Reitaku University Academic Repository / 麗澤大学学術リポジトリ
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Bhutan’s Experiment of Building by GNH (Gross National Happiness)Country,Comparing Ladakh
Get PDFThe fourth king of Bhutan,Jigme Singye Wangchuck (reign,1972～2006 declared. “Gross National Happiness is more important than Gross National Product”, after the fifth nonaligned countries congress at Colombo in 1976. After that GNH is the symbol of Management of Bhutanese Administration, in 1990’s, GNH has the four strategic goals; Economic self-reliance, Environmental preservation, Culture promotion, and Good Governance. In 2006,CBS (Centre for Bhutan Studies) Showed 9GNH indicators. 1) Psychological Well-being, 2) Health of the population, 3) Education, 4) Cultural diversity, 5) Community Vitality, 6) Ecological diversity and resilience, 7) Time Use and balance, 8) Living standard (imcome), 9) Good Governance. And CBS of Bhutan Practiced, GNH Survey 3 Times. And second survey demonstrate Bhutan is changing economically growth, and urbanization and growth of young population. On the Other hand Ladakh is same religious culture with Bhutan. But Ladakh is not independent country now. So Urbanization, globalization crush the culture of Ladakh. Bhutan is independent country,so,urbanization, globalization cannot crush Bhutanese culture. This is the Conclusion of Comparison of Two countries
Financing Infrastructure to Urban Decline
Get PDFUrban capital improvement projects in local governments have recently faced adjustment problem of cost sharing as well as strict requirement of accountability for the way of using public money. The inter-governmental aid, which had supported local capital improvement projects, has been cut severely. And, historically, the most striking feature of the exaction policy in Japan is its reliance on regulatory power to generate revenue for public purpose. Under this severe financial situation, these projects need more efficient and rational decision-making system for benefit distribution among related parties. The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, it reviews historical background and current situation of financial system of the urban capital improvement projects. Second, we show a desirable financial system that is free from friction with local residents. For these purposes, we start with an analysis of historical and legal aspect of the impact fee system. Next, focusing on sewer impact fee, we reveal an implicit mechanism working as an special assessment
Analysis of Tokyo metropolitan area by non-hierarchical clustering
Get PDFThe purpose of this study is to identify the structure of the Tokyo metropolitan area by using small area statistics. A Metropolitan area is the sphere that has a strong relationship between downtown and suburbs. Also, there is some kindred area within the same Metropolitan area. We tried to clear the structure of the Tokyo metropolitan area by nonhierarchical clustering. Specifically, we tried to classify the Tokyo metropolitan area according to the K-means method and the X-means method by using the data of the commuting rate. As a result, we obtained the following results:
1. We were not able to set an appropriate metropolitan area by the k-means method when the number of clusters was assumed to be two. However, because the classified kind of number was a little, we were not able to do an appropriate classification by this method.
2. In the x-means method, we classified the metropolitan area into 122 kinds of clusters. We combined the results of this result and Anselin 's Local Moran' s I and clarified the structure of the Tokyo metropolitan area
