Journal of Maternal and Child Health (JMCH)
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Phenomenology Study: Factors Associated with the Choice of Unskilled Traditional Birth Attendants in Brebes, Central Java
Get PDFBackground: The number of birth delivery attended by unskilled traditional birth attendant in Brebes District, Central Java, was still high. From January to April 2016, 67 birth deliveries were attended by unskilled traditional birth attendant. This study aimed to delve information in how social and cultural factors influence the decision to choose traditional birth attendants in Brebes, Central Java.Subjects and Method: This was a qualitative study with phenomenology approach. This study was carried out in Brebes, Central Java. The key informants of this study were midwives, who by snowball sampling technique suggested on the traditional birth attendants and their clients (i.e. laboring mothers) to be interviewed. The data were collected by in-depth interview, focus group discussion, observation, and document review. The researcher did data reduction, data display, and made decision. The data were verified by triangulation of sources technique.Results: Some skilled traditional birth attendants actively collaborated with midwives. Today rarely traditional birth attendants attend birth delivery, although there was a considerable number of community members who sought their help for birth attendant. Community members regard these traditional birth attendants as to have charisma and some supernatural power. Usually traditional birth attendants get involved in cultural ceremonies. Sometimes community members seek traditional birth attendants as a source of advice. In an extended family the decision to choose birth attendant was made by the mother or grandmother of the laboring woman. In a smaller family the decision to choose birth attendant was made by the laboring woman.Conclusion: The decision to choose unskilled birth attendants is made by the family members of the laboring woman, and this choice was influenced by traditional birth attendant’s charisma.Keywords: birth delivery, traditional birth attendant, social and cultural factorsCorrespondence: Ratih Sakti Prastiwi. Diploma III Program of Midwifery, Health Polytechnics Harapan Bersama, Tegal. Email: [email protected] of Maternal and Child Health (2016), 1(4): 242-249https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2016.01.04.05
Effect of Maternal Education, Family Income, Mother-Midwife Interface, and the Incidence of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Pemalang, Central Java
Get PDFBackground: Maternal mortality rate was 359 per 100,000 live birth in Indonesia in 2012. An indirect cause of maternal mortality rate is anemia. This study aimed to investigate effect of maternal education, family income, mother-midwife interface, on the incidence of iron deficiency anemia in Pemalang, Central Java. Subjects and Method: This was an analytical observational with case control design. This study was conducted at Purwoharjo, Rowosari, and Petarukan health centers, Pemalang, Central Java. This study was carried out from March 2 to 27, 2016. A total of 146 pregnant women from the three health centers were selected for this study by fixed disease sampling. This study consisted of pregnant mothers with iron deficiency anemia (cases) and those without iron deficiency anemia (controls) with equal share. The dependent variable was iron deficiency anemia, which was measured by Sahli method. The independent variables were maternal education, family income, and mother-midwife interface. These variables were measured by a set of questionnaire. The data were analyzed by path analysis.Results: Better knowledge (b= -1.26; p=0.002), positive attitude (b= -1.01; p=0.019), stronger purchasing power (b= -1.16; p=0.004) had direct effects on reduced risk of iron deficiency anemia, and they were statistically significant. There were positive effects of higher income on stronger purchasing power (b=0.63; p=<0.001), mother-midwife interface on better knowledge (b=0.19; p=0.021), mother-midwife interface on positive attitude (b=0.21; p=0.023), and higher education on better knowledge (b=0.21; p=0.035).Conclusion: Better knowledge, positive attitude, stronger purchasing power, have direct effects on reduced risk of iron deficiency anemia. Higher income has indirect effect on reduced risk of iron deficiency anemia via stronger purchasing power. Mother-midwife interface has indirect effect on reduced risk of iron deficiency anemia either via better knowledge or positive attitude. It is suggested that pregnant mothers increase their interaction with midwives so that they are able to detect sign and symptom of anemia and to take necessary preventive action.Keywords: iron deficiency anemia, pregnant mother, mother-midwife interfaceCorrespondence : Ade Kurniati. Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret University, SurakartaJournal of Maternal of Child Health (2026), 1(4): 220-229https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2016.01.04.0
Effect of Massage on Sleep Quality and Motor Development in Infant Aged 3-6 Months
Get PDFBackground: In theory, infant massage is beneficial for improving sleep quality, gross and fine motor development. Infants aged 3-6 months are able to receive stimulation that may help develop gross and fine motor development. Massage may improve brain function and raise the release of growth hormone, and strengthen muscle. This study aimed to determine of the effect of massage on sleep quality, gross and fine motor development among infant aged 3-6 months.Subject and Method: This was a randomized controlled trial, conducted in Magelang, Central Java, from 1 August to 16 September 2016. A total of 60 infants in Azza Momby Spa, Magelang was selected for this study by simple random sampling. This sample was then allocated at random into massage group (n1=30) and control group (n2=30). The independent variable was infant massage. The dependent variables were sleep quality, gross and fine motor development. The data was collected by using questionnaire. The difference of dependent variables between the two groups were tested by Mann-Whitney.Results: After intervention, infants in the massage group (median=2.00; SD=1.80) slept better than the control group (median=0.00; SD=0.95), and it was statistically significant (p<0.001). Infants in the massage group (median=0.00; SD=0.81) had better gross motor development than the control group (median=0.00; SD=0.72), and it was statistically significant (p=0.043). Infants in the massage group (median=0.00; SD=0.81) had better fine motor development than in the control group (median=0.00; SD=0.48), and it was statistically significant (p=0.018).Conclusion: Massage is effective to improve sleep quality, gross and fine motor development, in infants aged 3-6 months.Keywords: massage, sleep quality, gross and fine motor development, infantCorrespondence: Nurry Ayuningtyas Kusumastuti. Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta. Email: [email protected] of Maternal and Child Health (2016), 1(3):161-169https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2016.01.03.0
Association betweenMaternal Age at Pregnancy, Socioeconomic Status, Physical Environment, Prenatal, Perinatal, Postnatal History, and the Risk of Mental Retardation
Get PDFBackground: Mental retardation (MR) is a serious public health problem for an country. The prevalence of mental retardation in Indonesia was estimated at 1-3% of the population. About 0.1% of whichneed treatment and guidance the whole life. This study aimed to determine the association between maternal age at pregnancy, socioeconomic status, physical environment, prenatal, perinatal, postnatal history, and mental retardation.Subject and methods: This was an analytic observational study with case control design. This study was conducted in Pare, Kediri, East Java, Indonesia,from October to December 2016. A total 105 study subjects, consisting of 35 MR cases and 70 controls were selected for this study by fixed disease sampling. The independent variables were maternal age at pregnancy, socioeconomic status, physical environment, prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal history. The dependent variable was mental retardation. The data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by logistic regression model.Results: Maternal age ≥35 years at pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of MR, and it was statistically significant The result showed that mother’s age while pregnant (OR=10.18; 95%CI=2.77 to 37.39; p<0.001). High socioeconomic status (OR=0.23;95%CI=0.07 to 0.81; p=0.022), good physical environment (OR=0.13; 95%CI=0.04 to 0.45; p=<0.001), good prenatal history (OR=0.24;95%CI=0.07 to 0.82; p=0.022), good perinatal history (OR=0.45;95%CI=0.15 to 1.40; p=0.168), good postnatal (OR=0.43;95%CI=0.14 to 1.35; p=0.148), were associated with a decreased risk of MR. Nagelkerke R2=53.8% for this model.Conclusion: Maternal age ≥35 years at pregnancy increases the risk of MR. High socioeconomic status, good physical environment, good prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal history, decrease the risk of MR.Keywords: mental retardation, maternal age at pregnancy, socioeconomic status, environment, pregnancy history.Correspondence: Erna Nurochim. Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta.Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2016), 1(2): 119-130https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2016.01.02.0
Effect of Hormonal Contraceptive on Sexual Life, Body Mass Index, Skin Health, and Uterine Bleeding, in Women of Reproduction Age in Jombang, East Java
Get PDFBackground: Injection hormonal contraceptive can be distinguished into DMPA (depo medroxyprogesterone acetate) and combination. DMPA injection is administered in single dose of 150 mg/mL intramuscular every 12 week. It was hypothesized that DMPA injection resulted inadvertent effect such as lowered sexual life quality, increased body mass index, lowered quality of skin health, and abnormal uterine bleeding. This study aimed to examine the effects of DMPA injection on sexual life, body mass index, skin health, and abnormal uterine bleeding.Subjects and Method: This was analytical observational study with retrospective cohort design. This study was conducted in Jombang, East Java. A total sample of 149 women of reproductive age consisting of 99 DMPA injection contraceptive users and 50 non hormonal contraceptive users was selected for this study, by stratified random sampling. The dependent variables were sexual life quality, body mass index, quality of skin health, and uterine bleeding. The independent variable was DMPA injection contraceptive use and age. The data were collected by a set of questionnaire. Sexual life quality was measured by female sexual function index (FSFI). The data were analyzed by multiple logistic regression.Results: Use of hormonal contraceptive (OR= 20.17; 95% CI = 6.62 to 61.42; p<0.001) and age 30-35 years old (OR=17.51; 95% CI = 5.74 to 53.38; p<0.001) increased the risk of low quality of sexual life. Age 30-35 years old lowered (OR=0.16; 95% CI =0.07 to 0.36; p<0.001) and hormonal contraceptive (OR= 4.25; 95% CI = 1.95 to 9.30; p<0.001) increased the risk of low quality of skin health. Hormonal contraceptive (b=2.93; SE=0.23; p<0.001) and age 30-35 years old (b=0.70; SE=0.24; p<0.001) increased abnormal uterine bleeding. Hormonal contraceptive (b=5.75; SE=0.54; p<0.001) and age 30-35 years old (b=5.05; SE= 0.55; p<0.001) increased body mass index among women of reproductive age.Conclusion: Use of injection hormonal contraceptive lowers the quality of social life, lowers the quality of skin health, increases body mass index, and increases abnormal uterine bleeding.Keywords: hormonal contraceptive injection, sexual life, skin health, body mass index, uterine bleedingCorrespondence: Esti Pratiwi Yosin. School of Health Sciences Insan Cendekia Medika, Jombang, East Java. Email:[email protected] of Maternal and Child Health 2016, 1(3): 146-160https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2016.01.03.0
Analysis of Factors Affecting Childbirth with Caesarean in Kediri, Indonesia
Get PDFBackground: Cesarean section has a maternal mortality risk 4 times higher than those with normal birth. In Kediri, the incidence of cesarean section increased, i.e. 8.5% in 2012 to 15.3% in 2015. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the factors affecting cesarean section deliveries in Kediri.Subjects and Method: This was an observational analytical study with case control design. A total sample of 50 women giving birth with cesarean section and 50 normal birth. The population was all women giving birth by cesarean section in Kediri. A sampling technique was using a Fixed Sampling Disease. Data analysis used multiple logistic regression.Results: Maternal age <20 or ≥35 years was lower the chances of having cesarean 0.83 times compared to mothers aged 20-35 years and was not statistically significant (OR = 0.83; 95% CI = 0:26 to 2.78, p = 0.757), Parity 1 and ≥4 increase of 1.64 times more likely to undergo cesarean section than parity 2-3 and was not statistically significant (OR = 1.64; 95% CI = 0.60 to 4:58, p=0341). Less physical activity during pregnancy increases the likelihood of cesarean section 1:10 of times and was not statistically significant (OR = 1:10; CI 95% = 0:38 to 2.90, p = 0932). Mothers who experienced complications during labor increases the risk 12 times through cesarean section and was statistically significant (OR = 12; 95% CI = 3.56 to 41.81, p <0.001). Mothers who do their own request for delivery by cesarean section increases the likelihood 21 times through cesarean section and was statistically significant (OR = 21:24; 95% CI = 5.22 to 86.33, p <0.001).Conclusion: There is a positive correlation, very strong and statistically significant between the complications of labor and delivery at hisown request by cesarean section.Keywords: cesarean section, affecting factorsCorrespondence: Dian Rahmawati. School of Public Health, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: [email protected] of Maternal and Child Health (2016), 1(1): 34-40https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2016.01.01.0
Implementation of Basic Obstetric and Neonatal Emergency Service Program (PONED) at Health Centers, Tegal
Get PDFBackground: Maternal mortality reached 33 cases in Tegal in 2015. Some measures had been taken to reduce maternal mortality rate and infant mortality rate, among others was basic obstetric and neonatal emergency service program (PONED). The PONED program was operated by health centers with inpatients services 24 hours a day and 7 days a week. This study evaluated the Implementation of Basic Obstetric and Neonatal Emergency Service Program (PONED) at Health Centers, Tegal.Subjects and Method: This was an evaluation study with qualitative approach and CIPP (context, input, process, product) framework. This study was conducted in Tegal, Central Java. A total of 10 key informants, including Head of Family Health and Nutrition Division at the District Health Office Tegal, Head of Health Centers, Midwife responsible for operating PONED, mothers with post heavy pre-eclampsia, were selected for this study. The data were collected by in-depth interview, observation, and document review. Results: From the context perspective, the objective of PONED at the health centers conformed with the policy. The number of health personnel was sufficient. But nurses have not been involved in the PONED health centers. There was no special fund for operating PONED health centers. The number of facilities was sufficient. From the input perspective training on emergency service had been well carried of. An effort to increase facilities had been plan from the process perspective the health centers PONED services had conformed with the SOP. The health personnel performed task according to the job description. Intersectoral collaboration and program were well implemented. The impeding factors included the long process of BPJS claim, and low community awareness. From the product perspective, patients reported high satisfaction of the health centers PONED services.Conclusion: The basic obstetric and neonatal emergency services program (PONED) has been well implemented in Tegal.Keywords: PONED program, evaluation, CIPP, maternal mortality Correspondence: Sri Tanjung Rejeki. School of Health Sciences Bhakti Mandala Husada, Slawi. Email: [email protected] of Maternal and Child Health (2016), 1(4): 257-267https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2016.01.04.0
Expanded Maternal and New Born Survival Program on Strengthening Mother and Child Health Referral System in Cilacap, Indonesia
Get PDFBackground: In 2012, the maternal mortality rate or MMR and infant mortality rate or IMR in Cilacap, Central Java, tends to increase through the Expanding Maternal and Neonatal Survival or EMAS. This study aimed to determine the implementation expanding maternal and new born survival program in strengthening mother and child health and referral services.Subjects and Method: This was qualitative study. This was conducted in Cilacap.A total of 16 health professional and four societies. The informants were team leader of EMAS, EMAS quality improvement coordinator, civil society coordinator strengthener of EMAS, head of health service in Cilacap, and Chairman of the Civil Society Forum. The data was collected with interviews, observation and document and analyzed using content analysis.Results: The results of this study showed that the standard policy of the implementation of the EMAS clear, precise, clear measurable was indicators of achievement. Objectives of this study could be understood by health professionals and civil society of maternal and child health forum. Health professionals resources in an amount sufficient, with the competence and there was lack equipment and drugs in health centers. Networking system of EMAS utilization was optimal in public health center and hospitals. Communication is effective starting from the initial visit, counseling, socialization, and comparative study. Characteristics of executing agencies indicate good working procedures. Disposition implementer showed a positive attitude and support. The environmental conditions of social, political and economic support. Some of the program started in Cilacap to reduce MMR and IMR and fairly produced significant results.Conclusions: It is suggested to Cilacaphealth service to hold aid and medicine midwife training to improve skills in handling emergency cases of maternal and neonatal.Keywords: Expanding Maternal and New Born Survival, maternal mortality, infant mortalityCorrespondence: Indah Sulistyoningrum. Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java.Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2016), 2(1): 19-24https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2016.01.01.0
Qualitative Analysis on the Factors Affecting Exclusive Breastfeeding among Working Mothers at Community Health Center in Bangkalan, Madura
Get PDFoai:ojs.thejmch.com:article/19Background: Exclusive breast milk is the main food for infants aged 0-6 months. Breast feeding can be extended up to 2 years with complementary food. The prevalence of exclusive breast feeding is targeted to exceed 80%. Study have shown some factors may determine exclusive breastfeeding among working mothers, such as desire to return to work soon after giving birth, distance from home to the workplace, and supporting facilities (e.g. space, freezer) at the workplace. This study aimed to investigate factors affecting exclusive breast feeding among working mother at the workplace.Subjects and Method: This was a qualitative study with phenomenology approach. This study was conducted at the Community Health Center, Bangkalan, Madura. A total of 9 working mothers were purposively selected as informants. The administrators at the workplace were interviewed as another source of information. Some family members were also selected as informants. The data were collected by interview, observation, taking photos, and document review (e.g. maternal and child health book).Results: Exclusive breastfeeding was associated with workplace support for breastfeeding. Adequacy of breastfeeding facility at the workplace was described by mothers as having a place allocated for expressing breast milk and provision of flexible time to express breast milk other than the usual rest time. Most of mothers who were interviewed breastfed their babies for less than three months. Mothers who worked in workplaces that did not provide breastfeeding rooms and refrigerators were more likely to discontinue breastfeeding. Lack of flexible time to express breast milk was also associated with breastfeeding discontinuation. The existence of policies breastfeeding leave, arrangement for light duty after delivery, and flexible working hours, were associated with breastfeeding.Conclusion: Provision of adequate breastfeeding facilities at the workplace, such as a room in which to express breast milk, and a refrigerator, as well as the existence of policy that allows mothers to have flexible time to express breast milk, are important determinants for exclusive breast feeding among employed mothers.Keywords: exclusive breast feeding, working mothers, workplace Correspondence: Dwi Wahyuning Tiyas. Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret UniversityJournal of Maternal and Child Health (2016), 1(2): 110-118https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2016.01.02.0
The Effectiveness of Hypnobirthing in Reducing Anxiety Level During Delivery
Get PDFBackground: Neonatus given birth by pregnant mothers suffering from excessive anxiety and stress have higher risk of low-birthweight, small head circumference, low APGAR score at birth, in adequate neurologyc development, premature birth, weak immunity system, and emotional disorder, than those given birth by happy mothers. This study aimed to examine the effect of effectiveness of hypnobirthing in reducing anxiety level during delivery.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic experimental study with Randomized Control Trial (RCT) design. A sample of 30 pregnant mothers near delivery date was selected for this study and allocated into hypnobirthing group and no-hypnobirthing group. The dependent variable was anxiety during delivery. The independent variable was hypnobirthing. The anxiety level between the two groups was tested by Mann Whitney.Results: After intervention, pregnant mothers who received hypnobirthing had anxiety level as low as 41.33 (p=0.003). Pregnant mothers who did not receive hypnobirthing had anxiety level as low as 51.60 (p=0.003). The reduction of anxiety between the two groups was statistically significant.Conclusion: Hypnobirthing can effectively reduce anxiety among pregnant mothers during birth delivery.Keywords: hypnobirthing, anxietyCorrespondence: Pramita Sandy Ulya Imannura. Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta. Email: [email protected] of Maternal and Child Health (2016), 1(3): 200-204https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2016.01.03.0