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Informative Universe Memorandum
Get PDF(1) Space is not only a sea of energy, but also a sea of information. All elements in space blend, receive, and recognize one another. Space becomes complex and evolves through information and recognition.
(2) Elements in the physical world also recognize and cooperate mutually,and continue to form various patterns. Such information and recognition play an important part in the process of physical evolution.
(3) The living world requires energy as well as information to systemize materials sophisticatedly. Life also requires information, its recognition,and its re-systemization to form and evolve new structures and organizations.
(4) To describe this space,the concept of materials and energy is not enough;the concept of information must also be included. Material is converted to energy. This energy is converted to information. The information is then converted into material structures. In space as in self-organization,entropy decreases. For that purpose, information is required
A Reexamination of Environmental Policy Theory
Get PDFThe Pigovian tax is widely known as a method to internalize a negative externality by imposing on polluters a tax equal to the value of the marginal loss suffered by the victims of pollution.There are two aspects regarding efficiency under this tax.One is efficiency in the sense that net social benefit becomes maximized.The other is efficiency realized in terms of cost, that is, efficiency in the sense that a certain pollution reduction target is achieved with minimal social cost.Of course, such efficiency is considered not only in the Pigovian tax, but also in the Baumol-Oates tax.This paper points out that the framework of current theory has a serious problem with regard to efficiency in the second sense.The focus of our discussion is the basic proposition of environmental tax theory that the optimal amount of emission is determined at the intersection of marginal external cost curve and a curve in the aggregate of each firm's marginal profit curve.If this proposition is denied, we must accept that a situation where social welfare and private efficiency are not compatible