Jurnal FKIP Universitas Mataram (Fakultas Keguruan Dan Ilmu Pendidikan)
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Analysis of Seawater Quality in the Villa Ombak Gili Terawangan Area, Pemenang District
Get PDFTourism is one of the most rapidly growing sectors globally and plays a vital role in regional development by contributing to foreign exchange earnings, job creation, and poverty alleviation. Gili Trawangan, a small island in West Lombok, is a popular marine tourism destination experiencing rapid growth in tourist visits and supporting infrastructure, such as hotels and restaurants. This growth has led to increased population density and higher environmental pressures, particularly in the form of liquid waste and pollutants entering coastal waters. If not properly managed, these pollutants can degrade water quality and marine ecosystems. This study aims to assess the quality of seawater in the Villa Ombak area of Gili Trawangan, located in Pemenang District. A quantitative research method was applied, with seawater samples collected from six stations using the Niskin bottle method at a depth of one meter. Parameters analyzed included physical (temperature, total suspended solids/TSS), chemical (pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen/DO, ammonia-N/NH₃-N, nitrate-N/NO₃-N, phosphate/PO₄, oil and fat), and biological (total and faecal coliform) characteristics. Laboratory analysis was conducted at the Mataram PUPR Laboratory, and results were compared to the Indonesian Government Regulation (PP) No. 22 of 2021 on seawater quality standards. The findings showed that all measured parameters met the required quality standards for marine tourism and biota. Recorded values included a temperature of 29°C, TSS 2.5 mg/L, pH 8.2, salinity 33 PSU, DO 6.9 mg/L, NH₃-N 0.019 mg/L, NO₃-N 0.0017 mg/L, oil and fat <0.03 mg/L, total coliform 185 MPN/100 mL, and faecal coliform 0 MPN/100 mL. Although still within safe limits, ongoing monitoring and environmental management are essential to prevent ecological degradation and to ensure the sustainability of marine tourism in the area
Identification of Chemical Compounds in Black Garlic Extract and Effect on Inhibiting Xanthine Oxidase Enzyme
Get PDFXanthine oxidase is an enzyme involved in the catalysis of the oxidation reaction that converts hypoxanthine into xanthine and subsequently into uric acid. Elevated uric acid levels can pose various health risks. Gout treatment can be achieved by inhibiting the activity of the xanthine oxidase enzyme using black garlic. This study aims to identify the chemical compounds in black garlic methanol extract, assess the inhibitory effect of this extract on the xanthine oxidase enzyme using in silico methods, and determine the type of inhibition based on enzyme kinetics. The in silico analysis was conducted to evaluate the binding affinity of flavonoid compounds in black garlic extract with xanthine oxidase. The in vitro analysis tested the inhibition of the xanthine oxidase enzyme by black garlic using the UV-Vis spectrophotometry method at a wavelength of 291.7 nm, based on a decrease in uric acid concentration as an indicator of reduced enzyme activity. The type of inhibition mechanism was determined through enzyme kinetics using the Michaelis-Menten equation, which was transformed into the Lineweaver-Burk equation in a double reciprocal form. Black garlic methanol extract contains 133 chemical compounds, including 22 flavonoid compounds that are thought to inhibit xanthine oxidase. According to in silico studies, quercetin-3-O-malonylglucoside exhibits the lowest binding affinity (-9.2 kcal/mol) with the xanthine oxidase enzyme compared to the xanthine substrate (-5.2 kcal/mol) and allopurinol (-5.3 kcal/mol). Inhibition of the xanthine oxidase enzyme by black garlic demonstrated the highest inhibition of 76.352% at a concentration of 10 ppm of black garlic extract. The inhibition type of the xanthine oxidase enzyme by black garlic methanol extract showed a competitive inhibition mechanism, evidenced by an increase in the KM value from 0.014 to 0.134 without a significant change in the Vmax value. Thus, it can be concluded that black garlic extract has the potential to be a natural inhibitor of the enzyme xanthine oxidase that can be used to treat gout or hyperuricemia
Changes of Gembili (Dioscorea esculenta) Tuber Flour Characteristics During Fermentation Process with L. plantarum B1765 Starter Culture
Get PDFGembili (Dioscorea esculenta) is a plant that contains inulin, which can be degraded into fructooligosaccharides known to have advantages and are widely used as food ingredients. The fermentation process can hydrolyse inulin into FOS, which is known to have better stability for food ingredients. Additionally, fermentation can produce Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs), improving consumer health and enhancing flavor, resulting in better processed products. The objective of this study was to determine changes in the characteristics of gembili tuber flour, including solubility and color, during the fermentation process, supported by data such as pH, Total Titratable Acid (TTA), and Total Lactic Acid Bacteria (TTA). Gembili tubers were cut into pieces and fermented for 0, 2, 4, and 6 days using a 3% L. plantarum B1765 starter culture and incubated at 37℃. pH measurements were taken using a pH meter, TTA using acid-base titration, total LAB using total plate count, and solubility determined by gravimetric principles. Total LAB, TTA, pH, solubility, and color were mutually correlated during the fermentation process. As more bacteria grew, pH decreased, TTA increased, solubility increased, and color became whiter. Optimal flour results were obtained at a fermentation time of 6 days, where total LAB reached 7.60 x 10⁷, pH was 3.40, TTA was 0.989%, solubility was 51.30%, and the color was the greatest white color. Fermented gembili tuber flour has more water-soluble FOS content and has better stability than inulin in non-fermented gembili flour. In addition, the colour produced from the fermentation process is also whiter than that of fermented gembili flour, which can affect the quality of the product. The FOS content in this flour can provide texture or creaminess, maintain moisture in food products, and lower the freezing point of ice cream. However, further research is still needed to determine the effect of fermentation duration on the degree of polymerisation (DP) of FOS produced during the fermentation process and the addition of fermentation time to improve the flour solubility in water
Exploration of Natural Chemical Compounds as Novel Post-Pandemic Antiviral Agents: A Review
Get PDFThe COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the search for effective, safe, and sustainable antiviral agents. One promising approach is the utilization of natural chemical compounds derived from plants, microorganisms, and marine organisms. These compounds, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and polyphenols, have long been known for their broad biological activities, including antiviral properties. This article aims to explore the potential of natural chemical compounds as new post-pandemic antiviral candidates through a systematic literature review of 28 scientific articles published between 2019 and 2024 from major databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, and SpringerLink. The findings indicate that 24 out of 28 reviewed compounds demonstrated significant antiviral activity, with 15 flavonoids targeting viral protease or spike protein through mechanisms like Mpro inhibition, ACE2 interaction, or cytokine modulation. Key challenges include low bioavailability, complexity in compound isolation, and lack of pharmaceutical standardization. However, advanced technological approaches such as nanoformulation, semi-synthetic analogue development, and the use of bio-refinery systems offer potential solutions to enhance the stability and effectiveness of these compounds. This article also highlights the importance of policy support and interdisciplinary collaboration in accelerating the translation of natural compounds from laboratory research to clinical application. The review offers practical implications for pharmaceutical innovation, particularly in biodiversity-rich countries such as Indonesia
The Relationship Between Prior Knowledge and Students’ Chemical Literacy
Get PDFChemical literacy is a key component of scientific literacy, enabling individuals to understand, evaluate, and apply chemical concepts in real-life situations. This study investigates the relationship between students' prior knowledge and their chemical literacy on acid-base topics in senior high school. The study employed a quantitative descriptive method with a correlational approach, involving 99 eleventh-grade students from three accredited private schools in Padang City, Indonesia. Two validated instruments were used to collect data: the Structured Essay Diagnostic Test of Chemistry (SEDToC) to assess prior knowledge, and a discourse-based chemical literacy test. Data analysis included descriptive statistics and Spearman's Rank correlation. Results revealed a very weak and statistically insignificant positive correlation between prior knowledge and chemical literacy (rₛ = 0.1454; p > 0.05), with a coefficient of determination (r²) of 2.1%. Stoichiometry emerged as the subtopic with the highest level of understanding (41.68%), while chemical bonding was the lowest (3.05%). Although most students demonstrated procedural understanding, many struggled with contextual and discourse-based questions that required higher-order thinking. A high rate of misconceptions (36.59%) was also identified, which negatively affected students’ ability to reason and interpret chemical phenomena accurately. This study highlights that conceptual understanding alone is insufficient to support chemical literacy. The novelty of this research lies in its focus on chemical literacy as a multidimensional construct, beyond mere content mastery. The findings suggest that instructional strategies should not only strengthen prior knowledge but also integrate real-world contexts and promote critical thinking. Future research is recommended to explore other contributing factors such as motivation, metacognitive awareness, and teaching approaches that could better foster students’ chemical literacy. To support this, educators should design learning strategies that go beyond reinforcing prior knowledge and emphasise contextual, inquiry-based, and reflective approaches to develop students' comprehensive chemical literacy
Analysis of Learning Difficulties of Students in Biology Subjects in Junior High School
Get PDFStudents' learning difficulties are generally influenced by two aspects, namely internal factors and external factors. Internal factors involve a lack of interest in learning, a lack of natural talent in a particular field, and health problems that can hinder the learning process. This study aims to analyze the learning difficulties of eighth-grade students in biology at Satap Penmina Junior High School. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive qualitative methods, with data obtained from student learning outcomes and questionnaire responses. The analysis identified factors contributing to learning difficulties among students at SMP Satap Penmina, including both internal and external factors. Internal factors included health issues, self-readiness, and difficulties, while external factors included school facilities and family support. Based on the research findings, it was concluded that the factors causing students' difficulties in learning biology are internal factors such as health (32%), self-readiness (30%), and difficulties (32%) (low category). External factors include family (32%) in the low category and school (35%) in the moderate category
Accumulation of Heavy Metal Cd and Fe in Rhizophora apiculata Stand Around Lembar Port West Lombok Regency
Get PDFThe mangrove ecosystem in the Labuan Tereng area needs to be protected and preserved. Mangrove ecosystems have an important role as carbon absorbers and play a role in environmental detoxification through their ability to absorb heavy metals in their surroundings. This study seeks to analyze the ability of Rhizophora apiculata to absorb and retain cadmium (Cd) and iron (Fe) concentrations in the Labuan Tereng mangrove habitat. A systematic sampling approach with a random start was applied, involving 24 plots distributed over three designated stations. Roots and leaves were sampled at each station. Heavy metal concentration analysis for Cd and Fe was conducted at the BSIP Laboratory for Agricultural Instrument Standardization. The study results reveal that root tissues contained the highest concentration levels, namely 615,23 ppm (Fe) and 0,98 ppm (Cd). Therefore, in leaf organs as large as 35,85 ppm (Fe) and 1,09 ppm (Cd). The concentration of heavy metals in R. apiculata has surpassed the permissible limits set by environmental quality standards. Result T-test shows that no significance between Fe and Cd metal in a distance of 0-100 and 100-200 m from the coastline. The translocation factor value of Rhizophora apiculata has phytoextraction properties with a TF value>2 for Cd metal, while for Fe metal, it has phytostabilization properties with a TF value<1. The influence of density on the level of trees and saplings does not have a significant relationship with Cd and Fe metals, where the t-count is > 0.05 and the effect is very weak on Cd and Fe metals
Identification of Neisseria Gonorrhoeae in Female Sexual Workers (FSW) Localized on Baai Island, Bengkulu City
Get PDFSexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) pose a significant global health challenge, particularly among high-risk populations such as female sex workers (FSWs). Neisseria gonorrhoeae, a causative agent of gonorrhea, is a major concern due to its prevalence and transmission via sexual contact. This study aims to identify the presence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in female sex workers (FSWs) at the Pulau Baai locality, Bengkulu City, and examine the correlation between infection rates and factors such as duration of work and frequency of client visits. A descriptive observational study with a cross-sectional design was conducted, involving 31 FSWs who participated in the study after providing informed consent. Samples were collected through vaginal swabs and examined using Gram staining to identify Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The findings revealed that 3.2% (1 out of 31) of the participants tested positive for Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Statistical analysis showed that the risk of infection increased with the duration of work, as well as the frequency of client visits. The study concludes that while the overall infection rate is low, the prevalence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae remains a concern in this high-risk group. Regular screenings and preventive measures, including consistent condom use, are recommended to reduce transmission among FSWs
Characteristics of Facial Skin Biophysical Parameters Among Medical Students in University of Mataram
Get PDFVarious studies have been widely published regarding the efficacy and adverse effects of facial care products with research populations from adolescent to young adults. However, it is necessary to first identify the characteristics of this parameters in the local population. The purpose of this study is to obtain an overview of the characteristics of the biophysical parameters of facial skin in a population of teenagers and young adults who tend to be active indoors, especially UNRAM medical students. This was an analytical observational study with a cross-sectional approach. Participants filled out questionnaires and followed procedures for examining facial skin biophysical parameters. The results of this study showed that from 147 participants, the average TEWL level was 8,99 g/h/m2; mean degree of erythema was 262,5; the average melanin index was 192,1 and the average sebum level was 192,1. Statistical analysis found that there was an association between gender and all facial skin biophysical parameters, a relationship between age and sebum levels and a relationship between daily activities in an air-conditioned room and the degree of erythema. With the data presented in this study, research related to facial skin biophysical parameters in similar populations can be developed further
Understory Plant Species Diversity in Pine Tree Stands in Bukit Cadika Pine Forest Bangkinang
Get PDFBukit Cadika Pine Forest Bangkinang is one of the pine forests in Bangkinang Riau. Pine is a type of tree that is classified as a fast-growing type and does not require special requirements in its planting, so pine can spread naturally to areas south of the equator. The existence of understory plants can also function as soil protectors from rain grains and surface flow and play a role in increasing organic matter in the soil. This study aims to determine the diversity of understory plant species in Bukit Cadika Pine Forest stands Bangkinang. Data collection methods and lower plant samples were carried out in pine stands through direct field observations using the path/transect method. The placement of paths in this study was carried out using purposive sampling technique with a total of 5 paths made and a distance of 1 m between paths with a path length of 100 m. The data obtained in the field were analyzed using the data collection method. Data obtained in the field were analyzed using the Shannon-Wiener diversity index, species evenness index and important value index. The conclusion in this study found as many as 13 species with a total of 201 individuals and 12 families that were successfully identified and the species diversity index in Bukit Cadika pine forest stands amounted to 2.18 which is included in the moderate category