UGD Publishing System (Goce Delcev University - Stip / Университет „Гоце Делчев“, Щип)
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COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY FOR IRRIGATION IN THE KARST AREA OF THE RIVER BASIN OF SLATINSKA REKA
No full textThis study used available hydrochemistry data to determine the suitability of water bodies in the lower karst area in the river basin of Slatinska Reka for irrigation. Surface rivers Krušeska Reka, Markoska Reka (two points), and Slatinska Reka, as well as the springs Slatinski Izvor and Solenica, were observed between December 2011 and November 2013, and water samples were taken from each point. Irrigation quality parameters, such as Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR), Sodium Percentage (Na%), Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR), Kelly Ratio (KR), and Total Hardness (TH), were analyzed for suitability for irrigation. All analyzed parameters pointed out that surface rivers and the karst spring Slatinski Izvor were suitable for irrigation, whereas most of the water samples taken from the Solenica spring were not suitable for irrigation purposes. Also, the Solenica spring downstream of Markoska Reka influenced the irrigation properties of the river water, especially during the low waters. The process of karstification had a significant impact on the chemical composition of the water in the basin. 
ПРАВОТО НА АДЕКВАТНА ПРЕТСТАВЕНОСТ НА ЖЕНИТЕ ВО ПАРЛАМЕНТОТ – QUOTE ROSA ВО ИЗБОРНАТА ЛЕГИСЛАТИВА ВО ЗЕМЈИТЕ НА НЕКОГАШНА СФРЈ
No full textЗастапеноста на жените во претставничкото тело отсекогаш
претставувала важна тема во политиколошката наука, но и во науката за изборите и
изборните системи. Но, релевантно е прашањето зошто оваа проблематика останува да
биде тема, ако се веруваше дека самиот концепт за демократија по себе требаше да ги
покрие сите разлики вклучително и родно-половите. Дискриминацијата на жените во
сите сфери, вклучително и политичката, всушност ја трансформира родовата разлика во
политичка, која пак создава претпоставка за исклучување на жените од повисоките
хиерархиски скалила на општествената моќ и влијание. Токму затоа жените во
политиката ќе продолжуваат да бидат „тема“ додека не се елиминира дискриминацијата.
Ова прашање стана особено акутно во земјите кои до пред повеќе од три децении имаа
монистички политички системи. Со започнување на процесот на нивната демократска
трансформација, се повеќе се засегнуваше прашањето за унапредување на женското
пратеничко претставништво. Истото се случуваше постепено, пред сѐ преку
повеќекратни измени во регулативата. Оттука, целта на овој труд е да се разгледаат
механизмите, кои во својата изборна легислатива ги применуваат земјите на некогашна
СФРЈ, со цел да ја подобрат женската претставеност во нивните законодавни тела, преку
еден компаративен осврт. Главната теза на овој труд е дека женски квоти т.н. quote rosa,
сами по себе не се доволни ако не се проследени со адекватно позиционирање на помалку
застапениот пол на изборната листа. Не може а да не се засегне прашањено за самиот
карактер на изборниот модел, особено погодноста на пропорционалниот наспрема
другите модели; дилемата за затвореноста на листите и евентуалното допуштање на
искажување преференции при гласањето и нивните реперкусии врз избраните жени-
политичарки; како и други не помалку важни аспекти.
Клучни зборови: собрание, позитивна дискриминација, афирмативна акција,
политичарки, пост-југословенско пространство, демократија
AIR PASSENGER RIGHTS
No full textAir transport plays a vital role in global mobility, facilitating the movement of people and goods across continents. However, the complexity of air transport operations often leaves passengers vulnerable to various disruptions, including delays, cancellations, lost luggage, etc. As a result, the protection of passenger rights has become an essential aspect of air transport law. This paper explores the legal framework that regulates passenger rights, with particular focus on Macedonian, European, and international legal sources. The paper examines the rights and obligations of both airlines and passengers, analyzing key legal instruments such as the North Macedonian Aviation Law, EU Regulation 261/2004, the Montreal Convention, and the Chicago Convention. The focus of the research is in legal solutions , especially in the areas of: compensation, assistance and liability, as well as the legal bases for exempting airlines from liability. It also discusses contemporary trends in air transport, such as the rise of digital tools, sustainability efforts, and the development of insurance products, which are shaping the experiences and legal protections of passengers. Ultimately, the research aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the legal protections available to air passengers and the challenges associated with enforcing these rights in a rapidly changing global aviation environment.
 
UNFAIR TERMS IN TRAVEL CONTRACTS
No full textThe subject of this research is the unfair terms in contracts concluded between consumers and travel agencies. Unfair terms give rise to the need for consumer rights protection due to the violation of the principles of good faith and fairness in contract conclusion. These terms are integrated into the general terms and conditions of travel agencies and primarily serve the interests of the agencies, often to the detriment of the users of their services. The most common examples of unfair terms found in contracts with travel agencies include: limitation of the agency\u27s liability, imposition of policies that exclude the possibility of refunds, as well as terms that allow unilateral changes to the conditions by the agency without consulting the consumer. This paper analyses the types and nature of unfair terms, their impact on consumers, and the legal provisions that regulate them. Through a comparative analysis of domestic and international legislation, the paper examines how consumers can be protected, with particular attention given to the role of international institutions in addressing this issue. Special focus is placed on the principles of unfair commercial practices in the provision of services offered by travel agencies. The aim is to highlight the problematic aspects of these contracts and propose measures to improve consumer rights, with an emphasis on the right to fair contractual terms and equality in the negotiation process preceding the conclusion of the contract. Additionally, this paper analyses unfair terms in the Anglo-Saxon and European legal systems, using a comparative method to explore the differences between them
TRAFFICKING IN SYNTHETIC DRUGS IN THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA AND THE BALKANS
No full textThe increasing prevalence of synthetic drugs, often of clandestine origin, presents a multifaceted challenge to law enforcement agencies and legal frameworks. The following paper will present the legal implications surrounding the production, distribution and consumption of synthetic drugs, offering insight into the development of the prevalence of narcotics legislation in the Republic of North Macedonia and the Balkans. We will also focus on the routes used for smuggling synthetic drugs into and through the country, highlighting the country’s strategic location as a crossroads for drug trafficking between Eastern and Western Europe. In addition to the criminological analysis of the phenomenon that will set out the basic postulates of the problem, we will also review the legal frameworks for combating synthetic drug trafficking in the Republic of North Macedonia and the Balkans, which address issues related to drug production, trafficking, possession and related criminal activities. The importance of the work lies in the fact that it offers current, updated data on a living issue, both criminological, criminal-legal, and statistical, and enables monitoring of the results of the fight that the authorities wage daily, which is necessary to create a solid foundation for developing current and modern techniques for prevention and suppression
THE IMPACT OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION AND APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) IN BUSINESS COMMUNICATION CHANNELS
No full textIn the modern digital society, effective communication is one of the key factors for success in business. At the same time, artificial intelligence (AI) is becoming an important tool for improving communication processes, enabling automation, personalization and better availability of information. This paper aims to explore the impact of effective communication and the application of AI on business communication channels.
Through an analysis of relevant scientific literature and contemporary practices, the basic principles of effective communication, traditional and modern business communication channels, as well as the way in which AI transforms these channels are reviewed. Special emphasis is placed on the use of chatbots, email automation tools, sentiment analysis and translation services. This manuscript identifies key benefits from the application of AI, such as increased efficiency, improved user experience and resource optimization, but also potential risks such as lack of empathy, privacy threats and misinterpretation of messages. Also, it concludes with recommendations for a balanced and ethical integration of AI in business communication.
 
IS THE MULTILINGUAL CORPUS INTERCORP A SUITABLE SOURCE OF MATERIAL FOR CONTRASTIVE ANALYSES OF PHRASEME CONSTRUCTIONS?
No full textThe PhraConRep (COST) project is creating a repository of German phraseme constructions (sentential or non-sentential structures with free slots) and their equivalents in 14 project languages (Albanian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Macedonian, Polish, Russian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovenian, Czech, Ukrainian, Hungarian and Belarusian), in which authentic evidence of these structures will be collected and described in detail. This article aims to determine whether the multilingual parallel corpus InterCorp (with Czech as „pivot “language) can serve as a suitable and sufficient source for all, or at least some, of the project languages. The analysis focuses on the size of the subcorpora for each language with German as the source language, the availability of necessary meta-information about the texts, and the occurrence of three phrasal constructions within these subcorpora. As expected, satisfactory results are obtained for the German-Czech corpus, however, InterCorp can also be very useful for Polish, Ukrainian and Croatian. For the remaining languages, the material can be extracted from so-called collections, i.e. from multilingual, automatically processed corpora which, however, lack complete meta-information (unknown source language).
Keywords: Phraseme constructions; anchors; slots; parallel corpora; InterCorp; contrastive analyses
A WEDDİNG RİTUAL WİTH TRACES OF SHAMANİSM AND THE OLD TURKİSH BELİEF SYSTEM: CHİCKEN FETCHİNG GAME
No full textIn this study, the Chicken Fetching Game, which is important for Bursa and the surrounding provinces, was compiled from the source individuals. The study aims to preserve the beliefs and rituals that have reached the present day from the Old Turkish belief system, with respect to geographical, cultural and folkloric elements of the region and to continue the transfer of culture. This work aims to present the marriage, entertainment and wedding folklore of indigenous peoples and Balkan emigrants living in Bursa. This study identified the game\u27s traces of Shamanism and Old Turkish beliefs. Marriage-related traditions, practices and customs that are an integral part of Turkish culture continue to be found in our localities. Consciousness is not a few years old, which considers marriage to be the fundamental phenomenon in the formation of society. The social memory that thought the family was the smallest building block of the state presented bans and heralds. In the light of beliefs and norms, each society gives a different meaning to marriage and develops practices within that framework. Marriage isn\u27t just a matter for individuals, it\u27s an important event for the society and for the nation in which he belongs. The marriage that underpins the continuation of the generation is considered a threshold and is considered one of the three most important events in one\u27s life. In Anatolia, a game of Chicken Fetching, inspired by village bystander games, is played in and around the city of Bursa, and traces of the old Turkish faith system.
Keywords: Tradition; Bursa; Marriage; Chicken Fetching Game; Shamanism
MACHINE LEARNING METHODS FOR PREDICTING CIRCULAR ECONOMY PERFORMANCES OF THE WESTERN BALKAN COUNTRIES
No full textThe transition toward a circular economy (CE) in the Western Balkans is essential for aligning environmental performance with European Union sustainability objectives. This study applies machine learning (ML) techniques to predict and assess the circular economy performance of selected Western Balkan countries using key indicators from EUROSTAT: Resource Productivity, Waste Generation, and the Recycling Rate of Municipal Waste. Leveraging supervised learning models such as Random Forest Regression and XGBoost, the analysis reveals that resource productivity in the region lags behind the EU average, with values typically below 0.9 EUR/kg, indicating significant inefficiencies in transforming resource use into economic value. Model performance metrics suggest strong predictive capability, with R² scores exceeding 0.85 for all three indicators in training datasets, and RMSE values remaining within acceptable thresholds during cross-validation. The results highlight the value of machine learning for developing evidence-based policy interventions, benchmarking progress, and guiding resource efficiency improvements in line with CE principles. The study also underlines the need for better data integration and institutional support to enhance predictive accuracy and policy responsiveness in the region. Future research should prioritize the development of advanced forecasting models that combine machine learning with time-series analysis and system dynamics to simulate and anticipate circular economy performance over time. Integrating macroeconomic variables and environmental impact indicators could improve model robustness and interpretability. Expanding datasets with region-specific policy measures, socio-economic characteristics, and infrastructural readiness would provide deeper insights into country-level drivers and barriers. Ultimately, predictive modeling must be coupled with transparent dashboards and decision-support tools for policymakers, enabling real-time scenario planning and strategic intervention toward CE transition goals