conducting, as they have certainly proved to be effective
What is CPTED? Reconnecting theory with application in the words of users and abusers.
No full textCrime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) represents a multi-faceted approach to crime reduction that draws upon theories from Environmental Criminology, architecture and urban design and requires the commitment of agencies as diverse as police, planners and housing developers. Its importance as a crime reduction approach has been formalised through strategy, policy and regulation and its effectiveness has been confirmed in evaluations of its effectiveness (see Brown, 1999, Pascoe, 1999, Armitage, 2000, Teedon et al, 2009, 2010, Armitage and Monchuk, 2011). Yet there remains a lack of clarity regarding CPTED’s definition, scope and crucially the fundamental components that form its definition. Conscious of the need for clarity and consistency, this paper presents the findings from in-depth interviews with a sample of ten incarcerated, adult, male burglars and ten Designing out Crime Officers (DOCOs), in England and Wales. The method was exploratory and inductive, with participants encouraged to express their perceptions of housing design features and the association of these features with burglary risk. The findings reveal key similarities between the users and abusers of CPTED and confirm (and elevate) the significance of features such as surveillance. However, other features of design traditionally considered as critical to burglary risk, are afforded less importance - raising questions regarding terminology, weighting and redefinition
A six-gene phylogeny provides new insights into choanoflagellate evolution
No full textRecent studies have shown that molecular phylogenies of the choanoflagellates (Class Choanoflagellatea)
are in disagreement with their traditional taxonomy, based on morphology, and that Choanoflagellatea
requires considerable taxonomic revision. Furthermore, phylogenies suggest that the morphological
and ecological evolution of the group is more complex than has previously been recognized. Here we
address the taxonomy of the major choanoflagellate order Craspedida, by erecting four new genera.
The new genera are shown to be morphologically, ecologically and phylogenetically distinct from other
choanoflagellate taxa. Furthermore, we name five novel craspedid species, as well as formally describe
ten species that have been shown to be either misidentified or require taxonomic revision. Our revised
phylogeny, including 18 new species and sequence data for two additional genes, provides insights into
the morphological and ecological evolution of the choanoflagellates. We examine the distribution within
choanoflagellates of these two additional genes, EF-1A and EFL, closely related translation GTPases which
are required for protein synthesis. Mapping the presence and absenc
Permeation of pharmaceutical compounds through silicone membrane in the presence of surfactants
Get PDFThis study reports the effect of surfactant charge and concentration on the permeation of four model compounds (benzocaine, benzotriazole, ibuprofen and lidocaine). Surfactant charge was systematically varied using a range of surfactants that are known to possess specific head group charges, namely an anionic, a cationic, a zwitterionic and a neutral form over a series of surfactant concentrations, i.e. where possible, both above, and below, the critical micellar concentration for each surfactant. It was found that there was almost always a systematic reduction in permeation as the concentration of surfactant increased despite the wide range of physicochemical properties exhibited by the four model compounds studied. Overall, it was concluded that the presence of surfactant does generally seem to reduce permeation, regardless of the compound in question, and that the effect is surfactant concentration, as well as charge, dependent
Ballet for the Sun King: Power, Talent and Organisation
No full textNotions of “talent” and “celebrity” dominate popular culture. Whether on TV shows, in popular media or in the workplace, people talk about “talent” as something that generates or leads to prosperity and success. Drawing on the work of Norbert Elias, in this chapter we argue that the “elitist” and “subjective” forms of talent management evident in contemporary business organisations were originally institutionalised bycan be traced back to Louis XIVs management of the French Court in the seventeenth century. Building on Elias’s dance metaphor, we argue that talent management is structured by a plethora of management technologies and performance measures that allow senior management to maintain the boundaries of the permissible and ward off dissent before it threatens the established order
Perceiving ‘capability’ within dynamic capabilities: the role of owner-manager self-efficacy
No full textThis article combines two popular, yet separate concepts, dynamic capabilities and self-efficacy. Both are concerned with ability / capability and offer potentially valuable synergies. As such, our in-depth qualitative study based in three micro-enterprises in the United Kingdom (UK), investigated, ‘what role(s) may owner-manager perceived self-efficacy play as a micro-foundation of dynamic capabilities in micro-enterprises?’ Our findings show that perceived self-efficacy can influence dynamic capability enactment in multifaceted ways and even suggest that in some cases, perceived self-efficacy is a crucial component of dynamic capabilities, without which there may be no such capability. These insights help open up the black box of dynamic capabilities by contributing important knowledge to the growing body of research into the micro-foundations of such capabilities. Furthermore, our study illuminates the importance of idiosyncratic micro-foundations of dynamic capabilities in micro-enterprises and expands extant knowledge of the potential effects of self-efficacy in the small business and entrepreneurship domain
Passive House and Low Energy Buildings: Barriers and Opportunities for Future Development within UK Practice
No full textThis paper describes research carried out to understand better the current and future emphases emerging from practice for the design and development of “Passive House” and low energy buildings. The paper initially discusses the extant position, particularly with regards to the UK and considers how regulation and assessment systems have changed in recent years, as well as projecting ideas forward taking account of contemporary political situations. Relevant previous research into Passive House and low energy design and construction is then reviewed. The need for greater understanding of professionals and their communication/collaboration with clients were identified as important factors impacting development. Those involved in the design and construction practice therefore have key roles in the process of enhancing energy efficiency. Five industry/practice based professional organizations were interviewed in-depth to gain insights into their experience of current low energy design, and to extrapolate the outcomes to future scenarios. The method employed used a structured interview technique with key question areas to lead the discussion. The anonymized responses discussed are grouped around key themes. Evidence suggests there has been a move towards the adoption of voluntary high level standards because of potential limitations with mandatory regulations and because of perceived additional benefits of higher quality design. This change is now more than previously, being driven by informed clients, design professionals, and the industry, with regulation taking a secondary role. New opportunities and barriers are becoming evident and these require further consideration
Development of an interlaboratory comparison investigating the generation or areal surface texture per ISO 25178 from XCT
No full textA significant advantage of additive manufacturing (AM) techniques is the ability to design and manufacture parts without the tool-path limitations inherent when using subtractive techniques, such as milling, turning and grinding. This capability of AM enables the production of components with surfaces (such as internal features) that cannot be inspected using standard surface inspection techniques, for example stylus or optical methods. Measurement and characterisation of these surfaces may be vital for component function, whether it be for fluid flow, coating adhesion or bio-attachment. X-ray computed tomography (XCT) has been investigated as a tool for form and dimensional measurement of AM parts; however there has been little research into the ability of XCT for surface texture (particularly areal) measurement and characterization. This paper discusses the initial work performed on producing parameter data per ISO 25173-2 from XCT scans and the rationale employed in the development of a round robin interlaboratory comparison based on this work. Initial round robin data will be discussed
Vortex-induced vibrations of a freely vibrating cylinder near a plane boundary: experimental investigation and theoretical modelling
No full textThis work reports on experiments that were performed with a freely vibrating cylinder exposed to currents and placed near a plane boundary parallel to the cylinder axis. It is observed that the proximity of the boundary affects the vertical response of the cylinder in two ways: (i) for gaps between 0.75 and 2 diameters (D), the amplitude of oscillation is reduced; (ii) for gaps smaller than 0.75D, the cylinder impacts the boundary, resulting in an increase of amplitudes and frequencies of oscillations as the flow is accelerated. The in-line force acting on the cylinder is also examined, and the dependency of its harmonic components on the flow velocity and distance to the boundary is evaluated. Besides the typical amplification of the mean component inside the lock-in region, it is also observed that as the cylinder is placed closer to the boundary, the harmonic component with the frequency of the vertical oscillations increases, while the component with twice that frequency decreases in similar amount.
Based on the experimental observations, an existing wake-oscillator model for vortex-induced vibrations is enhanced in order to account for the effect of the boundary. The proposed model introduces an effective damper that is activated when the cylinder reaches a certain distance from the boundary, and a damper/spring set representing the rigidity of the boundary and the dissipation of energy due to impact
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