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Idrottsinfluencers i sociala medier : En kvalitativ studie om användandet av idrottare som redskap för marknadsföring i sociala medier
No full textI takt med sociala mediers framväxt har också influencer marketing blivit en central marknadsföringsstrategi, inte minst inom idrottens värld. Syftet med denna studie är att ge marknadsförare en djupare förståelse för vilka egenskaper hos idrottsinfluencers som skapar trovärdighet och expertis, och som i sin tur påverkar köpintentionen hos konsumenter tillhörande Generation Z. Studien bygger på en kvalitativ metod med semistrukturerade intervjuer och analyseras genom en tematisk analys där vi har utgått från teman som image transfer, köpintention, parasociala interaktioner, influencer marketing och kommersialisering av idrott. Resultaten visar att expertis, trovärdighet och engagemang är avgörande faktorer för att skapa köpintention, men att dessa upplevs olika beroende på följarens egen bakgrund och idrottsintresse. Studien lyfter även fram vikten av följarinteraktion, personlig kommunikation och parasociala relationer för att bygga förtroende. En viktig slutsats är att det inte finns en universell modell för hur en idrottsinfluencer bör vara och agera, istället betonar vi vikten av målgruppskännedom och varumärkesmatchning. Studien bidrar därmed med en fördjupad förståelse för den komplexitet som präglar influencer marketing i en idrottskontext och belyser behovet av skräddarsydda strategier för att effektivt nå konsumenter tillhörande Generation Z.With the rise of social media influencer marketing has become a central marketing strategy, particularly in the world of sports. The purpose of this study is to provide marketers with a deeper understanding of which qualities in sports influencers that create credibility and expertise, which in turn influence purchase intentions of consumers in Generation Z. The study is based on a qualitative method using semi-structured interviews and is analyzed with a thematic analysis, based on themes as image transfer, purchase intention, parasocial interactions, influencer marketing, and the commercialization of sports. The results show that expertise, credibility, and engagement are crucial factors in generating purchase intention, but also that these are perceived differently depending on the followers own background and interest in sports. The study also highlights the importance of interaction with the followers, personal communication, and parasocial relationships in the process of building trust. An important conclusion is that there is no universal model for how a sports influencer should behave and act, instead, we emphasize the importance of group tragering and brand matching. Therefore this study contributes to a deeper understanding of the complexity characterizing influencer marketing in a sports context and highlights the need of tailored strategies to effectively reach the consumers of Generation Z.
Organisations´ creation of conditions for the development of young leaders : A qualitative field study on how an organisation creates conditions for leadership development
No full textSyftet med studien är att ge en ökad förståelse för hur en organisation utvecklar ledarskap bland unga ledare. Studien bidrar med kunskap för ledarskapsutveckling genom en fallstudie av en organisation som har ett stort fokus på ungas ledarskap. Studien är empirisk med en kvalitativ metod och utgår från ett abduktiv tillvägagångsätt som är en kombination av induktiv och deduktiv ansats. Det insamlade materialet består av nio semistrukturerade intervjuer och organisationens dokument. Sammanlagt var det åtta intervjupersoner som deltog och som är ledare på olika nivåer inom organisationen. Det empiriska materialet analyserades med hjälp av en tematisk analys. Tidigare forskning visar ett behov av att studera hur ledarskapsutveckling skapas och hur organisationer kan bidra med förutsättningar till unga ledares utveckling. Studiens resultat visar att organisationen arbetar med olika strategier och insatser för skapande av förutsättningar och hur ledarsamverkan kan bidra till ledarskapsutveckling. Resultatet visar att organisationen kombinerar formella och informella insatser för att bidra till ledarskapsutveckling för unga ledare. Formella insatser används genom att ge flertal olika utbildningar så att unga ledare får öva praktiskt och där möjligheten finns för erfarenhetsutbyte mellan ledare på olika nivåer. Organisationens informella insatser främjar ledarskapsutveckling genom att unga ledare kontinuerligt får feedback, coachning och erfarenhetsutbyten. Organisationens decentraliserade beslutsfattande och skapande av psykologisk trygghet möjliggör att unga ledare får ett större inflytande och ansvar, vilket bidrar till en hållbar ledarskapsutveckling över lång tid. Resultatet visar att organisationens ledarsamverkan skapar ledarskapsutveckling genom att ledare på olika nivåer uppmuntrar och aktivt stödjer unga ledare i deras utveckling. Organisationskulturen skapar en stark värdegrund där alla ledare strävar mot gemensamma värderingar och handlingar. Studien bidrar till kunskap om hur en organisation utvecklar unga ledare och skapar ledarskapsutveckling genom olika strategier och insatser. The purpose of the study is to provide an increased understanding of how an organisation develops leadership among young leaders. The study contributes to knowledge for leadership development through a case study of an organisation with a strong focus on youth leadership. The study is empirical with a qualitative method and is based on an abductive approach that is a combination of inductive and deductive approaches. The collected material consists of nine semi-structured interviews and the organisation's documents. In total, eight interviewees participated, all of whom are leaders at different levels within the organisation. The empirical material was analysed using a thematic analysis. Previous research shows a need to study how leadership development is created and how organisations can contribute to the development of young leaders. The results of the study show that the organisation employs various strategies and efforts to create the necessary conditions, as well as how leadership collaboration can contribute to leadership development. The results show that the organisation combines formal and informal efforts to contribute to leadership development for young leaders. Formal efforts are used by providing several different training courses so that young leaders can practice practically, and there is an opportunity for the exchange of experience between leaders at various levels. The organisation's informal efforts promote leadership development by providing young leaders with continuous feedback, coaching and experience sharing. The organisation's decentralised decision-making and creation of psychological security enable young leaders to have greater influence and responsibility, which contributes to sustainable leadership development over the long term. The results show that the organisation's leadership collaboration creates leadership development by leaders at different levels, encouraging and actively supporting young leaders in their development. The organisational culture creates a strong foundation of values where all leaders strive towards common values and actions. The study contributes to knowledge about how an organisation develops young leaders and creates leadership development through different strategies and efforts
Analyse des modalités d’énoncés dans le discours de Marine Le Pen sur l'Europe
No full textCe mémoire analyse les modalités d’énoncés dans le discours de Marine Le Pen sur l’Europe et cherche à montrer comment l’évolution de sa position vis-à-vis de l’Union européenne se reflète dans son discours. Le corpus étudié comprend deux discours, l’un prononcé lors de la campagne des élections européennes de 2014 et l’autre lors de celle de 2019. L’analyse repose sur certains concepts proposés par Georges-Elia Sarfati, notamment l’usage de substantifs et adjectifs subjectifs ainsi que de verbes et adverbes modalisateurs d’énoncés. Les résultats révèlent une forte similarité entre les deux discours, tous deux centrés sur la critique de l’Union européenne et de ses élites. La principale évolution réside dans la disparition de la critique de l’euro et du « Frexit » (le retrait de la France de l’Union européenne), remplacés en 2019 par un appel à transformer l’Union européenne. Sur le plan des modalités d’énoncés, aucune différence notable n’a été relevée : Marine Le Pen recourt majoritairement à des substantifs et à des adjectifs subjectifs, souvent à connotation négative, tandis que les adverbes et verbes modalisateurs restent peu fréquents.This thesis analyzes the modalities of enunciation in Marine Le Pen’s discourse on Europe and examines how the evolution of her position toward the European Union is reflected in her speeches. The corpus consists of two speeches, one delivered during the 2014 European election campaign and the other during the 2019 campaign. The analysis draws on several concepts proposed by Georges-Elia Sarfati, particularly the use of subjective nouns and adjectives, as well as enunciative modal verbs and adverbs. The results reveal strong similarities between the two speeches, both focused on criticizing the European Union and its elites. The main evolution lies in the disappearance of criticism of the euro and of “Frexit” (France’s withdrawal from the European Union), replaced in 2019 by a call to transform the European Union. Regarding the modalities of enunciation, no noteworthy difference was found: Marine Le Pen mainly relies on subjective nouns and adjectives, often with a negative connotation, while modal adverbs and verbs remain rare
From Experiences to Reviews : Consumer value and co-creation in cruise tourism
No full textCruise tourism has attracted huge interest among tourists because of the unique experiences it has to offer. This study explored consumer value and co-creation through passenger comments of shore excursion experiences in the cruise industry using Holbrook’s typology of consumer value. Results demonstrate the applicability of the consumer value framework in cruise tourism context. Likewise the passenger comments reveal seven out of eight consumer value typologies ranging from self-oriented (economic and hedonic value) to other-oriented types of value (social and altruistic value) with the exception of spirituality. Where no evidence from the data was found. The study findings revealed that cruise passengers engage in value co-creation activities in their online engagement. Prominent value co-creation activities involve cooperation, co-learning and co-production. Value co-creation is the outcome of sharing experiential narratives and social interactions between guides and cruise passengers and between cruise passengers themselves. These interactions extend from the physical world to virtual environments where value is shared and cocreated. The study provides insights on consumer value and co-creation in cruise tourism. Implications for theory and practice were proposed.
Incentivising cooperation by judging a group's performance by its weakest member in neuroevolution and reinforcement learning
No full textINTRODUCTION: Autonomous agents increasingly interact within social domains such as customer service, transportation, and healthcare, often acting collectively on behalf of humans. In many of these scenarios, individually greedy strategies can diminish overall performance, exemplified by phenomena such as stop-and-go traffic congestion or network service disruptions due to competing interests. Thus, there is a growing need to develop decision-making strategies for autonomous agents that balance individual efficiency with group equitability. METHODS: We propose a straightforward approach for rewarding groups of autonomous agents within evolutionary and reinforcement learning frameworks based explicitly on the performance of the weakest member of the group. Rather than optimizing each agent's individual rewards independently, we align incentives by using a "weakest-link" metric, thereby encouraging collective strategies that support equitable outcomes. RESULTS: Our results demonstrate that this weakest-member reward system effectively promotes equitable behavior among autonomous agents. Agents evolve or learn to balance collective benefit with individual performance, resulting in fairer outcomes for the entire group. Notably, the introduced approach improves overall efficiency, as equitably-minded agents collectively achieve greater stability and higher individual outcomes than agents pursuing purely selfish strategies. DISCUSSION: This methodology aligns closely with biological mechanisms observed in nature, specifically group-level selection and inclusive fitness theory. By tying the evolutionary and learning objectives to the group's weakest member, we mimic natural processes that favor cooperative and equitable behaviors. Our findings highlight the importance of incentive structures that consider the collective well-being to optimize both group fairness and individual agent success. Future research should explore how this reward framework generalizes across broader domains and more complex agent interactions
Estimated glomerular filtration rate, albuminuria, and risk of infection : a collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data.
No full textBACKGROUND: Infections are a major cause of hospitalization in people with chronic kidney disease (CKD), with incidence similar to cardiovascular disease, yet the risk of infection has not been systematically studied across stages of CKD. METHODS: We conducted a meta-analysis of individual participant data including 1,246,912 individuals across 47 cohorts in the CKD Prognosis Consortium, with information on estimated glomerular filtration rate based on serum creatinine (eGFRcr) and urinary albuminuria (ACR) (or proteinuria converted to ACR), to examine the association of eGFR and ACR with the risk of hospitalization with infection. Outcomes were ascertained through diagnostic codes on hospital discharge records relevant to acute infections (i.e., upper and lower respiratory tract, urinary tract, skin and soft tissue, musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal tract, genital, nervous system, and cardiovascular system infections, and sepsis). Follow-up was censored on December 31, 2019 or on the last date of cohort follow-up, whichever was earlier. Multivariable Cox models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs). FINDINGS: During follow-up, 170,864 (13.7%) individuals had a hospitalization with infection (IR, 22.0 [IQI, 16.2-31.0] per 1000 person-yrs). In Cox models, compared to eGFRcr 90-104 ml/min/1.73 m2 and ACR <10 mg/g, lower eGFRcr and higher ACR were each independently associated with an increased hazard of infection in a graded manner, including in eGFRcr 60-89 and 45-59 ml/min/1.73 m2 (adjusted HRs [95% CI], 1.09 [1.06-1.13] and 1.39 [1.34-1.45]) and ACR 10-29 and 30-299 mg/g (1.40 [1.33-1.47] and 1.82 [1.72-1.92]). High eGFRcr ≥105 ml/min/1.73 m2 was also associated with the risk of infection (1.22 [1.17-1.26]). Combined, eGFRcr <30 ml/min/1.73 m2 and ACR ≥ 300 mg/g were associated with more than 6-fold higher hazard of infections (6.27 [5.70-6.90]). These findings were consistent across infection subtypes (e.g., HRs for lower respiratory tract infections, 1.26 [1.22-1.30] per -15 ml/min/1.73 m2 in eGFR and 1.48 [1.44-1.53] per 8-fold increase in ACR). INTERPRETATION: Lower kidney function and higher albuminuria were independently associated with higher risk of infection. The risk was elevated even in mild to moderate CKD, with the highest risk seen in the most advanced stage of CKD. Infection prevention measures should target individuals across all CKD stages. FUNDING: US National Kidney Foundation and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
Socially sustainable environments for older adults ageing in place : a scoping review
No full textThe ageing population is anticipated to encounter several challenges related to sustainability. While policies such as ageing in place can benefit older adults in terms of familiarity and independence, these policies can also lead to increased social isolation. To facilitate ageing in the right place, it is crucial to understand how the design of environments promotes social sustainability. This article presents a scoping review of empirical research focused on the characteristics of housing and surrounding environments that support social integration, cohesion and participation of older adults. The search strategy was conducted in five databases, resulting in 20,477 articles. After screening 7,550 titles and abstracts based on predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria, 19 articles were selected. The findings of these articles are presented across three themes: (1) housing environments, (2) environments beyond the home and (3) the social environment. Although there is no one-size-fits-all housing model for older adults, the authors suggest that ageing in place policies should be reconceptualized as ageing in ‘places’ and ‘spaces’, emphasizing the diversity of social needs of older adults. Understanding the environmental characteristics, the role of accessible and safe environments beyond the home, and how people and culture support a sense of belonging provides a policy direction for how to design socially sustainable environments for older adults in the future
Women's experiences of post-abortion care services at health facilities in Somaliland - A qualitative study among women with incomplete abortion.
No full textOBJECTIVE: Somaliland faces one of the highest maternal mortality and morbidity rates globally. Access to high-quality post-abortion care is essential for managing complications arising from incomplete abortions, including those following miscarriages. This study aimed to explore women's experiences of incomplete abortion and their encounters with Post abortion care (PAC) services in public healthcare facilities. METHODOLOGY: An inductive qualitative design was employed. In-depth interviews were conducted with women who had experienced incomplete abortions and received PAC. Data were analysed using thematic analysis guided by an inductive approach. RESULTS: Two key themes emerged from the analysis:(i) Women's understanding of incomplete abortion and barriers to accessing PAC - This theme explores women's care seeking and perceptions of causes of miscarriage, the challenges faced in accessing PAC, and the enabling factors that supported their care-seeking behaviour. (ii) Perceptions of care quality and suggestions for improvement - This theme captures women's experiences with the quality and accessibility of PAC services and their recommendations for improving service delivery. CONCLUSIONS: The study highlights the vital role of family and friend in encouraging women to seek care. However, it reveals significant gaps, particularly in counselling, community awareness, and emergency care. Many women reported continued pain and bleeding after discharge, indicating the need for service improvement. Further quantitative research is needed to assess the capacity of health facilities to deliver comprehensive PAC. The Health authority and policy maker should support further research and increase investment in midwifery training and continuous professional development to improve access to and quality of PAC
Need equality and access equity to assistive products across genders and locations in 29 countries : a cross-sectional study
No full textBACKGROUND: Evidence from nationally representative assistive product studies on needs equality and access equity is essential for effectively targeting measures by health and other services to improve access to assistive products. This multi-country study explored equality regarding the need for and equity regarding access to assistive products across genders and locations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study analyzed aggregated self-reported data from 24 nationally and five sub-nationally representative surveys in countries with Human Development Index (HDI) ranging from 0.452 to 0.945. In 27 surveys, participants of all ages had been recruited through two-stage cluster sampling, while in two surveys participants aged 18 and above were recruited through simple random sampling. Individual-level data were collected through the Rapid Assistive Technology Assessment (rATA) questionnaire using personal, telephone, or web interviewing in 2019-2021. The main outcomes were assistive product needs inequality and access inequity, defined as the ratio of the difference in need or access between two sub-populations to the need or access in the total population. RESULTS: Data were collected from 323,647 individuals of whom 44.9%-57.2% were women and 10.1%-89.5% lived in rural locations across the countries. Although varying considerably between countries, the need for assistive products including spectacles was generally higher among women while access was lower in rural areas and among women. Excluding spectacles, the need was higher and the access was lower in rural areas and among women. The access inequity between rural and urban areas was large (26% of the median access including spectacles, and 42% excluding spectacles) while it was smaller between women and men (6.4% including and 13% excluding spectacles). Access inequity decreased with increasing HDI. CONCLUSION: In efforts to achieve universal access to assistive products, especially location but also gender ought to be considered
Nurses’ experiences of communication in the emergency department : A literature review
No full textBakgrund För att uppnå patientsäkerhet och vårdkvalitet är kommunikation en viktig del i verkställandet av personcentrerad vård. Akutmottagningar är den avdelning som möter flest patienter med stor variation av akuta tillstånd och därmed bör sjuksköterskor ha god kommunikationsförmåga. Syfte Att beskriva sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av faktorer som påverkar kommunikationen i mötet med patienter på akutmottagning. Metod En strukturerad litteraturöversikt innehållandes tio kvalitativa artiklar, en kvantitativ artikel och en mixad artikel med både kvantitativ och kvalitativ metod. Tolv artiklar valdes från databaserna PubMed och CINAHL. Meningsbärande enheter från artiklarnas resultat relaterat till syftet markerades för att skapa en överblick och därefter genomfördes kondensering och kodning av innehållet. Resultat Resultatet beskrivs med hjälp av två kategorier innehållande underkategorier. Den första kategorin ‘Faktorer som påverkar kommunikationen’ innehåller underkategorier om ‘Informationsöverföring på akutmottagningen’, ‘Upplevda barriärer i kommunikationen’ och ‘Arbetsmiljöfaktorers inverkan på kommunikation’. Den andra kategorin ‘Empatiskt förhållningsätt’ innefattar ‘Att ha en medkännande inställningsförmåga i mötet med patienten’ samt ‘Att främja personcentrerad vård i mötet med patienten’. Slutsats Litteraturöversikten visar på att enligt sjuksköterskan finns det flera faktorer och barriärer som kan påverka kommunikationen mellan sjuksköterska och patient på en akutmottagning. Genom god kommunikation ökar patientsäkerheten och bidrar till en bättre relation mellan sjuksköterska och patient.Background To achieve patient safety and quality of care, communication is an important part of implementing person-centred care. Emergency departments are the department that meets the most patients with a wide variety of acute conditions and therefore nurses should have good communication skills. Aim To describe nurses' experiences of factors that affect communication in the encounter with patients in the emergency department. Method A structured literature review containing ten qualitative articles, one quantitative article and one mixed article with both quantitative and qualitative methods. Twelve articles were selected from the databases PubMed and CINAHL. Meaningful units from the articles’ results related to the purpose were highlighted to create an overview and thereafter condensation and coding of the content. Results The result is described using two categories containing subcategories. The first category ‘Factors that affect communication’ contains subcategories on ‘Information transfer in the emergency department’, ‘Perceived barriers in communication’ and ‘The impact of work environmental factors on communication’. The second category ‘Empathic approach’includes ‘To have a compassionate attitude in the meeting with the patient’ and ‘To promote person-centred care in the meeting with the patient’. Conclusions The literature review present that, according to the nurse, there are several factors and barriers that can affect communication between nurse and patient in an emergency department. Good communication increases patient safety and contributes to a better relationship between nurse and patient