International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE): E-Journals
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Community Engagement and the Sustainability of the Mlingotini Village Water Supply Project – Bagamoyo District, Tanzania
Full text linkAchieving Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6), ensuring availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all ,remains a global priority, particularly in rural regions where access to reliable water supply is still a major challenge. In Tanzania, despite concerted efforts, many rural communities continue to face water scarcity and infrastructure sustainability issues, making community engagement a critical determinant of project success. This study investigates the relationship between community engagement and the sustainability of the Mlingotini Village Water Supply Project in Bagamoyo District, Tanzania. Using a mixed-methods approach combining household surveys (n=217), key informant interviews (n=18), focus group discussions, and technical assessments conducted between 2022 and 2024, the research evaluated how various dimensions of community participation influenced project outcomes and long-term sustainability. Findings reveal a significant positive correlation between community engagement levels and sustainability indicators, with communities demonstrating high participation in decision-making processes showing 73% greater system functionality after two years compared to those with minimal involvement. The study identified five critical engagement factors that substantially enhanced sustainability: participatory planning (r=0.78), transparent financial management (r=0.81), inclusive governance structures (r=0.69), equitable water committee representation (particularly gender balance), and community-led monitoring systems. Notably, villages that established community-managed maintenance funds experienced 64% fewer service interruptions and reduced repair response times by 79%. However, challenges persist in technical capacity development and balancing traditional leadership structures with inclusive governance models. The research contributes valuable insights for water sector stakeholders in Tanzania and similar contexts, providing evidence-based recommendations for strengthening community engagement approaches in rural water supply initiatives to enhance long-term sustainability. Keywords: Community engagement, water supply sustainability, rural development, participatory governance, Tanzania DOI: 10.7176/JEP/16-5-21 Publication date: May 30th 202
Assessing Needs, Conditions and Challenges of Establishing Public University Archives in Tanzania
Full text linkThis study assessed the necessity for establishing university archives in the selected public universities in Tanzania. The study was guided by four research questions and Archival Theory, focusing on two main concepts: the Records Life Cycle and the Records Continuum Model. A mixed method with a convergent design was employed. A total of 223 participants were selected combining convenient (200) and purposive sampling (23) to ensure the collection of rich and relevant data. Data were analyzed concurrently using Excel as well as thematic analysis for quantitative and qualitative insights respectively. The findings revealed strong support for the establishment of public university archives, with a preference for a hybrid model combining physical and digital records. Key categories of records identified for archiving included faculty publications such as research papers, theses and dissertations, enrollment statistics, student transcripts and program review reports. The study also highlighted the benefits of public university archives, including improved accessibility to institutional records, enhanced decision-making and support for academic and administrative functions. However, it was found that several challenges hinder their establishment, including inadequate funding, low awareness and technological limitations. The study recommends that university management should allocate sufficient resources for digital infrastructures, raise awareness about the importance of archives and implement appropriate policies to support their long-term sustainability. Addressing these challenges will enhance access to archival materials for current and future generations. Keywords: university archives, archival theory, records management, digital preservation, institutional memory, information accessibility DOI: 10.7176/JEP/16-6-07 Publication date: June 30th 202
The Perception of School Management Committees in Monitoring the Implementation of Universal Primary Education in Singida Municipality, Tanzania
Full text linkUnderstanding the perceptions of School Management Committees (SMCs) regarding their role in monitoring the implementation of Universal Primary Education (UPE) is crucial for assessing their effectiveness in school management. Guided by Social Exchange Theory, this study examined the perceptions of SMCs in monitoring UPE implementation in Singida Municipality, Tanzania. A pragmatism research philosophy, mixed-methods approach, and descriptive research design were employed. Data were collected from 160 respondents through questionnaires and interviews. Findings revealed that SMC members generally held positive perceptions of their monitoring roles in UPE implementation. SMCs contributed by participating in school planning, supporting infrastructure development, and ensuring the supply of instructional materials. However, the study also found that some SMC members were unaware of their authority, while others who were aware lacked the capacity to exercise it effectively, resulting in inefficiencies. The study recommends that the government, in collaboration with non-governmental organizations and local education authorities, invest in regular and comprehensive training programs for SMC members. Such training should focus on educational governance, financial management, policy implementation, and stakeholder collaboration to enhance the capacity of SMCs in effectively monitoring UPE. Keywords: School Committee, Universal Primary Education, Monitoring Roles. DOI: 10.7176/JEP/16-6-12 Publication date: June 30th 202
Macro-Economic Analysis of Some Countries (Which Issued Digital Currencies), with USA and UK to Transfer them to Digital Currencies in Digitalization Era
Full text linkThis paper analysis macroeconomic indicators in some countries, which issued digital currencies [like Bahamas, Nigeria, Jamaica, Eastern Caribbean (like Saint Lucia, Grenada, etc.), and China with USA and UK] through period 2020 to 2025 to transfer USA and UK to digital currencies in digitalization era, the research found that applied digital currencies in that countries which issued digital currencies effect on money supply especially in M1 measurement where M1 equal banknotes and coins in circulation outside the Bank + Demand deposit money + prepaid credit and debit cards + digital currencies, so issues digital currencies may be effect on inflation rate in these countries (this is the main hypothesis in the future research). UK and USA study to issues digital currencies or central bank digital currency (CBDC) and control dealing of cryptocurrency so UK investigate and study how to maximization the benefit from CBDC and USA is the leader and pioneer in every field of the world forever. Keywords: Macroeconomic Analysis, Digital Currency, Digitalization Era DOI: 10.7176/JESD/16-5-05 Publication date: July 30th 202
Comparative Analysis of Executive Dualism Between Mali and China.
Full text linkIn some countries, the executive branch of government is headed by a single person. In many other countries worldwide, such as Mali and China, it is under the direction of two people. This is known as executive dualism. In rare cases, such as the Swiss Federal Council, the executive is entrusted to a group of people. This article comprehensively analyzes the dual executive system, examining its current practice in Mali and China, two countries with distinct Constitutional histories and political regimes. This comparative study provides an in-depth analysis of the institutional organization, practical challenges, and prospects of executive dualism in Mali and China. Going beyond a mere empirical and doctrinal comparative analysis of collaboration between the Head of State and the Head of Government, the influence of this collaboration on the functioning of public services is examined. This article also proposes solutions for harmonious functioning between these two executive branch leaders. These include ways of clarifying roles and powers to avoid overlap. The adoption of a constitutional protocol on the actual modalities of this collaboration. The establishment of an independent arbitration body in the event of a misunderstanding between a Prime Minister and a Head of State. Keywords: Constitution – Head of State – Executive Dualism – Prime Minister – Mali – China. DOI: 10.7176/JLPG/149-01 Publication date: July 28th 202
Restorative Justice for Victims from the Constitutional Perspective in Indonesia
Full text linkRestorative justice in Indonesia emphasizes the active participation of victims, offenders, and the community in resolving criminal cases, with the primary aim of restoring losses and ensuring the offender’s accountability. Various efforts have been made to integrate this approach into the legal system through a number of regulations, such as the Juvenile Criminal Justice System Law (UU SPPA) and other related provisions. However, in practice, the role of the victim is often overlooked, as the legal approach tends to focus more on the offender. This situation reflects that, despite a paradigm shift from a retributive model of law enforcement to a restorative approach, its implementation in practice still does not fully address the needs and rights of victims. This research aims to explore the essence of restorative justice in protecting victims of crime. In addition, it evaluates the implementation of criminal case resolution based on restorative justice from a constitutional perspective. The research method used in this dissertation is normative legal research, which is generally conducted through literature studies and the analysis of secondary data. The findings of this study show that restorative justice places the victim as the primary harmed party and provides space for their active participation in case resolution. This approach seeks to restore the victim's losses by holding the offender accountable and aims to return the victim to an equal position with the offender within the legal process. Furthermore, the implementation of restorative justice in Indonesian legislation already has a clear legal foundation. However, there are still several shortcomings. Therefore, it is important to revise the Indonesian Code of Criminal Procedure (KUHAP) to better integrate the resolution of criminal cases based on restorative justice. Keywords: Restorative justice, Indonesian criminal law, victim DOI: 10.7176/JLPG/149-02 Publication date: July 28th 202
An Interrogation of Nigeria's National Cyber Security Policy and National Development
Full text linkThe National Cyber Security Policy (NCSP) of Nigeria, launched in 2014, was designed to safeguard the nation's digital infrastructure, promote cybersecurity awareness, and build a skilled cybersecurity workforce. As Nigeria continues to embrace digital transformation, the policy plays a crucial role in shaping the country’s ability to defend against cyber threats and support the broader goals of national development. However, despite its promising objectives, the NCSP faces significant challenges, including a narrow focus on technical aspects, limited integration with socio-economic development goals, and a lack of a clear implementation framework. This paper investigates the implications of the NCSP on Nigeria’s national development, analyzing its strengths, limitations, and the socio-political and economic context in which it was developed. The findings highlight critical gaps, particularly in terms of inclusivity, public awareness, and the protection of vulnerable groups. The study concludes that for the NCSP to achieve its full potential, it must be revised to integrate more comprehensive strategies that address digital inequality, promote cybersecurity education, and establish clearer implementation frameworks. Recommendations for improving the policy include enhancing coordination among stakeholders, focusing on marginalized populations, and investing in cybersecurity research and innovation. Keywords: National Cyber Security Policy, Nigeria, Cybersecurity, Digital Infrastructure, National Development, Socio-economic Development, Implementation Framework, Cybercrime, Digital Inclusion, Vulnerable Groups, Public Awareness, Policy Recommendations. DOI: 10.7176/JLPG/149-03 Publication date: July 28th 202
The Future Potential of Medicinal Plants from the Middle East in Combating Antibiotic Resistance
Full text linkAntibiotic resistance has escalated into a global health crisis, creating an urgent need for new antimicrobial strategies as the pipeline of conventional antibiotics dries up. In this context, medicinal plants—especially those from the Middle East with its rich biodiversity and deep ethnomedical traditions—represent an untapped reservoir of novel antibacterial agents and resistance-modifying compounds. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of how Middle Eastern medicinal plants could help combat antibiotic-resistant bacteria. We first outline the major mechanisms of bacterial resistance, including enzymatic drug inactivation, target modification, efflux pump activity, and biofilm formation, which jointly render many pathogens impervious to current antibiotics. We then highlight the extraordinary diversity of medicinal flora in the Middle East and its history of use against infections, underlining that hundreds of regional plant species (e.g. Allium sativum, Nigella sativa, Thymus vulgaris) exhibit significant antimicrobial properties in traditional practice. Selected case studies of these three emblematic plants are presented, summarizing their bioactive constituents (such as allicin, thymoquinone, thymol) and demonstrated activities against drug-resistant pathogens. We further discuss evidence of synergistic effects between plant-derived compounds and conventional antibiotics – for example, plant phenolics acting as efflux pump inhibitors or biofilm disruptors can restore antibiotic efficacy. Despite the promise, important limitations and scientific gaps remain, including variability in phytochemical content, insufficient clinical trials, and challenges in standardization and safety regulation. Addressing these gaps through robust research and supportive policies is critical. Finally, we recommend a coordinated strategy for future research and policy, advocating for interdisciplinary collaborations to isolate novel phytochemicals, evaluate their pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics, and integrate proven plant-based remedies into mainstream antibiotic stewardship. Harnessing Middle Eastern medicinal plants could provide affordable, effective complementary therapies and lead compounds for drug development, thus offering a much-needed boost in the fight against antibiotic-resistant infections. Keywords: antibiotic resistance, medicinal plants, Middle East, herbal antimicrobials, synergy, Allium sativum, Nigella sativa, Thymus vulgaris, efflux pump inhibitors, phytochemicals DOI: 10.7176/JBAH/15-2-02 Publication date: July 30th 202
Effect of Strategic Asset Allocation on Financial Performance of Projects Funded by Youth Enterprise Development Fund in Turkana County, Kenya
Full text linkThe Kenyan government expects that the projects funded by YEDF perform well financially for the benefit of the youth. However, there is poor financial performance as the projects funded by YEDF have been defaulting in loan repayment and the ideal loan recovery rate of 100% has never been achieved. This sought to determine the effect of strategic asset allocation on financial performance of projects funded by Youth Enterprise Development Fund in Turkana County, Kenya. The study was founded on modern portfolio theory. Descriptive cross-sectional survey research design was used. A total of 300 projects which are fully registered and funded by Youth Enterprise Development Fund in Turkana County, comprised the study population. The study involved managers from a sample of 172 projects which are registered and funded by Youth Enterprise Development Fund in Turkana County. Simple random sampling was used to select the projects whose managers took part in the actual study. A pilot study was conducted in order to test the reliability of the research questionnaire and ensure its validity. Content validity of the research questionnaire was ensured through consultations with the supervisor while reliability was tested using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used for analyzing data. Descriptive statistics included frequency tables, percentages, means and standard deviations. Inferential statistics included multiple regression analysis and Pearson product moment correlation. Inferential statistics included multiple regression analysis and Pearson product moment correlation. It was noted that strategic asset allocation significantly predict financial performance (β3 = 0.561; p < 0.05). It was concluded that strategic asset allocation and tactical asset allocation significantly affect financial performance. It was recommended that strategic asset allocation should be enhanced in order to improve financial performance of projects funded by YEDF in Turkana County, Kenya. Key words: Strategic Asset allocation, financial performance, youth enterprise development. DOI: 10.7176/HRL/56-03 Publication date: July 30th 2025
What Is Psychoafricalysis: Expanded Definition
Full text linkIn today’s cultural and social landscapes, human behaviors are shaped by deeply embedded psycho-cultural meanings, processes, and practices. Psychoafricalysis—also referred to as Psychoafricalytic Psychology or Oshodian Psychology—offers an African-centered theoretical model of psychology that highlights the intrinsic and extrinsic psychological dimensions influencing human behavior. These dimensions include emotionality, intelligence, personality, memory, visual-motor orientation, spiritual consciousness, communication patterns, and existential motivations. As an emerging theoretical paradigm, Psychoafricalysis seeks rightful placement alongside other global schools of psychological thought. Keywords: Psychoafricalysis, Psychoafricalytic Psychology, Oshodian Psychology, African-centered psychology, Human behavior, Cultural psychology, African diaspora DOI: 10.7176/RHSS/15-5-03 Publication date: June 28th 202