Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry (E-Journal - Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity)
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Formulation Of Instant Functional Collagen Drink With Date Seeds Coffee (Phoenix dactylifera) And Spices (Ginger, Cinnamon, Cardamom, Clove) Using The D-Optimal Mixture Design Method
Full text linkThe functional food trend has grown rapidly since the Covid-19 pandemic, including products made from natural ingredients like herbal collagen drinks. This research aims to develop an optimal collagen drink formulation by adding date seed coffee with ginger, cinnamon, cardamom, and cloves as antioxidants to optimize collagen function.Optimization was carried out using the Design Expert-13 device with the optimization response of antioxidant activity (mg TE/100g) and water content (%). The results showed that the optimal formulation consisted ofdate seed coffee 35.57%; hydrolyzed collagen 25%; and spice mixture (ginger, cinnamon, cardamom, cloves) of 39.432% with a desirability value of 0.741.The optimal product was then instantiated using the spray drying method and compared with commercial products without instantiation and collagen addition.The optimal product has an IC50 antioxidant activity of 743.86 ppm and total phenols of 187.23 mg GAE/100g), with a water content of 3.35%, hygroscopicity of 7.76%, bulk density of 0.488 g/mL, and a dissolution time of 23.32 seconds. The results of the hedonic test on the optimal sample as a whole from 100 panelists were “rather like†to “like†with an average value of 3.17 with the most preferred attributes being the consistency and aroma of spices
Endophytic Bacteria from Mimosa pudica L.: Morphological and Biochemical Traits and Biocontrol Activity against Alternaria porri
Full text linkShallot (Allium cepa L.) is an important horticultural commodity whose productivity is frequently constrained by purple blotch disease caused by Alternaria porri. Excessive reliance on synthetic fungicides for disease control has raised concerns related to environmental sustainability and pathogen resistance. Endophytic bacteria, which inhabit internal plant tissues without causing harm, represent a promising source of biological control agents. This study aimed to characterize the morphological and biochemical traits and to evaluate the biocontrol activity of endophytic bacteria isolated from Mimosa pudica L. against A. porri. A total of twelve endophytic bacterial isolates were obtained from healthy roots, stems, and leaves of M. pudica using a surface sterilization technique. The isolates exhibited diverse colony morphology and growth characteristics. Biochemical characterization revealed that most isolates were gram-positive, catalase-positive, motile, and capable of starch hydrolysis. Antagonistic activity was evaluated using a dual culture assay on potato dextrose agar. The results demonstrated that several isolates effectively inhibited the mycelial growth of A. porri. Among them, isolates MP5 and MP11 showed the highest inhibitory effects, with growth inhibition percentages of 58.2% and 48.7%, respectively, and were classified as having high antagonistic activity. The strong inhibitory performance of selected isolates suggests their ability to produce antifungal metabolites or to suppress pathogen growth through competitive interactions. Overall, endophytic bacteria isolated from M. pudica, particularly isolates MP5 and MP11, exhibit significant potential as environmentally friendly biological control agents for managing purple blotch disease in shallot cultivation
Effect of Moringa Leaves and Jackfruit Seeds as Rice Substitute to Reduce Blood Glucose Levels in Mice
Full text linkMost Indonesians consume white rice, which has a high Glycemic Index (GI). Eating foods with high GI can lead to the occurrence of Diabetes Mellitus (DM). DM is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia. Alternative solutions are needed to overcome diabetes mellitus, one of which is by using rice substitute which has a low Glycemic Index (GI). Moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera) and jackfruit seeds (Artocarpus heterophyllus lam.) contain flavonoids that have the potential to be used as ingredients for making rice substitute. Flavonoids function to increase antioxidant enzymes, neutralize free radicals, lower blood sugar, overcome fatigue, and protect insulin-producing pancreatic ß cells. This study aims to analyze the content, physical and chemical characteristics, and antidiabetic activity of innovative rice substitute. In this study, an rice substitute formulation was made from Moringa flour: jackfruit flour in the ratio of 3:1 (P1), 1:1 (P2), and 1:3 (P3). Analog rice was tested on mice which were divided into five groups, namely positive control, negative control, and a combination of extracts P1, P2, and P3. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS 25 software. The results obtained showed that the rice substitute formulations P1, P2, and P3 were able to reduce blood sugar in mice, but P2 best reduced blood sugar, which was 11 mg/dL and 22 mg/dL
Modulatory Efficiency of Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) on Collagen-Induced Platelet Aggregation and Dysfunction
Full text linkPlatelet aggregation, coagulation, and activation are crucial for hemostasis. Collagen treatment can impair hemostatic processes leading to bleeding disorders like thrombosis; vitamin C may mitigate these effects. Hence, modulatory efficiency of vitamin C on collagen-induced platelet aggregation and dysfunction was investigated. Thirty (30) Wistar rats (135g-155g) were divided equally into; Group 1 (Control), Group 2 (Collagen-induced), and Group 3 (Collagen + Vitamin C treated). Platelet aggregation, prothrombin time, bleeding time, fibrinogen levels assessed coagulation and platelet function. Thromboxane B2 and P-selectin levels measured platelet and endothelial activation. Platelet count, mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW), and plateletcrit (PCT) evaluated platelet production and size variability. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Group 2 exhibited higher platelet aggregation, prolonged prothrombin and bleeding times and elevated fibrinogen, thromboxane B2, and P-selectin levels, along with increased platelet count, MPV, PDW, and PCT, compared to Group 1. Group 3 showed significant reductions in all these parameters compared to Group 2 (p < 0.05). Vitamin C demonstrated significant modulatory effect on collagen-induced platelet aggregation and dysfunction which suggests that vitamin C may have therapeutic potential in mitigating platelet dysfunction and coagulation impairments associated with collagen-induced pathophysiological conditions
Effect of Modified Kimpul Flour Substitution and Glycerol Monostearate Concentration on The Physicochemical and Sensory Properties of Sweet Bread
Full text linkWheat flour is the primary ingredient in sweet bread production, yet its import-dependent supply in countries like Indonesia prompts the need for alternative local ingredients. Kimpul tuber (Xanthosoma sagittifolium), rich in carbohydrates, presents a promising substitute, though its native starch properties are less suitable for baking. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of substituting wheat flour with heat moisture treatment (HMT)-modified kimpul flour and the addition of glycerol monostearate (GMS) on the physicochemical and sensory properties of sweet bread. A factorial completely randomized design was applied using three wheat-to-kimpul flour ratios (3:1, 1:1, and 1:3) and three GMS concentrations (2%, 3%, and 4%). Results showed that higher kimpul flour substitution increased moisture and carbohydrate content but reduced protein and fat levels. Textural properties such as hardness and adhesiveness also increased with kimpul content, but these were mitigated by the addition of GMS, particularly at 3%. The optimal formulation 1:1 wheat-to-kimpul ratio with 3% GMS produced sweet bread with the best overall sensory acceptance. The findings suggest that HMT-modified kimpul flour combined with GMS can serve as a functional and acceptable alternative to wheat flour in bread production. This supports food diversification strategies and promotes the utilization of local tuber-based flours in bakery applications
Antihypercholesterolemic Activity of Tahongai Leaf infusion (Kleinsovia hospita L.) In Mice (Mus musculus L.)
Full text linkTahongai (Kleinhovia hospita L.) is an indigenous plant of East Kalimantan known for its health benefits, including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, and antidiabetic properties. This study evaluates the antihypercholesterolemic activity of Tahongai leaf infusion in hypercholesterolemic mice (Mus musculus L.), induced by egg yolk. The test groups included a positive control (simvastatin), a negative control (distilled water), and three treatment groups with Tahongai leaf infusion at concentrations of 15%, 30%, and 60%. The results indicated that the highest reduction in cholesterol levels was observed in the P1 group (15% infusion) with an average decrease of 30.84%, followed by P2 (30% infusion) at 24.79%, and P3 (60% infusion) at 9.31%. The positive control group showed an average reduction of 8.64%. Statistical analysis using One-Way ANOVA revealed a significant difference (p<0.05) in cholesterol level reduction among the treatment groups
Antibacterial Effect of Moringa oleifera Leaves on Staphylococcus aureus Based on Different Concentration and Harvest Time
Full text linkThis study investigates the antibacterial activity of Moringa oleifera leaf extract against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, focusing on the effects of harvest time and extract concentration. Leaves were harvested in the morning (08:00–10:00) and afternoon (15:00–17:00), then extracted with 96% ethanol. The antibacterial efficacy was evaluated using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method at 60%, 70%, and 80%. The largest inhibition zone was observed at 80% concentration from the afternoon harvest (10.38 ± 0.43 mm), while the smallest was recorded at 60% from the morning harvest (8.25 ± 0.20 mm). Statistical analysis confirmed a significant concentration‑dependent antibacterial effect (p < 0.001, η² = 88.6%). However, harvest time did not significantly affect inhibition zone size (p = 0.882). These results suggest that M. oleifera is an effective natural antimicrobial agent against S. aureus, with concentration being the key determinant of antibacterial activity. Further research is recommended to explore its potential combined with antibiotics and its full therapeutic applicability
Effect of Different Pre-treatments and Frying Process on Proximate, Some Essential Minerals, and Anti-nutritional Factors of Taro Found in Birjung, Nepal
Full text linkTaro corms (Colocasia Esculenta), also called pindalu in Nepalese society are exposed to different pretreatment such as boiling in plain water at 100ºC for 7min, boiling in 1.2% salt solution at 100ºC for 7min, boiling in 5% citric acid100ºC for 7min and frying was investigated for proximate, antinutritional and mineral content. The proximate composition of raw taro corms was found to be moisture 60.82%, crude fat 0.96%, crude protein 9.69%, total ash 3.77%, crude fiber 3.49% and carbohydrate 52.0%. Macro nutrients such as Potassium, Calcium, Phosphorous, and Sodium were found to be 620.55 mg/100g, 150.12 mg/100g, 53.72 mg/100g, and 36.62 mg/100g, respectively. Antinutritional factors of raw taro corms analyzed in this study were oxalate-280.98±0.49 mg/100g, phytate-84.90±0.74 mg/100g and tannin-47.67±0.11 mg/100g. Potassium was the most abundant macro mineral (620.55mg/100g) in the unprocessed taro corms. The effect of pretreatments and frying on calcium showed significant decrease. When compared with raw taro corms, pretreatments and frying process resulted in a significant increase in phosphorous and sodium content. Antinutritional factors were significantly reduced by the pre-treatments, and frying method appears to be more effective in reducing phytate and tannin, whereas boiling in 5% salt solution for oxalate content
Durian Seed Flour (Durio zibethinus Murr) as an Alternative Medium for Fungal Growth
Full text linkThis study aimed to evaluate the potential of durian seed flour (Durio zibethinus Murr) as an alternative medium for the growth of Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. The bleaching process utilized sodium metabisulfite at varying concentrations (600 ppm, 800 ppm, 1000 ppm) and immersion durations (15, 20, 25 minutes). The bleached samples were dried at 70℃ for 3 hours. Durian seed flour media were formulated into three variants and compared with Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) as the control medium. The activity test for Candida albicans used the pour plate method with incubation for 48 hours at 37℃, while Aspergillus niger was tested using the agar block method and incubated for 72 hours under the same conditions. Immersion duration significantly affected the flour's color, with longer durations producing whiter flour. Higher drying temperatures enhanced water evaporation efficiency, resulting in an average moisture content of 10.56%, compliant with national standards. The best medium formulation was F1 (10 g durian seed flour, 2 g sugar, 1.5 g agar, 0.25 g micronutrients, 100 mL distilled water), yielding 3.6 × 10ⷠCFU/mL of Candida albicans colonies and an Aspergillus niger growth diameter of 28.5 mm after 72 hours of incubation. However, sporulation of Aspergillus niger was better on PDA media. Durian seed flour shows potential as an alternative fungal growth medium
Potential Effect of Orthosiphon aristatus Leaf Extract in Improving Collagen 1 Alpha 1 Expression in Hyperglycemia-Induced Rats
Full text linkDiabetes mellitus involves many mechanisms, the collagen metabolism pathway with very complex interactions and its regulation can contribute to the development of diabetes complications. The collagen 1 alpha 1 (COL1A1) gene plays an important role in the diabetes melitus pathway in adipose tissue by regulating adipocyte function, insulin resistance, and glucose metabolism. COL1A1 expression is positively correlated with insulin resistance and negatively correlated with insulin sensitivity and is identified as a potential therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes. The cat's whisker plant (Ortosiphon aristatus) pharmacologically has hypoglycemic activity and increases insulin expression. This study aims to observe the potential of cat whisker leaf extract (Ortosiphon aristatus) in increasing the expression of the COL1A1 gene and is protective against increased blood sugar levels in hyperglycemia-induced Rattus norvegicus. The experimental design with pretest and posttest controlled group design was carried out by dividing 18 test animals into six groups of non-diabetic negative control, diabetic negative control, metformin as positive control, doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kgBW. Induction of hyperglycemia with streptozotocin 65 mg/kgBW and nicotinamide 230 mg/kgBW peritoneal injection. The extract treatment is given for 14 days. Blood sugar level measurements were carried out at the treatment’s beginning and end. Adipose tissue was taken to examine COL1A1 gene expression by real time PCR technique by calculating the ratio of the cycle of tresh-hold COL1A1 to the internal ?-actin gene. The results of Kruskall Wallis test showed no significant difference in COL1A1 gene expression between groups and the Spearmen correlation test showed no relationship between blood sugar levels and COL1A1 gene expression (p>0.05). There was a decrease in blood sugar levels before and after treatment for all treatment groups