Jurnal FKIP Universitas Mataram (Fakultas Keguruan Dan Ilmu Pendidikan)
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Isolation and Characterization of Cellulose Whiskers from Lampung Sugarcane Bagasse, Indonesia
Get PDFSugarcane bagasse, the fibrous residue from sugar production, is an abundant agricultural waste in Indonesia, especially in Lampung, one of the country’s leading sugarcane-producing provinces. Its high lignocellulosic content makes it a promising alternative source of cellulose. However, effective extraction and conversion into high-value products such as cellulose whiskers require optimized chemical processes. This study aims to isolate cellulose from sugarcane bagasse using alkali and peroxide treatments and convert it into cellulose whiskers through hydrolysis using sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) at varying concentrations (4–12 M). The objective is to evaluate the optimal acid concentration that produces cellulose whiskers with desirable morphology and crystallinity. Cellulose isolation was achieved through sequential NaOH and H₂O₂ treatments, significantly reducing lignin and hemicellulose content and yielding α-cellulose at 88.37%. Hydrolysis of the purified cellulose was then performed with H₂SO₄. The resulting materials were characterized using FTIR, SEM, XRD, and TGA. FTIR confirmed the removal of non-cellulosic components, while SEM showed that only 10 M H₂SO₄ produced well-defined whiskers with nanoscale dimensions (200–700 nm in length and 10–50 nm in diameter). Lower acid concentrations resulted in incomplete hydrolysis, while excessive degradation occurred at 12 M. XRD analysis revealed an increase in crystallinity to 86.7%, indicating the removal of amorphous regions and successful formation of crystalline whiskers. TGA analysis showed different thermal degradation patterns between isolated cellulose and whiskers, supporting structural transformation. Cellulose whiskers can subsequently be utilized as a reinforcing material in the fabrication of plastic films for water–oil separation and dye adsorption applications in laboratory experiments
Comparison of Protein Content and Physicochemical Characteristics of Fresh Noodles Enriched with Tuna and Mackerel Fish Flours
Get PDFNoodle products are classified as low-nutrient noodles because they have a high carbohydrate content but low protein, vitamins and minerals. Marine fish such as tuna and mackerel are food ingredients with high protein content, and they are abundant in Indonesia. The purpose of this study was to partially substitute wheat flour with tuna flour and mackerel flour and analyze the physical (rehydration power, cooking loss, elasticity power) and chemical (protein) characteristics of the resulting wet noodles. The data obtained were analyzed statistically using a simple group randomized design and repeated 3 times. The results showed that the physical and chemical characteristics of wet noodles with the addition of mackerel flour had a cooking loss value of 11.51-16.42%, elasticity value of 29.82-17.12 gf, rehydration power of 177.33-140.65%, and protein 11.25-15.24% db. The addition of tuna fishmeal to wet noodles has a cooking loss value of 15.11-20.03%, elasticity value of 30.12-19.22 gf, rehydration power of 183.15-160.72%, and protein 13.37-21.72% db. The addition of mackerel flour and tuna flour to wet noodle products increased protein content while affecting the product's physical properties. It is hoped that this research can provide comparative insights into the utilization of marine resources as fortification ingredients in noodle products
Water Quality Analysis of Nile Tilapia Hatchery Ponds at the Fish Hatchery Center in Tepas Sepakat Village, West Sumbawa Regency
Get PDFThis research was conducted to evaluate the water quality of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) hatchery ponds at the Fish Seed Center (Balai Benih Ikan, BBI) located in Tepas Sepakat Village, West Sumbawa Regency. Water quality is a critical factor that directly influences the success of aquaculture, particularly in hatchery operations where the survival and growth rates of fish fry are highly dependent on optimal environmental conditions. The study assessed key water quality parameters including temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, ammonia concentration, and water transparency. Measurements were carried out quantitatively through direct sampling from three hatchery ponds containing fry of different ages and sizes, with data collected over three consecutive days during morning and afternoon sessions. The results indicated that all measured parameters remained within the acceptable ranges established by the Indonesian National Standard (SNI 7550:2009) for freshwater aquaculture. Water temperature ranged between 25.9°C and 27.9°C, DO levels varied from 3.9 to 5.2 mg/L, pH values ranged from 7.5 to 8.2, ammonia concentration was consistently below 0.1 mg/L, and water clarity ranged from 40 to 46 cm. Although water clarity slightly exceeded the standard threshold, it was still within a tolerable range that could support sufficient light penetration for photosynthesis without posing risks to the aquatic ecosystem. These findings suggest that the water quality at the BBI Tepas Sepakat hatchery ponds is generally suitable for supporting healthy and productive tilapia breeding. However, continuous monitoring and adaptive water quality management, particularly concerning dissolved oxygen and light penetration, are recommended to maintain optimal rearing conditions and ensure long-term sustainability of the hatchery operations. These findings can serve as a useful reference in promoting sustainable aquaculture practices and can be used in aquaculture training programs to improve water quality management
Total Phenolics and Potential Antioxidant Activity in Natural Materials: Banana Stems and Bean Sprouts as Growth Regulators for Chilli Peppers (Capsicum frutescens L)
Get PDFIndonesia has abundant horticultural commodities, including chilli plants, which have high economic value. However, their productivity remains low at 8.35 tons/ha, compared to the potential 20–40 tons/ha. To boost the productivity of red cayenne pepper, additional supplements such as phytohormones auxin, gibberellin, and cytokinin are needed. This study uses natural sources of phytohormones derived from banana stems and mung bean sprouts. The aim is to measure the antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of various combinations of these natural plant growth regulators (PGRs) to support plant productivity. An experimental design was used, analyzing antioxidant activity using the DPPH method with IC50 values, and total phenolics using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Six variations were tested: A (banana stem extract 10:0), B (banana stem:bean sprouts 8:2), C (6:4), D (4:6), E (2:8), and F (bean sprout extract 10:0). Antioxidant activity and total phenolics were measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The results showed that variation C (6:4) had the highest total phenolic content (8.8 mg GAE/g) and an IC50 value of 210 ppm, indicating moderate antioxidant activity. These findings suggest that the combination of banana stem and bean sprout extracts in the right proportion can enhance the functional properties of natural PGRs, potentially supporting the growth and productivity of red cayenne pepper plants
Effect of Acid Catalyst on Epoxydation Reaction of Nyamplung Seed Oil
Get PDFEpoxy is a cyclic ether compound that contains an oxirane group and has been widely applied as a stabilizer, plasticizer in polyvinyl chloride (PVC), surfactant, pesticide raw material, and as a polymer resin coating. The raw materials in epoxy synthesis come from petroleum derivatives, which are non-renewable natural resources. Therefore, there is a need for alternative raw materials that can be renewed, such as vegetable oil. In this study, nyamplung seed oil was used. Epoxy synthesis is usually carried out using carboxylic acid epoxidation with the help of an acid catalyst. This research aims to determine the effect of the type of acid catalyst and its concentration on the epoxidation reaction of nyamplung seed oil and the characterization of the epoxy produced. The research results show that using an acid catalyst can increase the formation of oxirane groups at a certain concentration, where the highest oxirane number value was obtained when using the H2SO4 catalyst, namely 3.15%. The resulting epoxy is pale yellow, has a typical absorption area (COC) at a wave number of 825 cm-1, an iodine value of 13.96 g iod/100 g, a viscosity of 20.80 cP, and a relative per cent conversion to oxirane of 73.4
The Effect of Different Solvents and Methods on Brown Seaweed Turbinaria sp. Metabolite Profil
Get PDFTurbinaria sp. is valuable source of various metabolites that exhibit pharmacological and biological activities. The diversity of these metabolites can be influenced by several factors, such as environmental conditions and the choice of solvent during the extraction process. This study aims to investigate the effect of different solvents and methods on the metabolite profiles of Turbinaria sp. extract Turbinaria sp. was extracted using maceration and soxhlet method with n-hexane and n-hexane:methanol as solvents. Phytochemical analysis was performed using tube tests. Meanwhile the determination of total phenols and total flavonoids was performed by spectrophotometry assay. The results has shown that Turbinaria sp. contain flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, phenols, and tannins, with the highest total phenol and total flavonoid content found in the extracts using n-hexane as a solvent and soxhletation methods
Analysis the Abundance and Composition of Microplastics in Skipjack Fish (Katsuwonus pelamis) at Muara Angke Fish Auction
Get PDFMarine pollution due to plastic waste has become a global problem that has yet to be solved. In the ocean, floating plastics degrade into small particles (<5 mm) known as microplastics. Its small size has the risk of being eaten by marine organisms. One of the marine products that have high economic value is skipjack. This study aims to determine the content, abundance, and influence of the amount of microplastics with the weight of the digestive tract of skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) at Muara Angke auction fish. The deconstruction process in this study used 10% KOH as much as 3x the volume of tissue and 30% H2O2 as much as 5 ml. The results showed that fiber- type microplastics dominated with a percentage of 66%, fragments 20%, and films 14%. There are 6 kinds of colors found, namely transparent, black, red, blue, yellow, and orange. Transparent color dominates with a percentage of 74%. The total microplastic particles found in the skipjack digestive tract were 2336 particles with an abundance value of 259.55 particles/individual. The number of microplastics found had no correlation with the weight of the fish digestive tract with P (sig) 0.509 > 0.05 (α). All skipjack samples identified were contaminated with microplastics. Fiber and transparent color microplastic types dominated. The amount of microplastics had no influence on the weight of the fish digestive tract
Potential Use of Invigoration Techniques to Improve Viability and Vigor of Soybean Seeds
Get PDFDemand for soybeans in Indonesia continues to increase along with population growth, but productivity remains low and dependent on imports. One of the key factors affecting soybean productivity is seed quality, which often deteriorates during storage. Seed invigoration, which includes techniques such as hydration-dehydration, hydropriming, and osmopriming, is a possible solution to improve soybean seed viability and vigor. This research used the literature survey method to collect and analyze data from various scientific sources. The results show that seed invigoration can improve the quality of soybean seeds by improving the germination process, increasing vigor, and optimizing water uptake. These techniques are especially important when seeds are sown in non-ideal conditions, such as arid or high salinity areas. Thus, the application of invigoration techniques has the potential to be an effective strategy for increasing soybean productivity in Indonesia and reducing import dependence
Potential of Octopus Ink Extract as Anti-Quorum Sensing to Prevent Aeromonas hydrophila Biofilm in Aquaculture
Get PDFAeromonas hydrophila is a pathogenic bacterium that often causes disease in freshwater fish, thus impacting food insecurity and global economic losses. Biofilm formation by A. hydrophila regulated by the quorum sensing (QS) system plays an important role in increasing virulence and resistance to antibiotics. Inhibiting the QS system can be an option to control A. hydrophila infection in fish. One of the ingredients that can be used is octopus ink extract containing alkaloids. This study aims to analyze the potential of octopus ink extract as an anti-quorum sensing agent in preventing the formation of A. hydrophila biofilms in aquaculture. The method used is a systematic literature study by collecting data from scientific articles. The analysis was carried out in depth to evaluate the mechanism of octopus ink extract in inhibiting QS and bacterial biofilms. The results showed that active compounds in octopus ink, such as alkaloids, can inhibit communication between bacterial cells by blocking QS autoinducers. This process suppresses the expression of virulence genes and prevents biofilm formation without affecting bacterial viability, so the risk of antibiotic resistance can be minimized. In conclusion, octopus ink extract has great potential as an anti-quorum sensing agent to support the management of A. hydrophila infection in aquaculture. The use of this extract is not only effective but also environmentally friendly, offering an innovative solution to improve the health of farmed fish and the sustainability of the aquaculture industry. Furthermore, octopus ink extract can be used as an immunostimulant in aquaculture industry
Effects of Biological Fertilizer and NPK on Red Chili Growth in Automated Drip Irrigation Systems
Get PDFRed chili (Capsicum annuum L.) is crucial for household consumption and the food industry, but its productivity declines due to soil fertility depletion caused by excessive chemical fertilizer use. This study aims to evaluate the effects of combining biological fertilizer and NPK on the growth and yield of red chili plants. A factorial completely randomized design (CRD) experiment with 12 treatment combinations was conducted at the UG Technopark Greenhouse, Cianjur, West Java, from May to August 2023. The first factor was the frequency of biological fertilizer application (none, biweekly, weekly, and twice a week), while the second factor was the NPK fertilizer dosage (none, 50%, and 100% of the recommended dose). The results showed that both fertilizers significantly influenced plant growth and yield, with the optimal treatment being the application of biological fertilizer twice a week combined with 100% of the recommended NPK dosage. A significant interaction between NPK dosage and biological fertilizer frequency was observed, affecting plant performance. These findings highlight the importance of integrating biological fertilizers with NPK to enhance red chili productivity while reducing reliance on chemical inputs, contributing to more sustainable agricultural practices