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PN2CCS:A tool to encode Petri nets into calculus of communicating systems
No full textPN2CCS is a software tool to encode Petri nets (PN) into the Calculus of Communication Systems (CCS). Its purpose is to allow Petri nets generated by most process mining algorithms (for instance, the α-miner) to be encoded into CCS, with the longer term goal of enabling the application tools and techniques developed for process calculi to the realm of process mining. PN2CCS is written in JavaScript and runs in modern web browsers with an interactive graphical user interface. The interface allows users to input a Petri net either by drawing it in the tool or importing a Petri net from a common file format for Petri nets. The tool then classifies the input Petri net and encodes it into CCS. The tool allows to encode a slight generalization of free-choice (workflow) nets as well as Petri nets directly expressible in CCS.</p
Internalizing and externalizing symptoms and prosocial behavior and pubertal timing in boys and girls:A cohort study
No full textPurposeTo study the association between internalizing and externalizing symptoms and prosocial behavior at age 7 years and pubertal timing in boys and girls.MethodsThis cohort study included 11,090 children from the Puberty Cohort within the Danish National Birth Cohort (DNBC). Data on internalizing and externalizing symptoms and prosocial behavior was derived from a parent-reported Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) at age 7 years, and categorized as normal (lowest 79th percent), at-risk (80th – 89th percent) or abnormal (≥90th percent). Several pubertal markers were measured half-yearly from the age of 11 until the age of 18 or full maturity, and adjusted interval-censored regression models were made for each pubertal marker and for a combined marker for pubertal timing.ResultsBoys with at-risk externalizing symptom scores showed a slight trend towards earlier pubertal timing (estimate for combined marker: -0.8; 95 % CI [−1,9; 0.4] months). This trend also applied for boys with abnormal symptom scores (estimate for combined marker: -0.6; 95 % CI [−1.9; 0.8] months) while, for girls, the trend was apparent in breast development only. However, for both boys and girls, the age differences were small with overlapping confidence intervals.ConclusionsNo associations between internalizing and externalizing symptoms and prosocial behavior and pubertal timing in boys and girls were observed. Results were robust across analyses.Purpose: To study the association between internalizing and externalizing symptoms and prosocial behavior at age 7 years and pubertal timing in boys and girls. Methods: This cohort study included 11,090 children from the Puberty Cohort within the Danish National Birth Cohort (DNBC). Data on internalizing and externalizing symptoms and prosocial behavior was derived from a parent-reported Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) at age 7 years, and categorized as normal (lowest 79th percent), at-risk (80th – 89th percent) or abnormal (≥90th percent). Several pubertal markers were measured half-yearly from the age of 11 until the age of 18 or full maturity, and adjusted interval-censored regression models were made for each pubertal marker and for a combined marker for pubertal timing. Results: Boys with at-risk externalizing symptom scores showed a slight trend towards earlier pubertal timing (estimate for combined marker: -0.8; 95 % CI [−1,9; 0.4] months). This trend also applied for boys with abnormal symptom scores (estimate for combined marker: -0.6; 95 % CI [−1.9; 0.8] months) while, for girls, the trend was apparent in breast development only. However, for both boys and girls, the age differences were small with overlapping confidence intervals. Conclusions: No associations between internalizing and externalizing symptoms and prosocial behavior and pubertal timing in boys and girls were observed. Results were robust across analyses.</p
Effects of galaxy cluster structure on lensed gravitational waves
No full textStrong gravitational lenses come in many forms, but are typically divided into two populations: galaxies, and groups and clusters of galaxies. The largest objects in the Universe (i.e., galaxy clusters) are highly irregular and composed of many components due to a history of (or active) hierarchical mergers. In this work, we analyze the discrepancies in the observables of strongly lensed gravitational wave transients in both scenarios, namely relative magnifications, time delays, and image multiplicities. We compare the detection rates between the single spherical dark matter halo models found in the literature, and publicly available state-of-the-art cluster lens models. We find there to be approximately an order of magnitude fewer detection of strongly lensed transients in the realistic model case, likely caused by their loss of overall strong lensing optical depth. We also report detection rates in the weak lensing or single-image regime. Additionally, we find a systemic shift toward lower time delays between the brightest image pairs in the cases of the realistic models, as well as higher fractions of positive versus negative parity images, which was previously reported in the literature. This deviation in the joint relative magnification factor-time delay distribution will hinder the feasibility of the reconstruction of cluster-scale lenses through gravitational wave transients alone, but can still provide a lower limit on the lens mass
The 15-minute city revisited: A GIS approach to measuring, visualizing, and analyzing accessibility by proximity and by public transport supply
No full textThe 15-minute city can offer a meaningful framework for measuring and analyzing accessibility to basic urban functions, if proper theoretical and methodological choices are made. This paper develops a comprehensive methodology and presents the steps for measuring, visualizing, and analyzing x-minute accessibility by proximity (walking accessibility) and accessibility by public transport supply (accessibility potential created by nearby public transport services) using geographic information systems (GIS). Five sequential steps are presented: project definition, data preparation, measuring accessibility, visualizing accessibility and insufficient accessibility, and analyzing accessibility using spatial statistical analysis and modeling. The proposed approach is applied to Copenhagen. Results indicate that, even in a city where sustainable mobility is prominent, there are spatial clusters of lack of accessibility and insufficient accessibility, lying mainly in suburban locations. Proximity-based accessibility and accessibility by public transport supply are found to highly overlap across space. Moreover, density was found to largely predict both 15-minute walking accessibility to local destinations and accessibility to other areas via public transport. This approach can be used as a guide by those aiming to understand the patterns and drivers of accessibility across space, reveal socio-spatial inequalities, and identify locations for potential interventions that improve walking accessibility and reduce car dependence
