Journal of Maternal and Child Health (JMCH)
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The Contextual Effect of Social Norm on Early Marriage Among Young Women in Lampung: A Multilevel Analysis Evidence
Get PDFBackground: Early marriag
The Contextual Effect of Village on Early Marriage in Wonogiri, Central Java
Get PDFBackground: In spite of international agreements and national laws, the marriage of girls <18 years of age is common worldwide and affects millions. Child marriage is a human rights violation as it prevents girls from obtaining an education, enjoying optimal health, bonding with others their own age, maturing, and ultimately choosing their own life partners. Child marriage is driven by poverty. Therefore, village level of prosperity may have a contextual effect on child marriage. The purpose of this study was to examine the contextual effect of the village on early marriage in Wonogiri, Central Java.Subjects and Method: A case-control study was conducted at 25 villages in Wonogiri, East Java, in December 2018. A sample of 225 women was selected by fixed disease sampling. The dependent variable was an early marriage. The independent variables were the intention, attitude, perceived behavior control, paternal education, maternal education, and information exposure. The data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by multilevel analysis.Results: The risk of early marriage increased with exposure to negative information (b= 0.97; 95% CI= 0.20 to 1.72; p<0.012), negative attitude (b= 1.67; 95% CI= 1.00 to 2.67; p<0.001), and strong intention (b= 1.86; 95% CI= 1.03 to 2.70; p<0.001). The risk of early marriage decreased with high paternal education (b= -0.81; 95% CI= -1.57 to -2.14; p= 0.009), high maternal education (b= -0.65; 95% CI= -1.37 to 0.85; p= 0.083), strong perceived behavior control (b= -1.77; 95% CI= -1.77 to -0.20; p= 0.013). Village had contextual effect on early marriage with ICC= 15%.Conclusion: The risk of early marriage increases with high exposure to information, negative attitude, and strong intention. The risk of early marriage increases with high paternal education high maternal education, strong perceived behavior control. The village has a contextual effect on early marriage.Keywords: intention, early marriage, parental education, information exposureCorrespondence: Mirna Prawita. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: 085642331691.Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2019), 4(5): 317-325https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2019.04.05.0
The Associations between Exclusive Breastfeeding, Complementary Feeding, and the Risk of Stunting in Children Under Five Years of Age: A Path Analysis Evidence from Jombang East Java
Get PDFBackground: Stunting in children becomes a health problem that gets priority and must be addressed immediately. Delayed development, a decrease in cognitive function and immune function and the risk of diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease, hypertension, and obesity are the effects of stunting. This study aimed to analyze the determinants of stunting in children aged 2-3 years in Jombang, East Java.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with case-control design. The study was carried out at Plandaan and Kabuh community health centers, Jombang, East Java, from March to April 2019. A sample of 200 children aged 2-3 years old was selected by fixed disease sampling. The dependent variable was stunting. The independent variables were maternal age, maternal height, maternal attitudes, maternal occupation, birth length, infant birth weight, exclusive breastfeeding, breastfeeding, family income, mother's education, and mother's knowledge. The data collection was done using questionnaires and analyzed with path analysis.Results: Stunting was directly and negatively affected by birth length ≥ 48 cm (b= -2.37; 95% CI= -3.25 to -1.50; p 150 cm, employed mother, maternal education, and maternal knowledge.Conclusion: Stunting is directly and negatively affected by birth length of ≥48 cm, birth weight ≥ 2500 g, exclusive breastfeeding, timely complementary feeding. It was indirectly affected by family income, maternal age, attitude, maternal height >150 cm, employment, education, and knowledge.Keywords: stunting, determinants, path analysisCorrespondence: Baroroh Barir. Masters Program in Nutrition, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami No. 36 A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: [email protected]: +6281331940865.Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2019), 4(6): 486-498https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2019.04.06.0
Path Analysis on The Biological and Social Life Course Factors Affecting Childs Speech and Language Development Delay
Get PDFBackground: The development in children occurs once during the period of their life. The language ability is an indicator of all the development. The lack of stimulation can cause speech and language disorders and this disorder can persist. This study aimed to determine the effects of biological and social life course factors on delayed speech and language development.Subjects and Method: This study was an observational analytic with cross-sectional approach, conducted in 25 integrated health posts (posyandu) located in Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta in March to April 2019. The total sample of 225 toddlers was chosen using fixed exposure sampling. The dependent variable was delayed speech and language development. The independent variables were income, employment, nutritional status, birth weight, history of toxoplasma, rubella, CMV and TORCH, history of infection, duration of gadget use, language, frequency of posyandu visit, and early childhood education (PAUD). Data collection on delayed speech and language development were measured by Denver II. The data were analyzed by path analysis.Results: Speech and language delayed development was directly decreased with normal birth weight (b= -2.19; 95% CI= -3.58 to -0.79; p= 0.002), employed mother (b = -1.32; 95% CI = -2.38 to -0.27; p = 0.013), good nutritional status (b = -2.14; 95% CI = -3.37 to -0.91; p = 0.001), regularly attend integrated health post (b = -1.29; 95% CI = -2.31 to -0.26; p = 0.013 ), mono language (b = -1.02; 95% CI = -1.99 to -0.04; p = 0.041), low duration of gadget use (b = -1.59; 95% CI = 0.23 to 2.33; p = 0.017). Speech and language delayed development was directly increased with history of disease (b = 1.37; 95% CI = 0.34 to 2.40; p= 0.009), and did not attend Pre-school (b = 1.28; 95% CI = -2.65 to -0.53; p = 0.003). It was indirectly affected by number of children, income, and history of TORCH.Conclusion: Delays in speech and language development are directly influenced by birth weight, infection history, employment, nutritional status, frequency to posyandu (integrated health posts), long usage of gadgets, PAUD (pre-school) and indirectly influenced by income and the number of children.Keywords: the development of speech and language, the use of gadgetsCorrespondence: Merlita Indriasih. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir.Sutami 36A Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: 085641097941.Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2019), 4(6): 11-22https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2019.04.06.0
Path Analysis on the Factors Affecting Postnatal Depression
Get PDFBackground: Postpartum depression is one of the emotional disorders as a result of failure to accept the psychological adaptation process in women in the postpartum period. There are many factors of postpartum depression. This study aimd to determine factors affecting postpartum depression.Subjects and Method: This was a cross sectional study conducted at 30 villages, in Bantul, Yogyakarta, from February to March 2019. A sample of 210 postaprtum mothers was selected by purposive sampling. The dependent variable was the postpartum depression. The independent variables were age, education, income, ANC visit, number of children, parity, unwanted pregnancy, type of labor, family support, domestic violence, and stress. Postpartum depression was measured by Endinburgh postnatal depression scale. Psychological stress was measured by Kessler psychological distress scale. The other variables were collected by questionnaire. The data was analyzed by path analysis.Results: Postpartum depression was directly and positively affected by type of labor (b = 3.85; 95% CI= 0.16 to 7.54; p = 0.041), stress (b= 3.53; 95% CI= 0.34 to 6.72; p= 0.030), parity (b= 4.01; 95% CI= 0.04 to 7.98; p= 0.048), unwanted pregnancy (b= 9.43; 95% CI= 1.51 to 17.3; p= 0.019). It was directly and negatively affected by number of children (b = -5.05; 95% CI= -10 to -0.02; p = 0.049), family support (b= -3.73; 95% CI= -6.98 to -0.50; p= 0.024), and ANC visit (b = -8.18; 95% CI= -15.3 to -1.00; p= 0.026). Postpartum depression was indirectly affected by education, income, domestic violence, and age.Conclusion: Postpartum depression is directly and positively affected by type of labor, stress, parity, unwanted pregnancy. It is directly and negatively affected by number of children, family support, and ANC visit. Postpartum depression is indirectly affected by education, income, domestic violence, and age.Keywords: Postpartum depression, domestic violence, path analysisCorrespondence: Sri Widarti. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: [email protected]: 082135814923.Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2019), 4(5): 358-368https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2019.04.05.1
Factors Associated with Development in Children Under Five
Get PDFBackground: The first five years of a chil
Multilevel Analysis: The Effect of Socioeconomic, Birth Weight, and Nutrition Intake with Wasting in Boyolali, Central Java
Get PDFBackground: Wasting is a major health problem. Globally, wasting accounts for 4.7% of all deaths of children aged under 5 years. Severely wasted children are, on average, 11 times more likely to die than their healthy counterparts. This study aimed to investigate the effect of socioeconomic, birth weight, and nutrition intake with wasting in Boyolali, Central Java, using multilevel analysis.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with a case control design. The study was conducted in Boyolali, Central Java, from April to May 2018. Twenty five posyandus (integrated health posts) were selected and positioned at level 2 in the multilevel model (MLM) analysis. A sample of 200 children under five was selected for this study by fixed disease sampling and positioned at level 1 in the MLM. The dependent variable was wasting. The independent variables were birth weight, nutrition intake, maternal education, family income, and family size. Data on wasting was measured by microtoise and weight scale. Nutrition intake was measured by food recall. The other variables were collected by questionnaire. Data were analyzed by a MLM analysis.Results: The risk of wasting decreased with high family income (b= -1.92; 95% CI= -3.77 to -0.08; p= 0.041), high maternal education (b= -2.68; 95% CI= -4.97 to -0.38; p= 0.022), small family size (b= -2.01; 95% CI= -3.67 to -0.35; p= 0.018), normal birth weight (b= -2.55; 95% CI= -4.89 to -0.21; p= 0.033), good nutritional intake (b= -2.18; 95% CI= -3.95 to -0.41; p= 0.016). Posyandu had a contextual effect on wasting with ICC= 21.45%.Conclusion: The risk of wasting decreases with high family income, high maternal education, small family size, normal birth weight, good nutritional intake. Posyandu has a contextual effect on wasting.Keywords: wasting, socioeconomic, birth weight, nutrition intake, children under fiveCorrespondence
Contextual Effect of Village on the Risk of Postpartum Depression after Earthquake in Lombok, Indonesia
Get PDFBackground: Postpartum depression is a feeling disorder experienced by the mother after giving birth that can occur at any time within one year. According to the WHO, the post-disaster of most of the affected population have normal psychological reactions and around 15 to 20% will experience mental disorders that refer to Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). 3 to 4% experience severe disorders such as psychosis, major depression and high anxiety. This study aims to analyze the village contextual influence on postpartum depression post earthquake.Subjects and Method: This was observational analytic study with cross sectional approach, conducted in 25 villages in East Lombok district, Indonesia in March to April 2019. The total sample of 225 postpartum mothers was selected using stratified random sampling. The dependent variable was postpartum depression. The independent variables were age, parity, education, employment, income, obstetric history, social support, stress coping, government support, the role of health personnel, and the level of loss. The data collection was conducted using questionnaires and analyzed using multilevel multiple logistic regression analysis.Results: Postpartum depression was affected by age 35 years (b = 1.79; 95% CI = 2.85 to 13.37; p = 0.001), parity 4 (b = 1.45; 95% CI = 0.37 to 2.53; p = 0.008), high income (b = -1.68; CI 95% = -2.75 to -0.61; p = 0.002), there was an obstetric history (b = 1.03; CI 95% = -0.03 to 2.11; p = 0.059), strong social support (b = -1.62; 95% CI = -2.76 to -0.48; p = 0.005, good coping stress (b = -3.95; 95% CI = -5.42 to -2.47; p <0.001), strong government support (b = -1.26; 95% CI = -2.34 to -0.18; p = 0.022), the role of health personnel (b = -2.06; CI 95% = -3.29 to -0.83; p = 0.001), and the rate of loss (b = 2.69; 95% CI = 1.46 to 3.92; p <0.001) Postpartum depression was not influenced by higher education (b = -0.60; 95% CI = -1.63 to 0.42; p = 0.250) and low employment (b = 0.57; 95% CI = -0.44 to 1.59; p = 0.272). Villages has a contextual influence on postpartum depression after the earthquake (ICC = 8.36%).Conclusion: Age, parity, income, obstetric history, social support, stress coping, government support, the role of health personnel, and the level of loss have an influence on postpartum depression after the earthquake. There is a contextual influence between the villages on average on the incidence of postpartum depression after the earthquake.Keywords: postpartum depression, stress coping, post earthquake, multilevel analysisCorrespondence: Baiq Tuhu Abdiani, Public Health Master’s Program, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta 57126, Jawa Tengah. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: 081999546500.Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2019), 4(5): 380-391https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2019.04.05.1
Risk Factors of Maternal Death in Karanganyar, Central Java, Indonesia
Get PDFBackground: The maternal mortality rate is an indicator of national health status. To reduce the Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR), especially in Karanganyar Regency, the risk factors that affect maternal mortality must be known.Subjects and Method: This was a case-control study conducted in Karanganyar, Central Java, from 2016 to 2017. A sample of 57 study subjects was selected by fixed disease sampling. The dependent variable was maternal mortality. The independent variables were pregnancy complications, labor complications, postpartum complications, maternal age, a distance of pregnancy, parity, maternal nutritional status during pregnancy, number of antenatal care visits, delay in making decisions, late referrals, late handling of staff, maternal education, maternal work, and income family. Data collected using questionnaires were then analyzed using bivariate analysis and multivariate analysis.Results: Maternal mortality was affected by pregnancy complications (OR= 6.98; 95% CI= 2.06 to 23.71; p= 0.001), labor complication (OR= 7.59; 95% CI= 2.19 to 26.28; p= 0.001), delayed labor (OR = 5.39; 95% CI= 1.17 to 24.75; p= 0.021), and family income (OR= 4.29; 95% CI= 1.28 to 14.41; p = 0.015).Conclusion: Maternal mortality was affected by pregnancy complications, labor complication, delayed labor, and family income.Keywords: risk factors, maternal mortality, Karanganyar RegencyCorrespondence: Noferi Kusnadi. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dr. Moewardi Hospital/ Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Central Java. Mobile: 08112654789. Email: [email protected] of Maternal and Child Health (2019), 4(6): 499-506https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2019.04.06.10
The Relationship between Social Economic Levels and Anemia Events in Pregnant Women in Glugur Darat Health Center
Get PDFBackground: Anemia is a condition where the hemoglobin level in the blood was lower than normal. Anemia diagnosed when the hemoglobin level was <11 gr / dl in the first and third trimesters or <10.5 gr% in the second trimester in pregnant women. WHO stated in 2010 that 40% of the causes of maternal mortality in developing countries were associated with anemia in pregnancy. Based on the Riskesdas (Basic Health Research) in 2013, the prevalence of anemia in pregnant women in Indonesia was 37.1%. One of the factors that influenced the incidence of anemia in pregnant women was the socio-economic level. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between socio-economic level and the incidence of anemia in pregnant women at the Glugur Darat Health Center.Subjects and Method: This was an analytical study with a cross sectional approach, conducted at Glugur Darat health center, Medan in 2018. Total 65 pregnant women were selected by consecutive sampling. The independent were the education level, job status, income level. The dependent variable was the incidence of anemia in pregnant women. Data obtained by a set of questionnaire. The data analysis was conducted using Chi Square test. Results: As many as 40 pregnant women (61.5%) had anemia and 25 (38.5%) who were not anemic. 34 people (85.0%) among pregnant women with anemia was in the non-risk group, and 22 people in the Multi-gravida group (55.0%), 16 (40.0%) people in the Primipara group, 27 people (67.5%) in Trimester gestational age III. As many as 28 people (70.0%) had secondary education. Based on occupational 31 people (77.5%) was not working, 19 people (47.5%) had medium income.Conclusion: There was no significant relationship between the level of education, occupational status, and income level with the incidence of anemia in pregnant women.Keywords: Education, Employment, Income, Anemia, Pregnant Women.Correspondence: Berliana Noviyanti. Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Methodist Indonesia, Medan, Sumatra Utara. Email: [email protected] of Maternal and Child Health (2019), 4(6): 48-56https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2019.04.06.0