UGD Publishing System (Goce Delcev University - Stip / Университет „Гоце Делчев“, Щип)
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СОВРЕМЕНО РАНОГРАДИНАРСКО ПРОИЗВОДСТВО СО ПРИМЕНА НА ОБНОВЛИВИ ЕНЕРГЕТСКИ ИЗВОРИ И ТЕХНОЛОГИИ: UDC: [635:631.544.4]:[620.92:502.131.1](497.7)
No full textОваа студија истражува модерно производство на раноградинарски култури со акцент на интеграција на обновливи извори на енергија и технологии. Ги испитува хидропониката, аквапониката, климатски контролираните стакленици, автоматизацијата и дигитализацијата, заедно со примената на сончева, геотермална, биомаса и ветерна енергија. Со прикажување на студии на случај и технички иновации, студијата го истакнува придонесот на овие технологии кон енергетската ефикасност, намалениот јаглероден отпечаток и локалниот економски развој. Посебен фокус е ставен на потенцијалот за имплементација во Северна Македонија, каде што поволните климатски услови, инвестициските можности и институционалните рамки претставуваат и можности и предизвици. Студијата дава заклучок за препораки за подобрена поддршка, едукација и стратешка интеграција кон одржливо земјоделство
TRANSIENT PHENOMENA IN BLACK START: UDC: 621.311.1.078-022.33:004.942-049.32
No full textSystem restoration following a blackout event involves complex electrical and operational challenges that must comply with Commission Regulation (EU) 2017/2196 and following TSOs’ restoration codes as mandated by that Regulation. It is also mandated that TSOs review the measures of their restoration plan, including the energising restoration path from restoration service providers with black start or island operation capabilities. This paper presents a simulation-based analysis of electromagnetic and wave transients during the energisation of a hypothetical restoration route between a hydroelectric power plant (HPP) providing black-start service and a nuclear power plant (NPP) requiring auxiliary power for its systems. The study evaluates sequential and simultaneous energisation strategies using various EMTP models for the transformers. Results reveal significant insights regarding transient voltages, inrush currents, and harmonic content critical and highlight the importance of precise route modelling
ARSENIC, HEAVY METALS AND RARE EARTH ELEMENTS IN TRAVERTINE LIMESTONE QUARRY IN THE MARIOVO AREA, NORTH MACEDONIA
No full textTravertines in the Mariovo area are an extremely important raw material for obtaining architectural and decorative stone used in construction. In this region, there are six locations where travertine is exploited and this paper presents the results obtained from the mineralogical and geochemical tests of samples taken from the Mariovo travertines. The tests performed show that these are relatively young sedimentary rocks that are basically made of calcite, and in which the concentration of arsenic and heavy metals is extremely low. This finding supports the further use of these rocks as architectural and decorative stone
CONTROVERSIAL ISSUES IN THE ACTION FOR ANNULMENT OF THE RESOLUTIONS OF THE GENERAL MEETING OF THE COMMERCIAL COMPANIES IN THE REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA
No full textThe general meeting is the supreme body of any commercial company, which takes the main resolutions on all necessary and essential matters relating to their management, operation, and development. In order to ensure the lawful exercise of these powers, the legislator has provided for a special action on the basis of which partners/shareholders may challenge the resolutions of the general meeting and seek their annulment. In this context, the provision of Art. 74 of the Commercial Act grants each of the partners/shareholders a right of action for the annulment of resolutions which are unlawful or contrary to the memorandum of association or the articles of association.
The action for annulment of the resolutions of the general meeting of commercial companies is widely used in the jurisprudence, raising numerous legal issues related to its content, scope, and prerequisites for its granting. Some of these controversial issues have been resolved by Interpreting Judgement No. 1/2002 of 06.12.2002 of the Supreme Court of Cassation; however, there are still outstanding issues that require further analysis and discussion.
This study aims to examine the meaning, content, and scope of the action under Art. 74 of the Commercial Act for the protection of the rights of partners/shareholders, as well as practical problems arising in connection with its exercise. To achieve this goal, the relevant jurisprudence and doctrinal opinions which contribute to the clarification of the basic principles that guide the management of commercial companies and their interaction with legal entities, while seeking a balance between the protection of the rights of each partner and the principle of stability of the resolutions taken shall be analysed. 
ADAPTING TO NEW REALITIES: FINANCIAL CRIMES AND EMERGING AI TECHNOLOGY IN GLOBAL AND EU PERSPECTIVE
No full textThe increasing integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and
machine learning (ML) in financial markets has brought both
opportunities and risks. While AI-driven tools enhance efficiency
and profitability, they also introduce potential threats, particularly
in the realm of financial crimes. This paper explores the role of AI
in financial markets, focusing on its potential to facilitate
fraudulent activities such as market manipulation, price fixing,
and collusion. The unpredictability of AI, coupled with its ability
to autonomously make trading decisions, raises complex legal and
regulatory challenges.
A key issue discussed is the difficulty in attributing criminal
liability when AI autonomously engages in illicit financial
activities. Traditional legal frameworks rely on human intent
(mens rea) as a cornerstone of financial crime prosecution.
However, AI-driven misconduct challenges this notion, as
existing laws are often inadequate in addressing cases where no
clear human perpetrator can be identified. Through a comparative
legal analysis of the US, UK, and European legal systems, this
paper highlights the limitations of current regulations in holding
AI developers, financial institutions, or corporate entities
accountable for AI-induced financial crimes
PROTEST COMMENTS ON FACEBOOK AFTER THE “JANUARY TRAGEDY” OF 2022 IN KAZAKHSTAN (THE FIRST 7 DAYS AFTER THE RESUMPTION OF WIRED AND MOBILE INTERNET)
No full textThe goal of this study is to examine how Facebook comments reflect protest sentiment during the immediate aftermath of Internet resumption in January 2022 in Kazakhstan. The article focuses on analyzing protest comments on Facebook following the “January tragedy” of 2022 in Kazakhstan. Specific tasks include: (1) collecting and analyzing posts and comments from official Akimat Facebook pages during the first week of restored connectivity; (2) identifying and categorizing protest-related comments and their thematic content; (3) comparing regional variations in protest expressions; and (4) deriving insights for improving local government engagement online. To achieve this, I use the data collected on Facebook for the first 7 days after the resumption of wired and mobile Internet service. I am studying 17 official pages of Akimats in regions and cities of republican significance; 507 posts and 912 comments were published from January 10 to January 16, 2022. Using systematic content analysis, I coded each post and its associated comments for protest indicators, thematic categories, and regional patterns. Quantitative frequencies and qualitative thematic interpretation were applied to the collected posts and comments. As a result, I identified 667 comments with signs of protest. Thus, the opportunity to qualitatively examine some of the messaging from that period provides insights not only into the particular concerns of the citizenry but also into the willingness of local government entities, the Akimats, to provide an online forum for the dissemination of public concerns. Practical implications include recommendations for regional authorities on active social media monitoring, transparent communication of policy measures, and mechanisms to address socioeconomic grievances, aiming to reduce the barrier between citizens and political elites and to preempt the escalation of online dissent into offline mobilization
LEGISLATIVE REMEDIES TO ENSURE THE REASONABLE TERM IN A CRIMINAL TRIAL. THE PLEA AGREEMENT: ROMANIA\u27S EXPERIENCE
No full textResolving a criminal case within a reasonable time is an important element of the right to a fair trial. The need to respect the reasonable term is succinctly expressed both in a frequently quoted British adage of justice delayed, justice denied, and in a French saying with a similar content, justice rétive, justice fautive. The purpose of the criminal process is not achieved by merely punishing the guilty. The prosecution must be carried out within a timeframe that proves that the state is taking prompt action to to ensure compliance with the law. Only in this way can the preventive purpose of the punishment be achieved and the confidence of the citizens in the ability of the state to protect them can be preserved. Legislatures are frequently choosing to introduce elements of negotiated justice in order to solve the problem of the length of criminal proceedings. The plea agreement procedure is thus seen in more and more countries as an important means of achieving this objective.
The plea agreement was introduced into Romanian law as of January 1, 2014. Previously, court proceedings had become overly formalistic, cumbersome, costly and not expeditious. At the same time, the strict application of the principles of establishing the truth and the direct administration of evidence by the court often led to an unjustified prolongation of the criminal proceedings and an unnecessary waste of state resources in some cases where the guilt of the defendant was obvious.
In this study we will try to see whether these objectives have been achieved in any way. To this end, we examined the existing situation in the municipality of Bucharest within the six sector courts and the Bucharest Tribunal from January 1 to September 3, 2024. We verified the number of criminal cases that were resolved by these courts during this period of time. We also researched how many of these cases were solved on the basis of a plea agreement. In the cases where plea agreements were reached, we wanted to find out which offenses were targeted and how long the prosecution lasted. In terms of the time taken to solve the case, we took into consideration the time elapsed between the moment when the prosecution had evidence that the defendant had committed the crime and the time when the plea agreement was concluded.
Based on these data, we tried to establish whether the introduction of the plea agreement in the Romanian legislation has really contributed in ensuring a reasonable timeframe and what are the reasons why the institution does not generate the same results as in other countries.
The conclusion we have reached is that the institution of the plea agreement did not have the desired effects at the time of its regulation. The time taken to resolve cases has not been reduced, with many cases taking years to resolve, even though their complexity would allow a final solution to be pronounced in a few months
ERADICATING VARROA MITES (VARROA DESTRUCTOR) BY SPRAYING CLOVE TEA
No full textThis study is a field experiment of using clove tea as an effective treatment against varroa mites (Varroa destructor), by spraying the tea directly on all the frames in the beehive. Two experiments were conducted, one for 14 weeks, with an application of clove tea once every 2 weeks and the other for 8 weeks with an application once per week. In both experiments after 6 applications, the tea-treated varroa-infected beehives were completely varroa-free, concluding complete eradication
MICROBIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF TRADITIONALLY PRODUCED APPLE, BLACKTHORN, HAWTHORN AND PEAR VINEGAR
No full textThe aim of this paper is to determine the quality of vinegars through microbiological and chemical properties using simple chemical and microbiological analysis in different types of vinegar from apple (Malus sp.), blackthorn, (Prunus spinosa L.), hawthorn (Crataegus sp.) and pear (Pyrus sp.) obtained in a traditional manner. The amount of acetic acid in vinegar in this investigation varied between 0.72% to 4.5% for the samples.
In apple vinegar, the total number of bacteria amounts to 16 cfu/mL, consists of only acetic bacteria, contains 4.0% acetic acid and has 3.25 pH value. In the samples of blackthorn and hawthorn vinegar, a very small number (6 cfu/mL and 5 cfu/mL respectively) of acetic bacteria was present. Also, a low acidity (pH about 1.0) was found and microscopy revealed Gram (+) rod-shaped asporogenous bacteria (41 cfu/mL in blackthorn and 35 cfu/mL in hawthorn vinegar) and a near absence of acetic bacteria. Hence, samples of blackthorn and hawthorn vinegar were found to undergo no acetic fermentation process at all, meaning the final product is not vinegar. In pear vinegar, the total number of bacteria is 25 cfu/mL and acetic bacteria 16 cfu/mL, it has the highest percentage of acetic acid (4.5%). Yeast cells were observed under the microscope which is characteristic of alcoholic fermentation. Due to it, the process of obtaining the final product goes in an unwanted direction.
А very high negative correlation between pH and acetic acid was determined and between the total number of bacteria and the number of acetic bacteria
MONITORING OF ACTIVE AND TITRATABLE ACIDITY IN WHITE BRINED CHEESE DURING RIPENNING PERIOD
No full textThis study investigates the dynamics of active and titratable acidity in white brined cheese throughout its ripening period. Monitoring these parameters is crucial for understanding the biochemical changes that influence the cheese\u27s flavor, texture, and overall quality. Using standard analytical methods, we measured pH and titratable acidity at regular intervals during the ripening process. The results indicated a significant decrease in pH, coupled with an increase in titratable acidity, reflecting the ongoing microbial and enzymatic activities. These changes were correlated with the development of desirable organoleptic properties. The findings provide valuable insights for cheese producers to optimize ripening conditions, ensuring consistent product quality. This research highlights the importance of acidity monitoring as a critical control point in cheese production