UGD Publishing System (Goce Delcev University - Stip / Университет „Гоце Делчев“, Щип)
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Preferring e-commerce and its markets through the role of sponsored promotion of private labels in Republic of North Macedonia
No full textThe preference of e-commerce and its marketplaces has increased significantly in recent years, especially due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which has forced consumers to switch to online shopping. This trend has not only changed the dynamics of traditional commerce, but has also set new standards for branding and marketing, with an emphasis on sponsored promotion of private labels. Private labels, which are usually produced for a specific retailer and sold under its name, play a significant role in e-commerce. These labels often offer competitive prices and unique quality, which makes them attractive to consumers. By investing in sponsored promotion, these labels can reach a wide audience and gain consumers\u27 trust. Sponsored promotion allows for private brands to stand out in a competitive market. By using digital marketing tools such as Google Ads, social networks and ecommerce platforms, labels can create entire campaigns that target specific consumer groups. But e-commerce marketplaces (platforms) allow third-party sellers to sell to potential consumers and earn a commission on sales. In recent years, these platforms have also started to target private labels themselves and offer their own sponsored advertising tools, in order to generate additional revenue for them through this mechanism. Therefore, private labels and sponsored advertising are considered to complement the improvement of profits of the e-commerce platform itself. In Macedonia, there are various e-commerce platforms, including local websites, as well as global ones such as Amazon and eBay. Many small and medium-sized enterprises have started to develop their own online stores in order for them to be competitive in the market. Private labels in the Republic of North Macedonia, especially in categories such as food, clothing and hygiene products, are becoming increasingly popular. They often offer competitive prices and unique quality, which makes them attractive to consumers. This not only increases the visibility of private labels, but also improves awareness for their products. In addition to this, it increases awareness of ecommerce, the platforms that offer this tool and the gradual growth as new potential markets with equality of all potential stakeholders
MACEDONIAN STUDENTS’ ATTITUDES TO ENGLISH: A COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE ACROSS REGIONS
No full textThis study explores Macedonian students’ attitudes to English across three contexts: Skopje, other urban centres, and rural communities. Data were gathered through a questionnaire designed to elicit students’ perceptions of the benefits and drawbacks of English in their everyday lives. Responses were subjected to a thematic coding analysis, and combined qualitative insights with quantitative frequency counts. Five broad themes were identified: knowledge and cognitive development, communication and social connectivity, mobility and practical advantages, access to information and opportunities, and identity and language preservation. English was overwhelmingly perceived as a valuable resource, with identity and language preservation and communication and social connectivity being the predominant themes across the three contexts. Regional variation revealed subtle differences: students from rural areas valued communication and social connectivity most, students from Skopje areas were most concerned about identity and language preservation issues, while students from other towns balanced both of these concepts. These findings underscore the dual role of English, both as a gateway to global developments and as a perceived threat to local identity, pointing to the need for language policies that foster both English proficiency and Macedonian language maintenance
GENDER, HERITAGE, AND SUSTAINABILITY: INTEGRATING NORTH SUMATRAN ORAL LITERATURE INTO EDUCATION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
No full textOral literary traditions function as sophisticated mechanisms of gender regulation while preserving valuable environmental knowledge, creating complex challenges for Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) implementation. This study examines oral literature across Tamil, Chinese, and Malay communities in North Sumatra through feminist and postcolonial theoretical frameworks to analyze their pedagogical potential for culturally responsive sustainability education. Using ethnographic methodology, we documented folktales, pantun, ritual practices, and environmental traditions, examining how these materials construct gender roles and ecological relationships. The comparative analysis reveals that patriarchal ideologies adapt their justifications to diverse cultural contexts while maintaining consistent outcomes of female subordination. Tamil traditions use Hindu mythology, Chinese narratives emphasize Confucian virtue, and Malay texts invoke Islamic equality alongside practical limitations. However, these same traditions contain sophisticated ecological knowledge about sustainable resource management and community cooperation. The findings demonstrate that traditional knowledge systems require critical engagement rather than wholesale adoption in ESD curricula. While oral literature offers valuable environmental wisdom and cultural legitimacy for sustainability education, embedded gender hierarchies’ conflict with ESD principles of inclusive participation. Effective integration demands explicit analysis of cultural contradictions to preserve ecological knowledge while challenging patriarchal structures
THE DEVELOPMENT OF TURKISH LITERATURE IN MACEDONIA DURING THE OTTOMAN PERIOD
No full textDuring their long-standing presence in the Balkan Peninsula, the Ottomans and their culture experienced significant spiritual and cultural development. This development was greatly influenced by numerous poets, writers, and scholars who created various works in the fields of poetry and prose during the classical Ottoman period. During this period, mystical poetry, religious literature, and scientific literature achieved remarkable success. Naturally, this progress was accompanied by advancements in other areas such as architecture, the art of manuscript illumination and decoration, philosophy, and more. Different styles and movements in these fields spread throughout the empire via various institutions, including the sultan’s high madrasas, the madrasas in major cities, and the lodges (tekkes) of various dervish orders, where numerous mystics and sheikhs were active. While poets and writers in the classical period predominantly produced texts with religious themes, by the 19th century, literature and poetry had begun to take on a national character, reflecting the aspirations of the Turkish people
ILIJA GARAŠANIN’S “NAČERTANIJE” AND THE INTENTIONAL OMISSION OF MACEDONIA
No full text“Načertanije” is considered the first political and national program of the Serbian state, written in 1844 by Ilija Garašanin, a Serbian politician and diplomat. This document, in addition to its political and diplomatic role, is important as a source for understanding national ideas, but also as an indicator of the beginnings of nationalist claims in the Balkans, in the 19th century. In Garašanin\u27s perception of the reconstruction of the medieval Serbian state, Macedonia is seen as a historical part of such a project, and therefore the Macedonian territory is neglected. There is also an overlap between the terms Northern Albania, Old Serbia and Macedonia. However, it should be noted that nowhere in Garašanin\u27s text is the existence of the new Balkan state, the Kingdom of Greece, mentioned. According to “Načertanije”, the path of the future access of the Serbian state to the sea goes through Northern Albania, and not to the south, to the Aegean Sea. Questions arise: is Garašanin sufficiently aware of the impossibility of Serbia expanding to the south and the danger of conflict with the Greek state, which has strong western protection? If Dušan\u27s Empire extended south, all the way to the shores of the Aegean Sea, then why does “Načartanije” not project that area into the future Serbian state and at the same time as a potential outlet to the sea? Garašanin is aware that he should not direct the territorial appetite of an insufficiently strong Serbian state towards the territory that he believes is in the sphere of interest of other more powerful European powers. At that time, in the middle of the 19th century, Serbia found itself in a subordinate position, pressured by the political and military forces, Russia and the Habsburg Monarchy
AN OFFENCE OF MINOR SIGNIFICANCE IN SERBIAN CRIMINAL LAW ANDMACEDONIAN CRIMINAL LAW
No full textUnder the Criminal Code of the Republic of Serbia, an offense of minor significance is not to be considered a criminal offence if the degree of culpability is not high, if the harmful consequences are absent or insignificant, and if the general purpose of criminal sanctions does not require imposing a criminal sanction. It may also be applied to criminal offenses which are punishable by a term of imprisonment of up to three years or a fine. These are the general conditions which have to be met to establish the existence of this offence. Such an offence does not constitute a criminal offense, either in the Serbian criminal law or in the Macedonian criminal law. In this paper, the authors analyze this criminal law institute in Serbian and Macedonian law, with specific reference to the judicial practice in the Republic of Serbia. One of the main aims of this paper is to examine how legal provisions are applied in judicial practice.
Keywords: offense of minor significance, criminal law, judicial practice, legislation
ПРАКТИЧНА УПОТРЕБА НА ПОСТАПКАТА ПО ПРЕТХОДНО ОДЛУЧУВАЊЕ ПРЕД НАЦИОНАЛНИТЕ СУДОВИ: ШТО Е СЛЕДНО ЗА МАКЕДОНСКОТО СУДСТВО
No full textПостапката по претходно одлучување пред Судот на правдата на Европската Унија (СПЕУ), согласно член 267 од Договорот за функционирање на Европската Унија (ДФЕУ), има за цел да им помогне на националните судови во правилната и единствена примена на Правото на Европската Унија (ЕУ). Тоа е во согласност со принципите на споделени функции и соработка помеѓу СПЕУ и националните судови. Националните судови се оние кои примарно го применуваат и го спроведуваат Правото на ЕУ, но толкувањето на договорите и актите зависи од СПЕУ, особено затоа што неговите пресуди имаат супериорен ефект врз судовите на сите држави-членки. Најголем дел од постапките пред СПЕУ се однесуваат на постапката по претходна одлучување. Доколку започнат преговорите за членство, државата ќе треба да преземе целосна реформа на судскиот систем и судиите ќе треба да стекнат широко познавање на Правото на ЕУ, а особено ќе треба темелно да ја знаат и разберат оваа постапка и можноста што стои пред апликантите, преку националните судови, да се повикаат на Правото на ЕУ и со тоа да покренат таква постапка. Откако ќе станеме држава членка на ЕУ, за очекување е дека ќе има наплив на барања за поведување на постапка по претходно одлучување пред СПЕУ. Оттука и потребата македонското судство да се реформира навремено во согласност со стандардите на ЕУ и да одговори на предизвиците кои реално ќе се појават пред македонските судии.
Клучни зборови: постапка, национални судови, Суд на правдата, суди
THE ISSUE OF SUSTAINABILITY OF SMALL STATES IN THE ERA OF ADJUSTMENTOF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
No full textThis article is aimed at understanding the foreign policy actions of small states in contemporary international relations in the context of internal political, economic and institutional circumstances. The aim is to answer the research question: To what extent do internal political circumstances, economic strength and institutional functionality influence the effective foreign policy actions of small states. The intermediate goal is to establish the sustainability of small states in current international relations through the analysis of foreign policy effectiveness and internal functionality, placing them at the level of variables, and then to provide guidelines and recommendations for creating substantial sustainability for this group of countries. The case study will be conducted on the examples of Serbia and North Macedonia, as compatible countries for comparison, taking into account their similarities and differences. In a theoretical sense, based on neoclassical realism, the paper will present the overlap of dependent, independent and mediating variables in understanding the functioning of small states.
Keywords: small states, international relations, sustainability, foreign policy, internal functionality, economics, institutions, Serbia, North Macedonia
THE ROLE OF WOMEN’S PUBLIC UNIONS IN SUPPORTING AND PROMOTINGWOMEN’S ENTREPRENEURSHIP: CONTRIBUTIONS AND CHALLENGES
No full textThis study examines the essential role of women’s public unions in advancing women’s entrepreneurship to promote economic empowerment and achieve gender equality. This study is guided by the following central research question: How do women’s public unions support and promote women’s entrepreneurship, and what structural and contextual challenges do they encounter? This study explores how these organizations act as catalysts for women’s active participation as entrepreneurs in economic life. Women’s public unions provide a range of services, including tailored training programs on entrepreneurship, financial literacy, and digital skills, as well as initiatives focused on capacity building and leadership development. This paper also highlights their advocacy efforts, support for access to financial resources, and the creation of networking opportunities through mentorship and peer-learning platforms. Special attention is paid to targeted interventions for women, youth, and marginalized groups. Activities such as forums, exhibitions, and community engagement campaigns are organized to increase the visibility of women entrepreneurs and enhance their market reach, creating platforms for peer-to-peer learning and mentorship from successful entrepreneurs. Despite these positive contributions, this study identifies significant barriers that limit the potential of these unions, including financial constraints, sociocultural norms, and institutional challenges. Using qualitative case studies and policy analysis, this paper offers actionable recommendations to improve the impact and sustainability of women’s public unions. Ultimately, this research contributes to broader dialogues on gender-inclusive economic development, the role of organizations, and the dynamics of civil society in supporting women-led enterprises.
Keywords: women’s entrepreneurship; empowerment; gender equality; women’s public union
СПОРЕДБЕНА АНАЛИЗА НА ПОТРОШУВАЧКА, ЕНЕРГЕТСКА ЕФИКАСНОСТ И ТРОШОЦИ КАЈ ВОЗИЛА СО РАЗЛИЧЕН ТИП НА ПОГОН: UDC: 629.331-62:338.5-047.44
No full textОвој труд претставува споредбена анализа на потрошувачката на енергија, енергетската ефикасност и трошоците поврзани со возење на 100 километри кај возила со различен тип на погон: бензински, дизелски, електрични и водородни возила со горивни ќелии. Истражувањето се базира на податоци од пет водечки автомобилски производители – Toyota, Hyundai, BMW, Honda и Mercedes-Benz – и вклучува анализа на енергетска конверзија, енергетска густина, пазарни цени на енергенсите и вкупен трошок за користење. Резултатите покажуваат дека електричните возила имаат највисока ефикасност и најниски оперативни трошоци, додека конвенционалните бензински и дизел возила се помалку ефикасни и генерираат поголеми емисии. Анализата исто така укажува на значителен потенцијал за декарбонизација преку електрификација и употреба на зелена водородна технологија