Dalarna University College Electronic Archive
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Att läsa för att räkna : En kvalitativ intervjustudie om lärares beskrivningar av stödjande arbetssätt för lässvaga elever i matematikundervisningen
No full textForskning visar att lässvaga elever ofta möter svårigheter i arbetet med textuppgifter i matematikundervisningen. Därför är det viktigt att lärare använder stödjande arbetssätt som underlättar elevernas förståelse och lärande. Syftet med denna studie är att bidra med kunskap om verksamma lärares beskrivningar om hur de stödjer lässvaga elever i årskurs 3 med textuppgifter i matematikundervisningen. Syftet är även att bidra med kunskap om lärares beskrivningar om möjligheter och utmaningar med stödjande arbetssätt. För att få svar på dessa frågor genomfördes semistrukturerade intervjuer med tio verksamma lärare i årskurs 3. Det insamlade materialet analyserades med tematisk analys utifrån en deduktiv ansats, med teoretisk utgångspunkt i Jaworskis (1994) modell Teaching Triad och Gibbons (2018b) begrepp planerad och interaktiv stöttning. Resultatet visar att lärare använder flera stödjande arbetssätt, såsom visuellt och konkret stöd, gemensamma genomgångar, samtal om textuppgifter samt arbete med begreppsförståelse. Arbetssätten beskrivs som gynnsamma för elevernas förståelse men lärarna framhåller även utmaningar, främst bristen på tid och resurser. En slutsats som därmed har kunnat identifieras är att lärare använder sig av olika stödjande arbetssätt men att det krävs organisatoriska förutsättningar för att möjliggöra en språkutvecklande matematikundervisning av kvalitet.Matematik</p
Pregnant Women’s Emotional \u2028Health : A Cluster Analysis
No full textAim: National guidelines in Sweden suggest that certain ‘priority’ groups of pregnant women, including women with fear of childbirth (FOC), may benefit from increased continuity in midwifery care. Although comorbidity indeed exists between FOC and mental health problems, it might also be mediated by individual resources. The purpose of the study was to identify profiles of women based on FOC, depressive symptoms, major worries and sense of coherence (SOC) and to study those profiles in relation to women’s perceptions of changes occurring during pregnancy. Methods: A longitudinal cohort study was conducted on 171 pregnant women with FOC or depressive symptoms in a rural area of Sweden, whose care was following a midwifery continuity of care (MCoC) model. After collecting data using two online questionnaires (in mid-pregnancy and 2 months after birth), addressing background and including validated instruments measuring FOC, depressive symptoms, major worries and SOC, a k-means cluster analysis was conducted to define profiles of women. Results: The three identified clusters: Emotionally healthy, Fearful with resources and Emotionally fragile, showed no differences in socio-demographic background or type of MCoC model. However, major differences did emerge in women’s feelings and perceptions of changes during pregnancy, along with minor differences in health-related variables. Women in the Emotionally fragile cluster had less positive scores for most questionnaire items. Conclusion: The results indicate levels of vulnerability within certain priority groups. In response, healthcare professionals should examine pregnant women’s backgrounds beyond screening in order to more fully understand their emotional states
Läs- och skrivundervisning i förskoleklass
No full textElever i förskoleklass befinner sig i en expansiv fas i sin språk-, läs- och skrivutveckling, och kommer till skolan med olika erfarenheter. En del har mött högläsning och samtal i hemmet och i förskolans språkstimulerande miljö, andra barn har färre erfarenheter av språkutvecklande och skriftrelaterade aktiviteter. Elevernas skilda erfarenheter ställer olika krav på undervisningen. Förskoleklassen har en viktig roll i att grundlägga elevers språk-, läs- och skrivutveckling. Skolformen har också en betydande kompensatorisk roll som handlar om att uppväga de skillnader i elevers lärande som kan uppstå till följd av exempelvis språklig bakgrund, föräldrars utbildningsnivå eller andra socioekonomiska förutsättningar. Lärarens läs- och skrivundervisning ska bygga på vetenskap och beprövad erfarenhet. Den tidiga läsinlärningen och skrivinlärningen kan inte skiljas åt eftersom den utvecklas i ömsesidighet och därför benämns läs- och skrivinlärning (Myrberg, 2003). Betydelsefulla faktorer är fonologisk medvetenhet (förmågan att uppmärksamma språkets form skilt från dess betydelse), bokstavskännedom och ordförråd (Ehri, 2000). Språkutvecklingen går hand i hand med att eleverna lär sig att läsa och skriva och därför används begrepp som språk-, läs- och skrivutveckling synonymt med läs- och skrivutveckling. Det övergripande syftet i den här texten är att lyfta fram den vetenskapliga grunden för läs- och skrivinlärning som lärare i förskoleklass behöver för att kunna följa elevernas utveckling och för att kunna genomföra en systematisk och strukturerad läs- och skrivundervisning utifrån varje elevs förutsättningar och behov.Lärportalen SkolverketSpråk-, läs- och skrivutveckling – Grundskola åk F–3Modul: Tidig läsundervisningDel 1: Läs- och skrivundervisning i förskoleklass och årskurs 1 </p
"Sie handeln jetzt mit Seifenblasen, wie die meisten auf der Insel" : Rollenspiel und Raumeroberung in Dörte Hansens ZUR SEE
No full textFeasible estimation of the survival model with age biased data, and partially observed lifetime
No full textThis study develops and evaluates a methodological framework for lifetime estimation under age-biased sampling and partially observed current-status data. Rather than aiming to compute the actual lifetime of traffic signs, the research focuses on advancing a feasible estimation method, using existing Swedish traffic sign data. The proposed model incorporates Weibull-distributed natural degradation and exponentially distributed artificial replacement to capture the complex failure mechanisms of traffic signs. A simplified computational procedure based on non-linear binary regression model was developed. Through extensive Monte Carlo simulations, the study evaluates the model’s computational and finite sample performances under varying initialization scenarios and different sample sizes. The results demonstrate a pervasive sensitivity to initial values across all parameters, with systematic biases affecting several key estimates. Furthermore, the estimator was unable to exhibit asymptotic consistency, as increasing the sample size did not reliably reduce bias or variance for most parameters. Nevertheless, application to real-world traffic sign data from Sweden indicates substantial variations in durability across different colors, with red sign exhibiting the highest failure rates and white signs displaying superior longevity. These findings provide actionable insights for transportation agencies in optimizing replacement schedules. However, the study also highlights limitations, including numerical instability in likelihood optimization and sensitivity to the initialization of parameter values, suggesting the need for further refinement of the estimation method. Future research may explore full maximum likelihood estimation with alternative optimization routines, such as Cauchy-based methods. It may also investigate whether replacing the numerical integral with its available infinite-series form can improve numerical stability
Influence of sampling methods on bankruptcy prediction : normal vs. abnormal economic conditions
No full textBankruptcy prediction research has largely emphasised model performance through feature selection and algorithm optimisation, while the equally important challenge of class imbalance remains underexplored. Most studies also focus on publicly listed firms, reflecting the accessibility of standardised data. Our study makes a novel and valuable contribution by leveraging a large-scale dataset of private firms – an economically significant yet understudied segment. Using 2,039,222 firm-year observations from 430,800 private firms between 2012 and 2021, we evaluate four machine learning models, five sampling techniques, and two distinct economic periods. Results show that sampling choice strongly influences accuracy and feature relevance, depending on macroeconomic conditions. Importantly, simple interpretable models built on theoretically grounded features (e.g., Altman, 1968) achieve robust predictions, challenging prevailing reliance on complex methods, while Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) consistently outperforms alternatives. By focusing on private firms, the study provides unique insights and underscores methodological choices crucial for reliable bankruptcy prediction. © © The Author(s) 2025
Initiated Breastfeeding and Physiological Patterns in Newborn Infants When Reunited With Mother After Separation Due to Elective Cesarean Birth
No full textBACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of two caregiving models on full-term healthy infants' wakefulness, rooting and sucking reflexes, initiation of breastfeeding, and physiological parameters when reunited with their mothers after a mother-infant separation of 130 min after elective cesarean birth. METHODS: Ninety-five mother-infant pairs participated in a randomized controlled trial, in which full-term healthy infants were allocated to be either dressed in their mothers' arms (n = 56) or skin-to-skin with their mother (n = 39) when reunited with the mother within 130 min after cesarean birth. Data were collected by the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) to assess the infants' wakefulness and prebreastfeeding behaviors. Physiological parameters were assessed at 15 min intervals, from 130 to 205 min after birth. Time to first breastfeed was measured in minutes from the reunion with the mother. RESULTS: The primary finding was that physiologic parameters did not differ but time for initiation of breastfeeding after the reunion with the mother was significantly faster in the skin-to-skin group compared to the infants in the mothers' arms group (p = 0.005). Over the full study period, a more relaxed state and drowsy were found in the skin-to-skin group compared to the infants in the mothers' arms group. CONCLUSION: Healthy full-term infants born by elective cesarean, who were cared for by their mothers when reunited within 130 min of separation and cared for by their fathers during the mother-infant separation, initiated breastfeeding successfully and showed stable physiological patterns
Nurses' experiences of pressure ulcer prevention work in inpatient care : A literature review
No full textBakgrund Trycksår är ett förekommande problem inom hälso- och sjukvården som orsakar stort lidande för patienter, leder till onödiga kostnader för samhället och förlänger vårdtiden. Sjuksköterskor har en avgörande roll i förebyggandet av trycksår då kan sjuksköterskor identifiera och behandla trycksår i ett tidigt skede. Syfte Syftet var att beskriva sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av trycksårsförebyggande arbete för patienter inom slutenvården. Metod Litteraturöversikten baserades på 12 vetenskapliga artiklar som inhämtades genom systematiska sökningar i databaserna CINAHL och PubMed. Resultat Resultaten visade att sjuksköterskor hade grundläggande förståelse för trycksårsprevention, men saknade djupare kunskap om moderna metoder, vilket ledde till osäkerhet och ineffektiva åtgärder. Brist på resurser, hög arbetsbelastning och otillräckligt stöd från ledningen hindrade genomförandet av förebyggande åtgärder. Samverkan, tydlig kommunikation och kontinuerlig utbildning var avgörande för att förbättra preventionen och säkerställa god vård. Slutsats Utmaningar som kunskapsbrist, utbildningsbehov, organisatoriska hinder samt stresspåverkade sjuksköterskor förmåga att förebygga trycksår. Studien belyser även vikten av kontinuerlig utbildning och en stödjande arbetsmiljö för att stärka sjuksköterskornas kompetens och förbättra trycksårsprevention inom sluten vården.Background Pressure ulcers are a common problem in healthcare that causes great suffering for patients, leads to unnecessary costs for society and prolongs the length of hospital stay. Nurses have a crucial role in the prevention of pressure ulcers as nurses can identify and treat pressure ulcers at an early stage. Aim The purpose was to describe nurses' experiences of pressure ulcer prevention work for patients in inpatient care. Method The literature review is based on 12 scientific articles, which were obtained through systematic searches in the CINAHL and PubMed databases. Results The results showed that nurses had a basic understanding of pressure ulcer prevention, but lacked deeper knowledge of modern methods, which led to uncertainty and ineffective interventions. Lack of resources, high workload and insufficient support from management hindered the implementation of preventive measures. Collaboration, clear communication and continuous education were crucial to improve prevention and ensure good care. Conclusions Challenges such as lack of knowledge, training needs, organizational barriers and stress affected nurses' ability to prevent pressure ulcers. The study also highlights the importance of continuous education and a supportive work environment to strengthen nurses' competence and improve pressure ulcer prevention in inpatient care.
Religionskunskap och acceptans för mångfald : Lärares erfarenheter och uppfattningar av religionskunskapsämnets möjligheter och hinder i relation till främjandet av förståelse och acceptans för mångfald
No full textIn an era characterized by religious and cultural diversity, the subject of Religious Education can be viewed as a central component in the pursuit of cultivating conscious, educated, and empathetic citizens who recognize the potential of a society shaped by this diversity. This study aims to contribute by examining, based on the experience and perspectives of four highschool teachers, the opportunities and challenges they encounter in promoting understanding and acceptance of others religious and worldview affiliations. Through four semi-structured personal interviews, the discussions primarily revolved around (1) the teachers varying views on the subject’s purpose, (2) which content and teaching methods are deemed effective and ineffective in fostering understanding and acceptance for others, and (3) the teaching strategies employed by the teachers when promoting acceptance and understanding in the classroom. The results reveal a broad variation in the approaches used to promote acceptance and understanding. A notable finding was that what one teacher regarded as effective in promoting these goals, another could consider as a barrier to achieving them. For example, half of the teachers preferred to present an insider and individual perspective of religion in their teaching, while the other half viewed such a perspective, more or less, as an obstacle in their pursuit of achieving acceptance and understanding of others. These divergent views appeared to stem from various factors, such as the teachers’ different pedagogical approaches, their varying interpretations of the purpose of the subject, their individual reading of curriculum guidelines, as well as the prior knowledge and attitudes within the student groups which they teach. Nevertheless, the teachers were unanimous in agreeing that the primary task of Religious Education is to promote acceptance and understanding of others. All teachers were also in agreement that classroom discussions, variations in interpretation in relation to religion, and a comparative and unifying perspective were to be preferred. However, the way in which these aspects were practically addressed varied among them. The variation in teachers’ practices and views on what is effective or counterproductive in promoting acceptance and understanding is regarded in this study as an asset, rather than a hindrance, to teaching aimed at achieving these goals. It is hoped that reflective and professional educators, engaging in the findings of this study, can translate the insights shared by the participants into their own teaching context and practices
What do you think you are doing? : How physical education researchers make scientific contributions
No full textScholars have expressed concern about stagnation in physical education research. Specifically, they have claimed that physical education researchers have been investigating the same topics, presenting the same solutions, and at times fail to build on - or in some cases, even acknowledge - existing scientific findings. These are serious assertions that call into question the enterprise of researching in physical education. In this paper, we evaluate the merits of these claims. Through a Bernsteinian reading of four illustrations, the thesis we develop is that physical education has a horizontal knowledge structure. This knowledge structure affects the ways that scholars make scientific contributions, or in other words, how they develop knowledge. Understanding the connection between the knowledge structure and how knowledge is developed draws attention to: (1) the modest ways in which researchers typically make contributions, (2) the routine nature of repetition in research, and (3) the responsibilities researchers have to acknowledge the work of other researchers. We suggest that more generally, a Bernsteinian interpretation of the examples may help researchers acknowledge and accept slow disciplinary development and gain clarity regarding how and in which areas they can contribute in the future