Journal STTII Surabaya (Sekolah Tinggi Teologi Injili Indonesia Surabay)
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The Concept of Physical Death from a Christian Perspective: Belief, Hope, and Meaning
Full text linkThis study aims to explore the concept of physical death from a Christian perspective, focusing on the beliefs, hopes, and meanings associated with it. Using a literature review method, data was gathered from books and articles addressing death within Christian thought. The analysis reveals three significant insights. First, Christian beliefs about physical death include varied understandings of life after death, the relationship between soul and body, and the role of Jesus Christ in death and eternal life. Second, Christian hope regarding physical death encompasses aspects such as the anticipation of heaven, reunion with God, and the immortality of the soul. This hope provides peace and support as Christians approach death, inspiring them to live with purpose and meaning. Third, the meaning of physical death from a Christian perspective includes the understanding of life’s purpose, spiritual preparation, and humanity's role within God’s plan. For Christians, physical death is not viewed as an end but as a transition to a better life. The findings of this study offer deeper insights into how Christian beliefs shape perceptions, hopes, and meanings surrounding physical death. Practical implications of this research can support and guide Christians in confronting mortality
Studi Komparatif Terhadap Narasi Eksorsisme Roh Jahat Dalam Film The Nun I Sampai II dan Eksorsisme Yesus Dalam Markus 1:21-28
Full text linkFilms featuring scenes of the expulsion of evil powers have been widely published to provide entertainment to the public, while also showcasing certain values within the narrative they visualize. One horror genre film that has garnered considerable interest is "The Nun I and II." These films depict the struggle of several priests attempting to expel the evil spirit named Valak. There are several scenes showing how the characters in the film beseech God for strength to defeat the dark power of Valak. The exorcism narrative depicted in these films offers several points of interest to be examined from a biblical perspective. Speaking of exorcism, the Gospel of Mark also presents several stories of exorcism performed by Jesus against evil spirits. This paper compares the exorcism narrative portrayed in "The Nun I and II" with the exorcism narrative performed by Jesus in the Gospel of Mark, as recounted in Mark 1:21-28. The purpose of the comparison presented in this paper is to demonstrate the relevance (similarities) and irrelevance (differences) of the concept of exorcism as portrayed in both "The Nun I and II" and Mark 1:21-28, enabling one to identify which points align and which do not align with the latter as one of the texts describing exorcism performed by Jesus
Makna Kalimat Namun Aku Mengasihi Yakub Tetapi Membenci Esau Dalam Maleakhi 1:2-3
No full textThe phrase, "Yet I have loved Jacob, but Esau I have hated," found in Malachi 1:2-3, has sparked significant debate, particularly concerning the concept of election in the doctrine of salvation. Therefore, this study aims to explore the intended meaning of the author of the book of Malachi. Utilizing a qualitative exegetical method, alongside several specific analytical steps, this research seeks to produce objective findings that align with the truth of Scripture. After conducting the study through this method, it concludes that the phrase in this verse does not pertain to the concept of election in the doctrine of salvation, but rather reflects the nature of God, who is capable of both love and hatred. Furthermore, the study emphasizes that God's love and hatred cannot be equated with human emotions.
 
Education For Young Generations in The Church
Full text linkThe younger generation is the future successor of leadership in God’s church. For this reason, it is necessary to prepare by conducting education from an early age. The research method used is qualitative research with theological studies by utilizing the Bible and literature according to the subject matter, then analyzed and presented descriptively. Thus, a true and strong foundation will be laid for the spiritual growth of the younger generation, so that they become like Christ to do God’s will in their time. The education of the younger generation includes the example of leaders, teaching God’s Word, fellowship with brothers and sisters and also involvement in ministry in the church and community. So that the church can be a witness for Christ throughout the ages
Dwifungsi Dokumen Injil Markus: Analisis Materi Historografi Injil Markus
Full text linkIn The Gospel of Mark, as the earliest theological historiographical document, presents significant interpretive complexities in New Testament studies. The absence of explicit statements regarding its authorial purpose has given rise to diverse hermeneutical approaches, ranging from christological to normative-canonical interpretations. This research aims to analyze the dual function of the Gospel of Mark through a historical-critical approach to identify ecclesiological and apologetic dimensions within the context of the first-century church. The study employs descriptive-qualitative analytical methods with a historical-critical approach to the text of the Gospel of Mark. Data were collected through systematic literature review of primary and secondary sources, analysis of historical background, and comparative examination of contemporary New Testament literature. The analysis reveals that the Gospel of Mark possesses a strategic dual function: (1) as an ecclesiological document that serves to construct the identity of the early Christian community, and (2) as an apologetic document that responds to Roman persecution and political accusations against the church. The narrative structure and material selection in the Gospel of Mark reflect systematic efforts to present the Christian community as a peace-bearing group while simultaneously legitimizing the church's existence within the Roman socio-political context. The Gospel of Mark is not limited to merely kerygmatic or catechetical functions, but rather possesses significant apologetic dimensions in responding to external challenges facing the first-century church. This dual function demonstrates theological and strategic sophistication in efforts to defend and strengthen the position of the early Christian community amid political and social pressures.In The Gospel of Mark, as the earliest theological historiographical document, presents significant interpretive complexities in New Testament studies. The absence of explicit statements regarding its authorial purpose has given rise to diverse hermeneutical approaches, ranging from christological to normative-canonical interpretations. This research aims to analyze the dual function of the Gospel of Mark through a historical-critical approach to identify ecclesiological and apologetic dimensions within the context of the first-century church. The study employs descriptive-qualitative analytical methods with a historical-critical approach to the text of the Gospel of Mark. Data were collected through systematic literature review of primary and secondary sources, analysis of historical background, and comparative examination of contemporary New Testament literature. The analysis reveals that the Gospel of Mark possesses a strategic dual function: (1) as an ecclesiological document that serves to construct the identity of the early Christian community, and (2) as an apologetic document that responds to Roman persecution and political accusations against the church. The narrative structure and material selection in the Gospel of Mark reflect systematic efforts to present the Christian community as a peace-bearing group while simultaneously legitimizing the church's existence within the Roman socio-political context. The Gospel of Mark is not limited to merely kerygmatic or catechetical functions, but rather possesses significant apologetic dimensions in responding to external challenges facing the first-century church. This dual function demonstrates theological and strategic sophistication in efforts to defend and strengthen the position of the early Christian community amid political and social pressures.In The Gospel of Mark, as the earliest theological historiographical document, presents significant interpretive complexities in New Testament studies. The absence of explicit statements regarding its authorial purpose has given rise to diverse hermeneutical approaches, ranging from christological to normative-canonical interpretations. This research aims to analyze the dual function of the Gospel of Mark through a historical-critical approach to identify ecclesiological and apologetic dimensions within the context of the first-century church. The study employs descriptive-qualitative analytical methods with a historical-critical approach to the text of the Gospel of Mark. Data were collected through systematic literature review of primary and secondary sources, analysis of historical background, and comparative examination of contemporary New Testament literature. The analysis reveals that the Gospel of Mark possesses a strategic dual function: (1) as an ecclesiological document that serves to construct the identity of the early Christian community, and (2) as an apologetic document that responds to Roman persecution and political accusations against the church. The narrative structure and material selection in the Gospel of Mark reflect systematic efforts to present the Christian community as a peace-bearing group while simultaneously legitimizing the church's existence within the Roman socio-political context. The Gospel of Mark is not limited to merely kerygmatic or catechetical functions, but rather possesses significant apologetic dimensions in responding to external challenges facing the first-century church. This dual function demonstrates theological and strategic sophistication in efforts to defend and strengthen the position of the early Christian community amid political and social pressures.In The Gospel of Mark, as the earliest theological historiographical document, presents significant interpretive complexities in New Testament studies. The absence of explicit statements regarding its authorial purpose has given rise to diverse hermeneutical approaches, ranging from christological to normative-canonical interpretations. This research aims to analyze the dual function of the Gospel of Mark through a historical-critical approach to identify ecclesiological and apologetic dimensions within the context of the first-century church. The study employs descriptive-qualitative analytical methods with a historical-critical approach to the text of the Gospel of Mark. Data were collected through systematic literature review of primary and secondary sources, analysis of historical background, and comparative examination of contemporary New Testament literature. The analysis reveals that the Gospel of Mark possesses a strategic dual function: (1) as an ecclesiological document that serves to construct the identity of the early Christian community, and (2) as an apologetic document that responds to Roman persecution and political accusations against the church. The narrative structure and material selection in the Gospel of Mark reflect systematic efforts to present the Christian community as a peace-bearing group while simultaneously legitimizing the church's existence within the Roman socio-political context. The Gospel of Mark is not limited to merely kerygmatic or catechetical functions, but rather possesses significant apologetic dimensions in responding to external challenges facing the first-century church. This dual function demonstrates theological and strategic sophistication in efforts to defend and strengthen the position of the early Christian community amid political and social pressures
Deconstructing The Pedagogical Praxis of Christian Educators: A Hermeneutical Analysis of Matthew's Gospel
Full text linkContemporary Christian religious education necessitates a theoretically robust understanding of pedagogical roles grounded in theological frameworks. While previous research has explored teachers' responsibilities from educational perspectives, systematic analyses of biblical texts as foundational pedagogical sources remain underdeveloped. This study examines the multidimensional roles of Christian religious educators through a hermeneutical analysis of Matthew's Gospel, identifying pedagogical paradigms that can inform contemporary educational praxis. Employing a qualitative hermeneutical approach, this research systematically analyzed the Gospel of Matthew using critical exegetical methods and thematic content analysis. The investigation incorporated intertextual analysis, historical-critical interpretation, and phenomenological reduction to identify pedagogical frameworks embedded within the Matthean narrative. The analysis revealed four distinct yet interconnected pedagogical dimensions within Matthew's Gospel: (1) Teachers as transformative agents implementing instructional, kerygmatic, and restorative functions within communal contexts; (2) Teachers as dialogical facilitators demonstrating attentive listening, critical engagement, patience, and impartiality; (3) Teachers as ethical mentors providing counsel, cultivating responsibility, and modeling virtuous conduct; and (4) Teachers as spiritual catalysts inspiring vocational consciousness and sustaining theological resilience. These findings suggest that effective Christian religious education requires an integrated pedagogical approach that transcends mere knowledge transmission to encompass transformative, facilitative, mentoring, and catalytic functions. This research contributes to educational theology by providing a biblically-grounded theoretical framework for contemporary Christian pedagogical practice
Prinsip Dasar Kualitas Seorang Pengajar Kristen di Gereja Menurut 1 Timotius 4:6-8
Full text linkSince the beginning, Christian education has come from the church, the church has become the center or center of Christian religious education so that Christian education in the church should be taken seriously, quality and quality should be improved. The church in the modern era needs qualified teaching staff. The quality of a teacher can be reviewed in the letter 1 Timothy 4:6-8 which is the topic of discussion in this article. By using a qualitative method and an interpretive approach (interpretative design) the author observes the text of 1 Timothy 4:6-8 with the principle of hermeneutic interpretation to reveal and explain the basic principles regarding the quality of Christian teachers in the church. The results found are that the quality of Christian teachers must have knowledge of the scriptures (intellectual) as a basis for teaching and have a good spiritual life (spiritual)
The Chaos of Post-Truth: The Devil and Lies
Full text linkThe post-truth era has had a significant impact on the responses and behaviors of both individuals and groups. The characteristics of this era tend to blur objective facts and lead to relativism, where objective truth is no longer considered absolute. This situation triggers the spread of false news and the distortion of facts, causing individuals to become disseminators of lies or, at the very least, mislead others into logical fallacies far from objective truth. The purpose of this research is to analyze the impact of the post-truth era on individual behavior and thinking, as well as to uncover the factors contributing to the widespread dissemination of lies and manipulation of facts. This study also aims to understand the root causes of the chaos in the post-truth era from a theological perspective. This research employs a qualitative method with a library research approach. The researcher analyzes the variables used and presents them descriptively. The results of the study indicate that the chaos of the post-truth era stems from individuals being deceived, manipulated, and trapped in the allure of lies, diverting them from the objective truth that originates from God, and instead leading them towards subjective truth driven by personal desires and passions
The Meaning of the Sentence “Love Covers a Multitude of Sins” According to 1 Peter 4:8
Full text linkAs a redeemed people, love should be the primary character of believers. However, one of the challenges in the end times is that the love of many will grow cold. This is evident in the rapidly developing digital era, which has transformed nearly every aspect of human life. The social world has become more open, and news or information is quickly accessible to many. One phenomenon that often occurs is the tendency for people to disclose many things publicly, both good and bad, including the sins of others. Acts of shaming, bullying, and exposing others’ faults have become commonplace, even among Christians. Issues concerning love are frequently discussed in the Bible and often lead to varying interpretations. One verse that often draws attention is 1 Peter 4:8, which contains the phrase “love covers a multitude of sins.” This study aims to understand the meaning of the phrase “love covers a multitude of sins” according to 1 Peter 4:8 and provide guidance for believers in applying love within the context of this challenging digital era. The author uses an exegetical method to analyze this text in order to provide a biblical response for believers in facing current phenomena. The results of this study show the importance of love as a top priority for believers, as true love does not focus on exposing others' faults but rather on covering and forgiving them. Believers are taught not only to prioritize sincere love within themselves but also to reflect God's love, which was revealed through the sacrifice of Jesus Christ, to others through concrete actions, specifically by not exposing the faults or sins of others and by not repaying evil with evil
Penyelidikan Motif Penulis dan Pesan Teologis Melalui Analisis Komposisi Narasi Kitab Hakim-Hakim 6-8
Full text linkThis research presents a combination of two approaches, historical criticism and narrative criticism, in analyzing the motifs of the author of the book of Judges through the narrative of Israel's deliverance by Gideon. The debate among Old Testament scholars regarding historicity and theological historiography has divided opinions into two camps that are difficult to reconcile. Although each approach has its own strengths and weaknesses, the combination of both can enrich an approach to the analysis of a narrative text. Judges 6-8 are rarely interpreted using both of these approaches. For historical critical interpreters, emphasis on historicity and the documentary sources forming the narrative is crucial. However, they often overlook the literary devices that bind these historical fragments. On the other hand, narrative criticism, which focuses on literary devices, tends to trap interpreters in the subjectivity of interpretation. Some interpretations with ethical, moral, and practical theological nuances have also made leaps too far without considering the author's motifs. Through the combination of historical criticism and narrative criticism, this research has identified the author's motifs as fundamental theological values that can serve as a foundation for developing theology. This research has found that the author of the book encourages the generations of Israel to maintain their identity through theological messages about God's interaction in Israel's history during the era of Gideon