International Christian University Repository / 国際基督教大学リポジトリ
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Cantus-firmus Technique in the Sixteenth-century Fundamentum and Contemporary Counterpoint Treatises: An Introduction with an Extensive Bibliography on Fundamentum
Get PDF本研究は、これまで、海外でもしばらく研究が途絶えていたFundamentum（「［オルガン演奏の］基礎」、日本語の定訳はない）という、オルガン演奏や作曲の実態の歴史に関する重要な史料について、新たな関心を喚起しようとするものである。ここではハンス・ビュヒナー（Hans Buchner,1483-1538）が残した手書きのFundamentum（1520年頃成立）と、オルニトパルクス（Andreas Orinithoparcus, 16世紀、生没年不詳）による音楽理論書（1517年ライプツィヒで出版）「Musicae activae micrologus」で、それをジョン・ダウランド（John Dowland, 1563?-1626）が英訳した出版物「A Compendium of Music Practice（音楽実践概論）」（1607年ロンドンで出版）の比較検討を通して、15-16世紀のオルガン奏者が、演奏の実践的教育の現場でどのような演奏、教育活動をしていたのかについての実例を、対位法の説明の仕方を通して報告することにした。また、このテーマに関する詳細な文献表を整備することで、今後の研究の進展に資することも意図している。
この時代の社会的背景として重要なことは、まさにこの時期に出版技術が浸透し、音楽書や楽譜を含めて、多くの音楽理論書が出版された画期的な時代であったことである。こうした傾向は、特にドイツ語圏内の国々で顕著であり、一方で、Fundamentumもまた、同様な国々で資料が多く残されていることは、単なる偶然の出来事ではなく、手書きによる理論説明とそのための譜例と、同様な内容の印刷された出版物との関係性がどのようなものであったのかについては、今後さらなる検証が必要になるであろう。また、ドイツ語圏の国々において、こうした音楽の指南書が重用され、聖歌や賛美歌の定旋律に基づくオルガンのための作品が作られる伝統が形成されたことは、後のJ．S．バッハのコラール作品にもつながる重要な歴史である。
Ornithoparcus/Dowlandの著作と、Buchnerの手稿譜の内容を比較検討すると、前者は、当時の伝統的な対位法理論について述べる一方、Buchnerの譜例は、より実践的な記述になっており、当時のオルガン奏者が、特に即興演奏の現場において、Fundamentumとして記述された旋律定型を使いながら、実際の演奏に応用していた可能性が明らかである。departmental bulletin pape
Adam Smith on Ethics and Religion
Get PDFThe thought of Adam Smith (1723–90) can be positioned within the ‘Moderate’ culture that dominated Scottish intellectual life in the mideighteenth century. By viewing his Theory of Moral Sentiments against the background of Francis Hutcheson’s earlier moral philosophy, we can discern both continuity and change. Smith emerges as a more thoroughgoing naturalist in both his interests and convictions. Although he writes positively of religion in places, it is difficult to determine his own views. In surveying the evidence, this essay inclines towards a minimalist account of Smith’s religious commitments which probably belong at the more sceptical end of the deist spectrum. It concludes by seeking to expose several myths concerning Smith’s outlook – these can be dispelled by attention to the intellectual background and general consistency of his two major works.departmental bulletin pape
The Impact of Nation Formation on Human Rights and Human Security: A Case Study of Japan
Get PDFThe ever-increasing numbers of refugees worldwide comprise an example that reflect one of the many human rights that ceases to be protected despite the presence of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as well as concepts of Human Security being emphasized within International Organizations. While many of the critiques and explanations as to why this is, focuses on rights-based and policy-based approaches, the paper takes a postcolonial approach to question the Eurocentric nature of international relations that arguably play a more significant factor in the shortcomings of rights and security.
The relationship between the nation and postcolonial thought is important, as it emphasizes the fluidity of national narrative, and therefore highlights the effects of colonialism and other forms of intervention. As a result, the paper suggests the nation as an entity bound together through shared time and space of those within the fixed boundaries, a notion proposed by Anderson (1991) that sees the nation as an “imagined community” (Anderson, 1991). The implication of this is that although national sentiment may hold its roots in shared values such as language, religion and ethnicity, this is not enough to ensure unity of the nation. Indeed, the creation of the state and the monopoly of the institutions within the borders evoked national consciousness in the industrial eras (Hobsbawn, 1992). Thus, it can be understood that the nation is not fixed, and is vulnerable to change in narrative, especially within interventions, as the case of Japan and the effects of the US Occupation demonstrates. The change in the socio-political and legal sphere in particular arguably contributed to the disconnect it experiences at current with the domestic failures to fully protect refugees, despite its foreign efforts of aid.
Thus, through the postcolonial approach, the paper attempts to deconstruct the assumption that both human rights and human security as political concepts are universal and critiques the western hegemony that presume such notions are translatable across all vernaculars. The secularized nature of human rights, shifting its roots from the private to the public resulted in the politicization of the body, as natural law was superseded by civic law (Arendt, 1951). Additionally, as rights focused predominantly on the rights of citizens, security, despite the shift of focus on the individual, still securitizes social issues, both therefore creating an “other”. Consequently, it is argued that both rights and security reflect a double exclusion whereby although it claims for the emancipation of individuals, nationality is also a prerequisite, without which, rights cannot be ensured. Hence, the notion of “bare life” where the very nature of being human, leaves the individual insecure (Agamben, 1998). The international thought is that is based on this Eurocentric notion of rights, therefore cannot be said to be translatable across all cultures and language as not all states are liberal democracies. The postcolonial approach is therefore the most relevant in terms of questioning the universality of rights because in the context of nation formation, the constant need for the west to turn to liberal projects are rooted in the ever-present hierarchical system that consistently engrains western thought into non-western states.departmental bulletin pape
A Comparative Study on the Expressions of Gratitude of the College Students in Japan and Korea
Get PDF本稿の目的は，恩を施してくれた相手に対する感情的負債がある特定の場面で，韓国語学習者が韓国 の社会及び文化が持っている特殊性を理解し，語用論的な失敗なく，状況や場面に応じて適切な韓国語 の感謝表現を使用できるよう手助けすることである。感謝はそれ自体で連鎖的行為であり，言語的・非 言語的リソースを通して行われる。本稿では，言語的手段を通して伝達される感謝行為を感謝表現と定 義し，文化的に普遍と考えられる感謝行動が日本と韓国においてどのように表れているのかを社会言語 学の観点から分析，考察する。これまでの先行研究では，感謝ストラテジーが場面や状況に応じてどの ように異なって表れているのかについては，具体的な記述や分析が行われていない。しかし，ストラテ ジーは場面や状況に応じていつでも流動的に修正，変更される可能性があり，各場面に適切な戦略を使 用できない失敗は韓国語を勉強する学習者の語用論的な失敗に繋がることも排除できない。したがって 本稿では，社会的地位，親疎関係，負担程度など，様々な社会的要因を考慮した談話完成テスト（Discourse Completion Test，以下 DCT）を行い，DCT で抽出されたストラテジーの類型が集団・場面・社会的要因 によってどのように用いられているのかに重点をあて分析，考察を行っている。
The aims of the research are to help Japanese students who study Korean language to understand the uniqueness of the language in the situation of gratitude, a specific situation where speakers feel burdened emotionally, and to use the appropriate expressions in the situations in Korean without pragmatic failure. Gratitude is a speech act that occurs in a chain discourse. It can be performed with/through language and/or non-language resources. This research analyzes the common points and differences of the speech act in situations of gratitude between university students in Korea and Japan. Previous literature in this area in comparative sociolinguistics between Korea and Japan has not included an adequate description of the differences in the strategies used by both speech communities for showing gratitude in a variety of situations. The strategies, however, can be modified by circumstances in each culture. Failure to use the appropriate strategies can cause pragmatic frustration for Korean learners in Japan. This research employed a DCT reflecting factors of social status, degree of intimacy and degree of burden. The interaction of culture, situations, and social factors as well as the differences in expressions of gratitude in Korea and Japan were analyzed.departmental bulletin pape