Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry (E-Journal - Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity)
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Effect of PEG and CMC on Papaya (Carica papaya L.) Extract Against Aedes aegypti Larvae
Full text linkDengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) cases are still high in America and Asia region, including Indonesia. Eradication of DHF can be done by larvacide. Temephos 1%, chemical larvacide used in Indonesia for decades, can cause environment degradation and allergic reaction in human. Papaya stem extract as biolarvacide contains saponins, tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, papain and essential oils which have larvicidal activity. It can be applicable in all over the world. This study was conducted to determine the better suspending agent between CMC or PEG of papaya stem extract to kill Aedes aegypti larvae. Objective: To determine the better suspending agent to kill Aedes aegypti larvae. Method: This study was true experimental study in laboratory, used post-test only controlled group design. This study used samples consist of Aedes aegypti instar III-IV larvae. There were seven experimental groups, consist of positive control group, negative control group for CMC, negative control group for PEG, extract concentration of 1.5% with CMC suspending agent, extract concentration of 1.5% with PEG suspending agent, extract concentration of 2% with CMC suspending agent, extract concentration of 2% with PEG suspending agent. Each group was repeated 4 times and counted every 6 hours (6th, 12th, 18th, 24th). Data analysis using the SPSS application ver 23. Probit test used to determine the effectiveness of the larvacide, LC50 and LT50 to determine the concentration and time to kill 50% of Aedes aegypti larvae. It used Kruskal Wallis Test to compare four dependent groups. It used Mann Whitney Test to compare the differences of each group. Result: The study showed that LC50 PEG was 0.033%, LC50 CMC was 0.321%, LT50 (PEG+1.5%) was 20.8 hours, LT50 (PEG+2%) was 30.7 hours, LT50 (CMC+1.5%) was 23.5 hours, LT50 (CMC+2%) was 40.7 hours. Based on the probit test, the LC50 and LT50 results showed that papaya stem methanol extract with PEG suspending agent was more effective than CMC suspending agent, it needed lower concentration and lower time to kill 50% of larvae. Kruskall Wallis Test result p<0.05, so there was significantly difference between groups. Post hoc Mann-Whitney Test result p<0.05 between C(-) PEG group with P1, P2, P3, P4 and between C(-) CMC group with P1, P2, P3, P4, so there was significantly difference between C(-) PEG with each group and C(-) CMC with each group. Conclusion: It can be concluded that papaya stem methanol extract with PEG suspending agent was more effective than CMC suspending agent to kill Aedes aegypti larvae
Phytochemicals and Antibacterial Activity of Impatiens balsamina L. Leaf Extracts Against Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria
Full text linkThe emergence of antibiotic resistance as one of the global public health threats makes research on new antibacterial compounds urgently needed. Among natural resources, the Impatiens balsamina plant has the potential to be explored as the new source of antibacterial agents. This study aimed to identify the phytochemical composition and evaluate the antibacterial activity of I. balsamina leaf extracts against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Extracts were prepared using the maceration method with methanol, chloroform, and n-hexane solvents at a 1:5 sample-to-solvent ratio. Phytochemical screening was performed qualitatively, and antibacterial activity was evaluated using the disc diffusion assay. Analysis of methanol extract detected the presence of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, phenols, steroids, and glycosides, while chloroform extract consisted of tannins, phenols, and steroids. On the other hand, steroids were the only compounds detected qualitatively in n-hexane extract. Antibacterial testing revealed that methanol extract exhibited the highest activity, with zones of inhibition (ZOI) of 15.10±0.18 mm, 9.40±0.30 mm, 14.75±1.28 mm, and 8.67±0.50 mm against Streptococcus mutans FNCC 0405, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, and Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 700603, respectively. A concentration-dependent ZOI was observed in the methanol extract, with activity increasing at higher concentrations. GC-MS analysis of the methanol extract identified 32 compounds, including n-hexadecanoic acid (12.12%), 2-acetylbenzoic acid (8.26%), 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (8.21%), and 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol (4.67%), which are known to possess antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Chloroform extract showed moderate activity against S. mutans (7.04±0.15 mm) and S. aureus (7.10±0.31 mm), while n-hexane extract exhibited no antibacterial activity. The significant antibacterial activity of methanol extract is likely due to its rich phytochemical composition, highlighting methanol as an effective solvent for extracting bioactive compounds. These findings provide a strong foundation for further exploration of I. balsamina leaf extracts as a source of antibacterial agents
Protective Role of Paederia foetida L. Against Hepatic Inflammatory Response in a Mice Model of Escherichia coli-Induced Sepsis
Full text linkSepsis is a severe medical condition characterized by a systemic immune response to infection, often leading to multi-organ failure and death if not treated effectively. This study aimed to investigate the antiseptic properties of Paederia foetida leaf extract in male mice induced with sepsis using Escherichia coli. A total of 24 mice were divided into six groups: a normal group (no treatment), a negative control group (distilled water), a positive control group (ciprofloxacin), and three treatment groups receiving P. foetida leaf extract at doses of 100, 300, and 500 mg/kg BW. After 15 days of oral administration, liver tissue samples were analyzed for IL-6 expression, a pro-inflammatory cytokine associated with sepsis. The results revealed a significant reduction in IL-6 expression in the treatment groups, particularly at the 500 mg/kg BW dose. This dose showed the most effective anti-inflammatory response, with IL-6 expression levels comparable to those of the positive control group treated with ciprofloxacin. However, the 100 mg/kg BW dose demonstrated minimal effects, similar to the negative control. These findings suggest that P. foetida leaf extract, especially at higher doses, has potential as an anti-inflammatory agent in sepsis management. The bioactive compounds in the extract, including flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids, likely contribute to its efficacy. This study provides preliminary evidence supporting the use of P. foetida as a potential herbal alternative for managing sepsis, but further clinical research is necessary to confirm its therapeutic potential
Diversity of Sea Cucumber Types in Shallow Sea Waters of Katapang Sukarame Carita Labuan Pandeglang Banten Beach
Full text linkCucumbers of the sea are one of the animals from the phylum Echinodermata that have ecological and economic roles. Biogeographically, the types of sea cucumbers from the Holothuriidae family are not yet well known in the waters of Shallow Waters of Katapang Sukarame Carita Labuan Pandeglang Banten Coast, particularly the information on the types and their phylogenetic relationships. This study aims to determine the diversity and phenetic relationship between types of sea cucumbers in Shallow Waters of Katapang Sukarame Carita Labuan Pandeglang Banten Coast. The research has stages which include preliminary observations of sea cucumber species. Preliminary observations were carried out by surveying the location of the sea cucumber catch and interviewing local fishermen. The results of the survey on preliminary observations were used as the basis for determining the sampling station. Sampling of the specimens was carried out using a cruising technique based on a predetermined sequence of sampling stations. Observations and species determination were carried out to obtain data as material for the analysis of taxonomy and phenetic relationships. The research results show that the diversity of sea cucumber species found in the Shallow Waters of Katapang Sukarame Carita Labuan Pandeglang Banten Coast are S. horrens, H. atra, and H. leucospilota. There is a phylogenetic relationship among the three sea cucumber species in the Shallow Waters of Katapang Sukarame Carita Labuan Pandeglang Banten Coast. Group 1, which consists of H. atra, has a similarity of 85.393% with H. leucospilota. Group 2, which includes S. horrens, has a similarity of 64.130% with H. atra and H. leucospilota
Analysis of Influencing Factors on The Provision of Birth Control Equipment and Materials at The Lahomi Non-Inpatient Health Center Unit, West Nias Regency
Full text linkThe quality and access to family planning services demands a paradigm shift, especially among service providers, which in this case are Bapermas and KB. That is why service must be carried out on the basis of volunteerism, openness, and honesty. One of the service providers that is still questionable about the quality of its services is the Community Empowerment, Women and Family Planning Agency. The implementation of the provision of kb tools and materials has not been carried out properly and correctly. The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors of influence on the provision of birth control equipment and materials at the UPT Non-Inpatient Health Center Lahomi, West Nias Regency. The type of research used was quantitative analytics. Dessay research is a cross-sectional study. The sampling technique in this study was the total population, namely the entire population was used as a research sample, then the number of samples in the study was 170 employees. The results of the study explained that there was an influence between supervision, direction, control, supervision and budgeting on the provider of birth control equipment and materials in Lahomi Health Center, Nias Regency. West. It is hoped that with this research, Lahomi Health Center will improve the quality of services, especially in the provision of birth control tools and materials
Diversity and Composition of Insect Species Associated with Natural Rattan Habitats in Namo Village, Kulawi, Central Sulawesi
Full text linkTropical forest ecosystems are home to diverse insect communities that play essential ecological roles, including pollination, decomposition, and nutrient cycling. Among the key forest plants, rattan (Arecaceae) provides both ecological and economic benefits and serves as an important microhabitat for various insect species. This study aimed to identify and analyze the diversity of insect species associated with natural rattan habitats in Namo Village, Kulawi District, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Insect sampling was carried out using sweep nets, pitfall traps, and yellow pan traps along rattan-dominated forest transects. A total of 125 individual insects were collected, representing 7 orders, 28 families, and 37 species. The order Hymenoptera showed the highest abundance (41.6%), dominated by Formicidae and Apidae families, followed by Coleoptera (25.6%) and Diptera (17.6%). The Shannon–Wiener Diversity Index (H’ = 2.84) indicated moderate species diversity with high evenness (E = 0.83). Functionally, the insect community consisted of pollinators (38.2%), herbivores (25.4%), decomposers (19.6%), and predators (16.8%). These findings demonstrate that natural rattan ecosystems support diverse and functionally balanced insect assemblages, reflecting stable ecological conditions and minimal anthropogenic disturbance. Conserving natural rattan stands is therefore crucial for maintaining biodiversity and sustaining ecological functions such as pollination and decomposition within tropical forest ecosystems
Antioxidant and Antibacterial Properties of Methanol Extract of Gletang Flower (Tridax procumbens)
Full text linkIn a previous study, the methanol extract of Tridax procumbens flowers (commonly known as gletang) at high concentrations was reported to exhibit strong antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans and Enterococcus faecalis. This study aimed to examine the secondary metabolite content, antioxidant activity, and antibacterial activity of the methanol extract of gletang flowers. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using two methods, namely DPPH and ABTS assays. The antibacterial activity was assessed using the Kirby-Bauer method at concentrations of 1000, 5000, and 10000 ppm against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus mutans, and Enterococcus faecalis. Phytochemical screening revealed that the methanol extract of gletang flowers contains phenolic compounds, flavonoids, alkaloids, and triterpenoids. The antioxidant activity tests showed very strong activity in both DPPH and ABTS assays, with IC50 values of 6.8478 ± 1.335 and 12.8608 ± 0.579 ppm, respectively. The antibacterial activity tests showed that the methanol extract of gletang flowers exhibited strong activity against E. faecalis at concentrations of 5000 and 10000 ppm, with inhibition zone diameters of 3.00 ± 0.14 and 3.20 ± 0.14 mm, respectively
Analysis of the Antioxidant Activity of Young and Mature Bidara Leaves Using 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Phytochemical Screening Test
Full text linkThis study aimed to compare the antioxidant activity of young and mature bidara leaves using the DPPH method and to identify the content of secondary metabolites through phytochemical testing. Antioxidant activity was measured using the IC50 parameter, which represents the concentration of the extract that can capture 50% of DPPH free radicals. The test results showed that mature bidara leaves had an IC50 value of 34.984 ppm, indicating vigorous antioxidant activity, while young leaves had an IC50 value of 100.327 ppm, classified as moderate activity. Phytochemical testing revealed that both types of leaves contained alkaloids, saponins, and tannins, while flavonoids and triterpenoids were only found in old leaves. These results suggest that variations in secondary metabolite content, influenced by leaf age, contribute to differences in antioxidant activity. Thus, older bidara leaves are more potent as an antioxidant source compared to younger leaves. This study supports the utilization of bidara plants in the pharmaceutical industry and the development of traditional medicine based on natural ingredients
Onychomycosis in Students: An Overview of Nail Care Practices and Personal Hygiene
Full text linkOnychomycosis is a common nail disorder caused by dermatophytes, yeasts, and non-dermatophyte molds, with increasing prevalence among young adults. Poor nail care and personal hygiene habits are essential predisposing factors that contribute to infection. Despite its clinical relevance, data on onychomycosis in student populations remain limited. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 150 undergraduate students from the Faculty of Health Sciences, aged 18–25 years. Nail specimens were collected from individuals presenting with suspected onychomycosis. Direct microscopy was performed using a 20% potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation, and samples were cultured on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar supplemented with chloramphenicol and cycloheximide. Fungal isolates were identified based on macroscopic and microscopic characteristics. Sociodemographic data, nail care habits, and hygiene practices were collected through structured questionnaires. Data were analyzed descriptively, and associations were assessed using chi-square tests. Onychomycosis was confirmed in 27 students (18%). Dermatophytes were the most frequent isolates, with Trichophyton rubrum (9%) and T. mentagrophytes (5%) predominating, followed by Candida albicans (3%) and Aspergillus spp. (1%). Risk factors significantly associated with infection included irregular nail trimming (p = 0.01), sharing of nail clippers (p = 0.03), and prolonged use of closed footwear (p = 0.02). No significant associations were observed with gender or age. Onychomycosis is prevalent among university students, with dermatophytes as the leading causative agents. Inadequate nail care and poor hygiene practices play a critical role in the occurrence of diseases. Health education and preventive interventions should be prioritized to reduce infection rates in young adults. Further studies employing molecular methods are recommended to refine species identification and improve epidemiological insights
Therapeutic Effect of Topical Ointment Ethanol Extract From Patiwala Leaves (Lantana camara) on Histological Profile of Incision Wounds in Diabetic Rat Models
Full text linkDiabetic wounds are one of the neurovascular complications of diabetes. Hyperglycemia complicates the healing of diabetic wounds, which are susceptible to infection and chronic inflammation. Topical treatment using herbal extracts aims to reduce the side effects of surrounding tissue damage. A topical ointment made from ethanol extract of Patiwala (Lantana camara) leaves, which has been tested for product quality, has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects that has been proven to help accelerate the healing of diabetic wounds in rats through parameters such as reduced wound diameter, changes in the number of fibroblast cells, and collagen fiber formation seen in the histological profile during 21 days of therapy with a concentration of 15% (p>0.05) compared to the positive control of 10% betadine