Journal of Advanced Veterinary Research (University Assiut, Egypt)
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Utilizing some structural protein-encoding genes, virion antigens, and hemagglutination property of rotavirus for investigation of the viral infection in bovine
Get PDFThe genus Rotavirus (RV) has been reported as zoonotic, highly prevalent in diarrheic neonates, and possibly activated by gestation. Searching RV prevalence in bovines and checking its presence during convalescence of the animals from the illness are useful for One-Health management. Tests detecting specific genes encoding the virus’ capsid VP6 and VP4 with Reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) amplification as well as virus antigens with both Immuno-chromatographic assay (ICA) and Shifting assay of standardized direct hemagglutination inhibition (SSDHI) in fecal samples taken individually from both diarrheic and healthy calves and pregnant cows were implemented. The tests showed low percentages of diarrheic calves infected with the virus, implying insignificant contribution of the virus in bovine diarrhea. However, ICA tests which were then performed for checking the virus in feces of a genetically and antigenically proven infected diarrheic calf daily during the course of illness and daily through a week after diarrhea stopped showed that the virus had a role in causing the illness. Meanwhile, specific antibody titration with hemagglutination inhibition (HI) reactions implemented with serum samples of locally reared slaughtered and live cattle showed a significantly (P = 0.0008) higher rate of the virus infection. The outcomes of the tests showed that application of the system of HA-HI-SSDHI with the use of RotaTeq vaccine is feasible in investigation of RV though the targets are restricted to bovine-specific P[8] strains
Effect of mineral mix-enriched essential oil supplementation on egg production, antibody titer, physical, and chemical egg quality, and yolk fatty acid profile of laying hens
Get PDF This study aimed to determine the effect of mineral mix–enriched essential oil (MMEO) on egg production, antibody titer, egg quality, and yolk fatty acid of laying hens. A total of 1680 Lohman Brown laying hens, aged 31 weeks, were randomly divided into two dietary treatment groups. Each group consisted of 6 replicates, with 140 hens per treatment. The hens were fed either a basal diet (CON) or a diet supplemented with 0.25% mineral mix–enriched essential oil (MMEO) for a period of 6 weeks. Egg production and feed efficiency were calculated on every week. On days 21 and 42 of treatments, two eggs per replicate were randomly collected to determine the physical and chemical quality. The antioxidant activity and fatty acid profile of one egg per replicate were analysed at the end of week 6. The results showed that dietary treatment with MMEO increased egg production and feed efficiency compared to the control group. The inclusion increased yolk weight at week 3. However, MMEO supplementation did not affect the physical quality of eggs at week 6. In addition, dietary MMEO supplementation increased the antioxidant activity of yolk at week 6. On contrast, feeding MMEO did not affect the fatty acid profile of yolk. In conclusion, supplementation of mineral mix–enriched essential oil improved laying hens’ productivity and antioxidant activity of yolk
Overview of African horse sickness virus (AHSV) situation in Egypt from 2017 to 2022
Get PDFAfrican horse sickness (AHS) is a non-contagious arthropod-borne infectious disease of Equidae. Because of its severity and quick spread, It is cosidered as a notifiable disease. The current study intended to look into the current suitation of the vector-borne African horse sickness virus (AHSV) in Egypt, determine viral seroprevelance, and assess the associated risk factors. In this context, 2739 sera and 150 spleen samples were collected from different Egyptian governorates and tested for AHSV screening. The sera were investigated for presence of antibodies against AHSV whilst spleen samples were tested for AHSV Ag and RNA detection. The obtained results revealed that all 2739 sera samples tested negative for AHSV antibodies. Furthermore, using ELISA and conventional reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), to identify AHSV Ag and nucleic acid, the 150 tested spleen samples gave negative results with both assays. In conclusion, the recorded results indicated the absence of antibodies, antigen, and viral nucleic acid of AHSV in all tested samples which proved that there is no circulating virus in the investigated Egyptian governorates in the period from 2017 to 2022. Evenually, the effective control programs are recommended by carrying out further epidemiological investigations to understand the current situation of arboviruses in the country
Impact of fruit peels extract on the shelf-life of minced beef
Get PDFFourteen kilograms of minced meat were divided into 4 groups (about 3.5 Kg for each group). All samples were examined to study the effect of the addition of 1% fruit peel extracts (banana, orange, and pomegranate) on the extension of the shelf life of such food article. Reduction of APC after 6 days in samples treated with banana, orange, and pomegranate peel reached 83.9 %, 91.6 %, and 95.4%, respectively and reduction of articles coliform reached 75.8%, 90.3 %, and 93% while S. aureus count reduced by 77.5%, 89%, and 96.5 %, respectively. Fruit peels decreased pH values compared with the control sample during storage at 4ËšC for 10 days. pH values of samples treated with banana peel decreased from 5.63 to 5.61 at zero time and from 6.71 to 5.84 on the 6th day and orange peel decreased to 5.58 and to 5.70 while pomegranate to 5.56 and to 5.67 at zero time and at 6th day of storage, respectively. TVB-N values of samples treated with banana decreased from 1.97 to 1.89 at zero time and from 29.58 to 9.83 on the 6th day and orange peel decreased to 1.84 and to 7.90 while pomegranate to 1.81 and to 6.88 at zero time and at 6th day. TBA values of samples treated with banana peel decreased from 1.22 to 0.25 on the 6th day but orange peel decreased to 0.02 and to 0.19 and with pomegranate to 0.02 and to 0.14 at zero time and on the 6th day of storage, respectively. In general, the incorporation of banana, orange, and pomegranate peel powder into minced meat as natural preservatives improved color, odor, appearance, consistency, and overall acceptability and extended their shelf life during storage
The Efficacy of Different Treatment Protocols in Pyometra with Respect to Reproductive Hormones and Indices in Dairy Cows
Get PDFEarly detection of the reproductive problems is fundamental to improve reproductive efficiency of dairy farms. Therefore, the study was performed to compare between two treatment protocols of pyometra to optimize reproductive performance of dairy cows. Based on rectal and ultrasonographic examinations, 30 cows suffered from pyometra were divided into; group1 (n=10) control group, group2 (n=10): treated with two injections of prostaglandin (PGF2α) plus systemic ceftiofur and group3 (n=10): treated with systemic ceftiofur. Ultrasonographic examination was performed before and 11 days after treatment. Blood samples were collected for analysis of progesterone (P4) and estradiol 17-ß just before and 11 days after treatment. Reproductive data was obtained regarding the1st and 2nd service conception rate (the 1st SCR and the 2nd SCR), number of services/conception (s/c) and days open. Ultrasonographic examination of the uterine horns appeared to be filled with hyperechoic granules in the lumen. However, the uterine horns at 11 days after treatment decreased in size and hyperechoic granules disappeared. No significant differences in P4 and estradiol 17- ß before and 11days after treatment. In cows received PGF2α+ ceftiofur, estradiol 17- ß was lower before treatment than 11 days after treatment. Significant improvement in the reproductive performance was recorded in treated cows with PGF2α+ceftiofur that manifested by marked increase in SCR and S/C as well as decrease in days open as compared with treated cows with ceftiofur only. It was concluded that double PGF2α injection+systemic ceftiofur is the best protocol to control pyometra that was pronounced by enhancement of reproductive performance in dairy cows
Productive and Economic Efficiency of Some Layer Farms in Egypt
Get PDFEgg production is an important factor that helps to meet the nutritional needs of the growing populations in developing countries. Commercial egg production is a source of high quality protein and income compared to other livestock production activities. The study used a multiple regression profit model to estimate the effect of breeds and housing system on profitability. Data were collected from 100 randomly selected layer farms in (Al Sharkia and Ismailia) during the period from 2019 to 2022, through research questionnaires. Results showed that hen reared in closed system had higher egg production, higher total return than those reared in the opened system. Lohman breed are more tolerable to the Egyptian conditions in the study area as shown by lower mortality % and lower values of total veterinary management (TVM). Layer farms in the study area were operating in the second stage of production. Therefore, layer farms are considered a good investment for both private and government sectors
Genotyping and Antibiotic Resistance Profile of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Corynebacterium bovis Isolates Recovered from Clinical and Subclinical Mastitis Milk Samples
Get PDFMastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland caused in dairy cows due to bacterial infections causing high economic losses. Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus-PCR (ERIC-PCR) is an effective genotyping tool for tracing the infection by different bacteria. One hundred milk samples were collected (50 from clinical mastitis and 50 from subclinical mastitis) from different dairy farms at different regions of El-Gharbia Governorate in Egypt. The samples were examined bacteriologically for the isolation and identification of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Corynebacterium bovis. Antibiotic sensitivity testing for the isolates and genotyping by ERIC-PCR were performed. Our results showed that the prevalence of K. pneumoniae was 41% from total samples and C. bovis strains was18% from subclinical mastitis milk samples. All the examined isolates were multi drug resistant with higher resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate and cefotaxime for K. pneumoniae and to penicillin, erythromycin and tetracycline for C. bovis. Discriminatory index of ERIC-PCR was 0.984 and 1 for K. pneumoniae and C. bovis isolates, respectively. The dendrogram analysis for K. pneumoniae showed three clusters and two separate isolates, while for C. bovis 1 cluster with 2 sub clusters and three separate isolates were observed. It was concluded that ERIC-PCR is proven to be effective genotyping technique with high discriminatory index and is a good epidemiological tool for mastitis in cows as there was a genetic relatedness between strains collected from different regions at El-Gharbia Government in Egypt. This indicated the possibility of infection transmission between these regions and necessitates the need to increase control measures
Impact of Debaryomyces hansenii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell free extracts on yoghurt quality
Get PDFBeneficial yeast extracts mainly of Debaryomyces and Saccharomyces species, have been considered as one of the natural biological fermenters of food products. These yeast metabolites, specially their mycocins can be used to prolong storage time of yoghurt. This study was undertaken to assess the effect of mycocin (Debaryomyces hansenii (DH) and/or Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) cell free extracts) (CFEs) on yoghurt quality. Yoghurt samples examined for coagulation time, titratable acidity, sensory and microbiological quality at appropriate intervals until the appearance of spoilage (texture changes). The pre-heated skimmed milk was mixed with starter culture and then it was divided into 10 groups, each inoculated by different inoculum and a certain concentration of (DH) and/or (SC) CFEs (100, 200 and 400 ppm) and incubated at 42oC till curd formation, then refrigerated at 4±1oC and examined every 3 day till appearance signs of spoilage. The obtained results revealed a significant elongated coagulation time with the mycocin concentration (400 ppm). During the storage period, titratable acidity steadily rose in all groups. In addition, a significant improvement in the sensory quality parameters represented by flavor, appearance and texture characters appeared with the treated groups with mycocin concentration (100 ppm) compared with the other groups. Regarding to the total fungal count, treated groups with mycocin (400 ppm) showed the most significant inhibitory effect on fungal growth. In conclusion, DH and SC mycocins at concentration of 100 ppm could significantly extend shelf-life of treated yoghurt samples with the highest flavor and texture scores in comparing to the control and the other treated groups
Advanced studies on extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae in dairy cattle farms at Behaira province
Get PDFThe rise of bacteria resistant to antibiotics, such Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species, in milk poses a severe threat to public health since milk is widely regarded as a complete food and is a staple of the daily diet of people, especially those in Egypt. Beta lactamase with an extended spectrum (ESBL). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of K. pneumoniae and E. coli that produce ESBLs in dairy cattle and milk farms. In this investigation, a total of 150 milk samples were cultured on VBGR, MacConkey, and Hichrome to isolate these bacteria, and antibiotic resistance was evaluated by using the double disc diffusion technique. Subsequently, biochemical and serotyping testing were used to confirm and identify the suspicious microorganisms. Using a PCR test that targets blaCTX-M, ESBL producers were identified. Of the samples tested, 34 (22.7%) tested positive for K. pneumoniae in milk, and 21 (14%), positive for E. coli. Different ETEC serotypes (O128:H2 and O127: H6) and EHEC serotypes (O91: H21 and O26: H11) were found contaminated in milk. Additionally, 21 samples (67.7%) had K. pneumoniae serotype B1 as the prevalent serotype. Most isolates had the β-lactamase blaCTX-M gene, which has become more significant among bacteria that produce ESBL globally. blaCTX-M gene was detected in 65% of E. coli and 80% of K. pneumoniae. Thus, given the trend of farmer-to-consumer direct marketing, raw milk is a possible source of exposure for the consumer—something that is becoming increasingly important. Lastly, calves may potentially acquire ESBL-producing bacteria via waste milk, which would increase the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in the agricultural setting
Olfactory epithelium organization of the grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) at the ultrastructural level: SEM and TEM observations
Get PDFOlfaction is the major sense of smell in teleost involved in many physiological response and habitat acclimatization including food searching, migration for spawning, predator avoidance, reproduction behavior, as well as identification of fish of the same species. Our study illustrates the ultrastructure of the olfactory rosette of the grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella (Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1844) by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). Herein, the peripheral olfactory organs are represented by two olfactory rosettes lying in two nasal chambers, one on each side of fish snout. Each nasal chambers opens to the exterior by two nostrils a narrow inlet and wider outlet, segregated by a somewhat elevated, nasal bridge. The two nostrils are somewhat faraway as far as length of rosette’s length to permit entering and leave water flow bearing odorant molecules to the nasal cavities. The SEM revealed that each olfactory rosette is elongated oval-shaped and made up of 48-50 foliar lamellae transversely arranged on both sides of a narrow median raphe. Alongside, the magnitude of lamellae differs in relation to their location on the raphe, since the larger are in the middle whereas their dimensions gradually reduced towards both ends of the rosette indicating that the number and magnitude of lamellae increase as the fish grow. Moreover, the lamellar surface comprises sensory and non-sensory areas concealed in a mucous layer and not distributed uniformly within the epithelial surface of the olfactory lamellae. Accordingly, The TEM observations indicated that the sensory areas holds four main receptor neurons, two  are major including ciliated and microvillous receptor cells bearing either cilia or microvilli, respectively emitted from a dendritic knob. Additionally, two other minor rod-tipped and crypt cells bearing a compound rod cilium, or few microvilli and occult cilia emitted also from dendritic knob were rarely observed. From the other side, the non-sensory area comprises cylindrical flat top surface; ciliated non-sensory cells with motile long kinocilium and nonciliated stratified epithelial cells with fingerprint-like microridges both are mainly of supporting in addition of and ovoid goblet mucous cells in-between and stem basal cells. Collectively, our study revealed the general organization and ultrastructure of an important economic teleost fish that affects feeding habitat and has an important influence on the fish food intake