Jurnal Fakultas Ekonomi UM Metro (Universitas Muhammadiyah)
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Sustainability in multi-tier supply chains:Understanding the double agency role of the first-tier supplier
No full textIn light of the growing complexity of globally dispersed, multi‐tier supply chains, the involvement of first‐tier suppliers has become instrumental in the quest for achieving sustainability compliance along the supply chain. We describe this new responsibility as the double agency role. We employ agency and institutional theory arguments to explore the conditions under which first‐tier suppliers will act as agents who fulfill the lead firm's sustainability requirements (i.e., the primary agency role) and implement these requirements in their suppliers' operations (i.e., the secondary agency role). The findings from three in‐depth case studies embedded in different institutional contexts highlight the importance for lead firms to incentivize each agency role separately and to reduce information asymmetries, particularly at the second‐tier level. In addition, our inductive analysis reveals several contingency factors that influence the coupling of the secondary agency role of the first‐tier supplier. These factors include resource availability at the first‐tier supplier's firm, the lead firm's focus on the triple‐bottom‐line dimension (i.e., environmental or social), the lead firm's use of power, and the lead firm's internal alignment of the sustainability and purchasing function. We integrate our findings in a conceptual framework that advances the research agenda on multi‐tier sustainable supply chains, and we subsequently outline the practical implications of assigning the double agency role to first tier suppliers.<br/
Pemphigus pathogenesis:Insights from light and electron microscopy studies
No full textPemphigus is een levensbedreigende autoimmuunblaarziekte, veroorzaakt door antilichamen gericht tegen desmosomale eiwitten. Desmosomen zijn adhesiestructuren die de intermediair filament netwerken van aangrenzende buurcellen met elkaar verbinden. Pemphigus autoantilichamen zijn gericht tegen de desmosomale eiwitten desmogeïne 1 (Dsg 1) en desmogleïne 3 (Dsg 3), en induceren clustering van deze eiwitten en verlies van cel-cel adhesie (acantholyse) in de epidermis en het mucosale epitheel, met als resultaat blaarvorming. Hoe deze autoantilichamen blaren induceren is de hoofdvraag van dit proefschrift. We hebben huid- en slijmvliesbiopten van patiënten met pemphigus onderzocht door middel van grootschalige electronen microscopie, genaamd “nanotomie”, en hebben nieuwe bevindingen beschreven. Deze datasets zijn vrij beschikbaar via www.nanotomy.org. De huid van pemphigus patiënten hebben we tevens onderzocht met correlatieve licht- en electronen microscopie. Hieruit bleek dat desmogleïne clusters eigenlijk interdigitaties zijn tussen buurcellen, en dat de hoeveelheid Dsg 1 in desmosomen is verminderd. Tenslotte hebben we antilichamen van patiënten met pemphigus toegevoegd aan gekweekte humane huidcellen. Dit liet herrangschikking van de desmogleïnes zien in specifieke patronen. De bevindingen van dit proefschrift suggereren dat verlies van cel-cel adhesie in pemphigus wordt veroorzaakt door de depletie van desmogleïnes die niet meer in desmosomen kunnen worden ingebouwd. Als andere desmogleïne isoformen niet tot expressie komen, zullen de desmosomen uiteindelijk wegsmelten, resulterend in verlies van cel-cel adhesie.Pemphigus is a life-threatening autoimmune blistering disease caused by antibodies against proteins of desmosomes. Desmosomes are adhesion junctions that interconnect intermediate filament networks of neighboring cells. By targeting transmembrane proteins of desmosomes, desmoglein 1 (Dsg1) and desmoglein 3 (Dsg3), pemphigus autoantibodies induce their clustering and loss of cell-cell adhesion (acantholysis) in the epidermis of the skin and epithelium of the mucosal membranes, which results in blistering. How pemphigus autoantibodies induce blisters is the main research question of this thesis. Skin and mucosa taken from pemphigus patients were analyzed using large scale electron microscopy, named ‘’nanotomy’’ and novel findings are described. The datasets are open source available at www.nanotomy.org. Pemphigus skin was further investigated using an overlay of light and electron microscopy showing that desmoglein clusters are interdigitations between cells in which the amount of Dsg1 in desmosomes is reduced. Lastly antibodies from pemphigus patients were applied to cultured human skin cells, revealing redistribution of the targeted desmogleins in specific patterns. This thesis suggests that loss of cell-cell adhesion in pemphigus occurs due to the depletion of the targeted desmogleins which then cannot be incorporated into the desmosomes. If other desmoglein isoform are not expressed, desmosomes will ‘melt’ away resulting in loss of cell-cell adhesion
Brain dead donor graft deterioration and attenuation with N-octanoyl dopamine preconditioning:Emphasis on lung and kidney grafts
No full textHet succes van transplantatie wordt beperkt door de beschikbaarheid van donororganen en de overleving van het transplantaat, wat afhangt van de immuun activatie in de hersenendode donor. In het eerste deel van deze thesis wordt het heilzame effect van de preconditionering door N-octanoyl dopamine (NOD) in transplantatie geassocieerde processen duidelijk gemaakt. Het tweede deel beschrijft het effect van ventilatie en etiologie van hersendood op de donorlong en nier.Allereerst, NOD preconditionering in een model voor acuut nierfalen, resulteert in een verbeterde nierfunctie en een verbeterd herstel in vergelijking met de zoutoplossing behandeling. NOD voorkomt cel beschadiging in cardiomyocyten die koud bewaard zijn, en resulteert in een sneller metabolisch herstel en betereoverleving enfunctionaliteit van de cellen na opwarmen. Bovendien beperkt NOD de immuunrespons in endotheel cellen en de adhesie van pro-inflammatoire cellen. Vervolgens, een long beschermende ventilatie strategie zorgt voor een verbeterde overleving in vergelijking tot traditionele ventilatie strategieën. Traditionele ventilatie veroorzaakt meer longbeschadiging en inflammatie in hersendode donoren dan in niet hersendode donoren. Ten derde, verschillen in etiologie van hersendode donoren veroorzaken geen verschillen in de inflammatie in de longen. Snelle hersendood inductie resulteerde in verhoogde longbeschadiging. Terwijl langzame inductie leidde tot een verslechtering van de nierfunctie en tot een verhoging van de inflammatie en oxidatieve stress in het parenchym. In de lever is geen functionele verandering gevonden, terwijl inflammatie en celdood wel verhoogd waren.The success of transplantation is limited by the availability of donor organs and graft survival, which depend on the immune activation in the brain dead donor. In the first part of this thesis the salutary effect of the preconditioning agent N-octanoyl dopamine (NOD) is elucidated in transplantation associated processes. In the second part the effect of ventilation and etiology of brain death on the donor lung and kidney are described.Firstly, NOD preconditioning resulted in improved kidney function in an acute kidney injury model after the insult and improved recovery compared to saline treatment. Correspondingly, NOD prevented cell injury in cold preserved cardiomyocytes and was accompanied by a faster metabolic recovery, survival and functionality after preservation. Additionally, NOD limited the immune response in endothelial cells and the adhesion of proinflammatory cells.Secondly, a lung protective ventilation strategy resulted in an improved survival compared to a traditional ventilation strategy. Traditional ventilation caused pronounced lung injury and inflammation in brain death compared to non-brain death. In the kidneys the effect of brain death was more pronounced than the effect of ventilation alone. Thirdly, different etiology of brain death did not cause a difference in inflammation in the lungs. However, fast brain death induction resulted in increased lung injury. In contrast, slow induction led to a deterioration of kidney function and led to an increased inflammation and oxidative stress in the parenchyma. While in the liver no functional change was found inflammation and cell death were increased
Neurolinguistic & psycholinguistic investigations on evidentiality in Turkish
No full textEvidentialiteit is het linguïstisch uitdrukken van informatiebronnen die markeren hoe de spreker van een gebeurtenis afweet. In het Turks zijn er twee manieren om gebeurtenissen uit het verleden uit te drukken: de directe (-dI) of de indirecte evidentiële (-mIș) vorm moet als suffix worden toegevoegd aan werkwoorden. De keuze van het suffix is afhankelijk van de manier waarop de spreker de gebeurtenis te weten is gekomen, namelijk van een directe of van een indirecte informatiebron. Het doel van deze dissertatie is het onthullen van de mate waarin het evidentialiteitssysteem van het Turks vatbaar is voor taalverlies, wat veroorzaakt wordt door agrammatische afasie of door taalverwerving van een minderheidstaal in vroege tweetaligen. Hoewel de onderliggende mechanismen die bij deze stoornissen en slijtage effecten betrokken zijn verschillen, zijn de uitkomsten identiek: de directe evidentiële vorm is meer aangetast in zowel pathologisch als niet-pathologisch taalverlies. De agrammatische sprekers hadden duidelijk moeite met de directe evidentiële vorm bij het verwijzen naar de verleden tijd; er moet een link tussen de tijd van spreken en de waargenomen gebeurtenis gemaakt worden, wat voor agrammatische sprekers computationeel gezien moeilijk te verwerken is. De sprekers van een minderheidstaal, die het patroon van een late tweetalige spreker laten zien, hebben niet geleerd om de directe evidentiële vorm met een moedertaalachtige sensitiviteit te verwerken, zoals bevestigd werd met een experiment waarin oogbewegingen gevolgd werden. Bovendien zijn de sprekers van een minderheidstaal ongevoelig voor schendingen van directe en indirecte evidentiële vormen in contexten met een informatiebron. Er wordt geconcludeerd dat de semantische en pragmatische contexten van het evidentialiteitsparadigma geherstructureerd en gesimplificeerd zijn in de grammatica van het Turks als minderheidstaal.Evidentiality is referred to as the linguistic expression of information sources marking how the speaker knows about an event. In Turkish, expressing past events has two ‘flavors’: the direct (-DI) or the indirect evidential (-mIş) forms have to be suffixed on the verb depending on whether the event is known through direct or indirect information sources, respectively. This dissertation aims to unveil the extent to which the evidentiality system in Turkish is susceptible to types of language loss induced either by agrammatic aphasia (a language disorder due to brain damage) or by heritage language acquisition in early bilinguals. Our findings have shown that evidentiality is affected in both individuals with agrammatic aphasia and in heritage speakers of Turkish. Although underlying mechanisms involved in these impairments and attrition effects are different, the outcomes are identical: the direct evidential form is the most affected in both pathological and non-pathological language loss. Clearly, the agrammatic speakers’ difficulty in the direct evidential is the assignment of past time reference; a link between speech time and witnessed event has to be established, which is computationally hard for agrammatic speakers to process. The heritage speakers, patterning with late bilingual speaker, have been shown not to process the direct evidential form with a native-like sensitivity as confirmed by an eye-movement monitoring experiment. Furthermore, the heritage speakers are insensitive to violations in information source contexts by both direct and indirect evidential forms. The evdientiality paradigm in Turkish heritage grammars is concluded to have undergone restructuring and simplification in its semantic and pragmatic contents
The interplay between knowledge and governance:Insights from the governance of recreational boating in the Dutch Wadden Sea area, 1981-2014
No full textThrough shifts toward interactive and participatory forms of environmental governance, knowledge dynamics may come into play that differ from those of traditional forms of policy-making. This paper investigates how shifts of environmental governance and knowledge are related. In order to do so, it reconstructs the development of the governance of recreational boating in the Dutch Wadden Sea on the empirical basis of interviews, document analysis, and a focus group. Moreover, it analyzes this development by means of an analytical framework that combines governance modes, knowledge systems and knowledge-governance interfaces. Our results show that in the last decades partly an accumulation and partly a sequence of various governance arrangements concerning recreational boating has occurred; this has entailed a shift from predominantly centralized governance to a combination of governance modes with a stronger emphasis on decentralized, interactive and self-governance. This shift has occurred together with an increasing prominence of qualitative local knowledge, stakeholders' knowledge, and the integration of various forms of knowledge. Furthermore, a shift has taken place toward more participatory knowledge-governance interfaces. Our analysis suggests that environmental governance and knowledge are interconnected in various ways: the regulatory and epistemic aspects of environmental issues are bound up with each other, and governance and knowledge are coproduced and mutually constitutive. Key lessons from this analysis are that room for experimentation is an important factor in improving environmental governance, and that increasing stakeholder involvement in governance implies that new modes of jointly creating and exchanging knowledge may need to be taken into account. (c) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p
Organizing productive science-policy interactions for sustainable coastal management. Lessons from the Wadden Sea
No full textPrivacy, surveillance, and the proportionality principle:The need for a method of assessing privacy implications of technologies used for surveillance
No full textThe Codex Fori Mussolini:A Latin Text of Italian Fascism. Edited with Introduction, Commentary and Translation
No full textMeaning in Life: in Defense of the Hybrid View
No full textAccording to Susan Wolf's hybrid view about meaning in life, a life is meaningful in virtue of subjective attraction to objectively valuable pursuits. Recently, several philosophers have presented counterexamples to the subjective element in Wolf's view. We argue that these examples are not clearly successful and present a modified version which is even stronger in the face of them. Finally, we offer some positive reasons for accepting a subjective condition on a meaningful life