International Christian University Repository / 国際基督教大学リポジトリ
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A Preliminary Study on the Acoustic Cues of Final Stop Voicing in Pashto
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Being as Embraced in Language
Get PDF日本語では，その述語性と場面性の優位によって，表現が曖昧になる傾向があり，曖昧さをなくし，普遍的な表現を追求することが推奨されている。言語に普遍性を求めることは，情報処理心理学を基盤とする科学的言語学が，言語の本質を普遍文法に見ることと同調的である。しかし述語性と場面性に包まれることで主語が定まり，そこに初めて主語・述語形式の文が発生するのだとすれば，文，命題，論理を出発点とする考え方は，言語の本来の姿を捉え損なっている。生体情報処理においても，論理的な計算の手前に，生理学的媒体としての脳が，まず述語性また場面性の働きを持ち，主語的なことがそれに包まれることとして成立してくる働きをしていると想定することができる。言語の発生史的な視点を取り入れることにより，生体情報処理をも含めて，あらゆる存在することが，言語に懐かれてあることとなったと理解することが可能である。
In Japanese, the expression tends to be ambiguous by the superiority of the predicate and the scene, and it is generally recommended to eliminate ambiguity and pursue universal expression. The search for universality in language is attuned to the fact that scientific linguistics based on information processing psychology considers the essence of language to be in universal grammar. However, if the subject is established by being embraced in the predicate and the scene, and the sentence with the subject-predicate form is generated for the first time there only, the idea which makes the sentence, the proposition, and logic a starting point for research fails to catch the original essence of the language. It can be assumed that the brain as a physiological medium first has the work of the predicate and the scene before a logical processing, and then the work of approving the subject’s being embraced in the predicate and the scene is carried out in the biological information processing. By taking in the historical point of view of language emergence, it is possible to understand that all beings, including biological information processing, have come to existence by being embraced in language.departmental bulletin pape
Short-Term Residence Abroad and its Effectiveness for Pre-Adolescent Second Language Learners
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Analyzing Bangla Serial Verb Constructions at Syntax-Semantics Interface
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Analyzing the Reason Local Japanese Banks are Increasing their Lending Amount These Days
Get PDFLocal Japanese banks are strongly increasing their lending amount these days. However, lending interest rates are said to be extremely low and not profitable. This research analyzes this reason by utilizing reinforcement learning algorism. Stock prices can be regarded as a sum of discounted dividends theoretically. The author proposes a dividend amount model including a bank’s risk asset and calculates its derivative coefficient. It tells us that banks are maximizing their profits (dividends) by adjusting their risk asset to their default probabilities (PD). In other words, a bank takes a risk by increasing risk asset when its PD is smaller than the target level (the risk appetite is strong) and reduces risk by decreasing risk asset when its PD is greater than the target level (the risk appetite is weak). The author uses the Merton model, the standard default calculating model, and finds out that local Japanese banks increased their lending amount because of their strong risk appetite. Contributing to the research, the author improves the model using the interest rate term structure and analyzes other countries’ cases.departmental bulletin pape
Revitalizing Local Economy: A Comparative Study Between Thailand and Japan
Get PDFThis paper examines and compares the ways of local economic revitalization in Nagahama City, Japan, and Don Kha, Thailand. There is an analysis of the causes and driven factors that contribute to the success of local revitalization projects and investigates the impacts of local revitalized projects in selected cases. This study is grounded on a qualitative method that integrates interviews, participatory observations, and documentary research analysis as the central methodology. The results show that noticeable ways of local revitalization in both Nagahama and Don Kha cities are grounded on a partnership-based approach. However, Nagahama's revitalized approach is predominantly a private-led and public collaboration, while the Don Kha method is mainly grounded on a publicled method. This study found the leading causes of local revitalization could be classified into two categories: grand cause – capitalization, aging society, and local cause – local resource crisis, income decline. The driven factors that contribute to the success of local economic revitalization found in this study are grounded on the "5C" notion: "communication" – community's local democratic campaigns to gain collaboration and information diffusion among residents; "common ground for a common goal" – collective awareness on local problems, mutual responsibility, and a shared vision among residents; "cultural and local resources integration" – adapting original abstract and concrete resources into economic activities, "community-based management" – a self-managing approach and community as the central body of holistic revitalization: learner, developer, coordinator, and leader; "contribution from the government" – roles of the public sector in encouraging local development through support programs. This study reveals that the impacts from revitalized projects can be divided into two types: progressive impacts on social cohesion, strengthening self-managing and learning community, income generation and local economic vitality, and unexpected impacts on suburbanization – in Nagahama, and competition among neighboring cities – in Don Kha.departmental bulletin pape
Biological Threats and Biosecurity as International Security Agenda
Get PDFThe new coronavirus (COVID-19), which caused a global pandemic in 2020, continues to be disputed over its source, whether it is a natural outbreak or a laboratory spill.It is not an easy task to determine the source of an infectious disease outbreak: whether it is a natural outbreak, an accidental spill from a laboratory, or a deliberate criminal act. It is because of the characteristics of biological agents (infectious agents such as bacteria, pathogenic microorganisms and toxins of biological origin, or viruses) that can be used in small amounts in culture, which makes them easy to conceal, and by the fact that they have an incubation period before the onset of illness, which makes it difficult to track down the cause. Nonetheless, infectious disease outbreaks, once they occur regardless of the source, have a direct impact on people's lives and human health, cause socioeconomic panic and the scale of the damage is immeasurable.In addition, just as the response to COVID-19 caused confusion, the capability to contain the spread and mitigate damage after an outbreak occurs are limited. It is, therefore, an urgent task to build a national and global state of preparedness to control infectious disease, considering it as a non-traditional security agenda. United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540 is an attempt by the Security Council to tackle biological threats from an international security perspective. It was adopted in 2004 to prevent the proliferation of nuclear, chemical and biological weapons and their means of delivery to non-state 164 actors. One of the main obligations to all UN Member States is to adopt and implement appropriate national control measures to prevent the proliferation of related materials used to develop, produce or use for these weapons. According to the review of the national implementation of theresolution 1540, however, only half of the 193 UN member states have taken any measures on biosecurity, and there is a wide gap in the content of these measures.This issue may be due to the fact that there is no common understanding of "biosecurity" either within each country or internationally. This paper provides an overall picture of the biosecurity control by UN member states against current biological threats and identifies its challenges and prospects. The paper first illustrates an overview of the diversification of biological threats and depicts what “biosecurity” concepts are being developed accordingly. Four types of biological threats are described, namely, biological terrorism, global infectious disease pandemic, dual use research of concern and environmental risks in biodiversity. It then shows that different nations have different policy priorities for biological threats and that different “biosecurity” concepts are used based on such priorities through the review of national implementation of resolution 1540. The paper shows that many countries that have some national control measures for biological agents have secured such obligations under either infection control or environmental protection legal systems. The paper suggests that in order to establish a nationwidepreparedness system in the presence of different biological threats, countries need to have a standardized concept of "biosecurity" among policy domains and to view it as a public policy issue comprising all aspects of public health, security, economic, fiscal, as well as science and technology. To this end, the paper finally concludes that to effectively bridge the gap between different policy areas, establishing a forum for continuous information sharing is necessary.departmental bulletin pape