Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry (E-Journal - Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity)
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Evaluation of Selected Pharmacological Properties of a Polyherbal Extract (Aju Mbaise) in Experimental Rats
Get PDFAju Mbaise, an herbal combination widely utilized in southeastern Nigeria for managing postpartum complications and alleviating menstrual pain, was evaluated for analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diarrheal properties in rats. Specific objectives included evaluating anti-diarrheal effects, examining anti-inflammatory effects and assessing analgesic properties of the herbal combination. The study involved subjecting the Aju Mbaise polyherbal extract (APE) to phytochemical analysis and acute toxicity testing. Anti-diarrheal effects were evaluated by administering charcoal as a meal and using castor oil-induced models. Anti-inflammatory effects were assessed through the carrageenan-induced paw oedema model, and analgesic properties were examined using the acetic acid-induced pain model. Phytochemical analysis identified alkaloids, tannins, phenols, steroids, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, flavonoids, and saponins in the extract. The acute toxicity value exceeded 5000 mg/kg body weight, indicating safety. In animal studies, APE exhibited significant inhibitory effects on intestinal motility, reduced wet stool frequency, and influenced the castor oil-induced diarrhoea and enhanced anti-inflammatory activities. Additionally, it demonstrated a reduction in acetic acid-induced pain in rats. The APE with its diverse phytochemical composition, possesses anti-diarrheal, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties. However, further research is needed to establish ideal dosages and potential adverse effects
Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, and Gut Microbiota-Modulating Effects of Cymbopogon citratus Leaf Extract in Nicotinamide-Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats
Get PDFCymbopogon citratus Leaf Extract (CCE) is used traditionally to manage diabetes mellitus. The study aimed to to evaluate the effects of its oral administration on gut bacteria composition and antidiabetic effect in nicotinamide and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Thirty-five male Wistar rats were divided into five groups comprising 7 rats each. They were; non-diabetic rats given distilled water (PC), untreated diabetic rats (NC), diabetic rats treated with 2.5 mg/kg glibenclamide (RDC), diabetic rats treated with 200 mg/kg extract (CCE1) and diabetic rats treated with 400 mg/kg extract (CCE2). Fasting blood glucose (FBG), insulin, glycogen, lipid profile, catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), serum electrolytes, urea, uric acid, creatinine, bilirubin, albumin, alanine and aspartate amino transferases (ALT, AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gut bacterial count were analysed and bacteria identified. Secondary metabolites in extract were also quantified. Results showed significant reductions (p<0.05) in FBG, low density lipoprotein, triglycerides, cholesterol, urea, sodium, catalase, SOD, GSH, and MDA levels in the CCE1 and CCE2 groups compared to the NC. Glycogen, ALT, AST, ALP, and HDL increased significantly. CCE1 outperformed CCE2 in most biochemical parameters. The total bacterial count increased significantly in the treatment groups and the identified species were L. plantarum, L. lactis, C. leptum and, L. mesenteroides. Key secondary metabolites in CCE were catechin, dihydrocytisine, steroid, aphyllidine, Narigenin, proanthocyanidine, oxalate and phytate. In conclusion, CCE exhibited glucose-lowering, antihyperlipidemic, and antioxidant effects, reversed dysfunction in organ function markers and promoted occurrence of beneficial bacterial. Further research into its nutraceutical potential is recommended
Synthesis, Characterization, and Micellar Behavior of Amphiphilic Chitosan Bearing Sulfate and Anisaldehyde Imine Groups
Get PDFAmphiphilic chitosan derivatives bearing sulfate and anisaldehyde imine (anisimine) groups were successfully synthesized and characterized for potential applications as functional biomaterials. The synthesis involved two key steps: (1) sulfation of chitosan using chlorosulfonic acid to introduce O-sulfate groups, and (2) Schiff base formation via reaction with p-anisaldehyde to generate N-anisimine functionalities. Structural modifications were confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, which showed characteristic absorption bands at ~1250 cm-¹ and ~820 cm-¹ corresponding to O=S=O stretching of sulfate, and a C=N stretch at ~1640 cm-¹ indicating imine formation. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectra further verified the successful attachment of aromatic protons from p-anisaldehyde and the disappearance of primary amine peaks, confirming imination. The amphiphilic behavior and micelle-forming ability of the N-anisimine-O-sulfated (NAOS) chitosan were evaluated using pyrene as a hydrophobic fluorescent probe for determining the critical micelle concentration (CMC), which was found to be 0.012 mg/mL. The observed low CMC value indicates strong self-assembly capability in aqueous media. These results suggest that NAOS chitosan possesses promising structural and surface-active properties suitable for advanced applications in drug delivery and cosmetic formulations
Encapsulation of Extracted Oil from Mentha piperita in Alginate Beads
Get PDFEncapsulating essential oils derived from traditional medicinal flora within alginate beads represents an up-and-coming technique for enhancing their stability, bioavailability, and controlled release properties. In this study, we employed a Clevenger apparatus to extract the essential oil from Mentha piperita. The hydrodistillation process of M. piperita yielded an essential oil extraction of 0.27 ± 0.05%. The ionic gelation methodology facilitates the cross-linking of alginate with Calcium chloride, forming a gel-like matrix that effectively encapsulates essential oil droplets within stable, gelled beads. The essential oil-loaded beads were quantified spectrophotometrically at a wavelength of 340 nm (λmax). Furthermore, we evaluated and characterized the beads for size, weight analysis, sphericity, swelling behavior, dissolution kinetics, pH stability, drying rate, and accelerated stability studies. The size of alginate beads exhibited a significant increase concomitant with an elevation in sodium alginate concentration. The release profile of the oil content demonstrated a more sustained and regulated release within a phosphate buffer at pH 6.8 as opposed to that observed in 0.1N HCl
Effect of Ciprofloxacin Administration on Gastric Histopathological Changes in Mice
Get PDFCiprofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic widely used in clinical and veterinary practice. While effective against a broad range of bacterial infections, several studies have reported potential adverse effects on the gastrointestinal tract, particularly the gastric mucosa. This study aimed to evaluate the histopathological changes in the gastric mucosa of mice following ciprofloxacin administration at different doses. A total of 24 male mice were randomly divided into four groups: control, low-dose ciprofloxacin, moderate-dose ciprofloxacin, and high-dose ciprofloxacin. Treatment was administered orally for 14 days. Gastric tissues were collected and examined histologically using hematoxylin-eosin staining. Histopathological analysis revealed dose-dependent mucosal alterations. The control group showed intact gastric architecture, while the low-dose group exhibited mild epithelial erosion. The moderate-dose group presented with mucosal disruption and inflammatory infiltration, and the high-dose group demonstrated severe ulceration, edema, and mucosal thinning. These findings indicate progressive gastric injury with increasing ciprofloxacin exposure. Ciprofloxacin administration induces dose-dependent gastric mucosal injury in mice, consistent with fluoroquinolone-related gastrointestinal toxicity. Caution is warranted in prolonged or high-dose therapy, and further studies are needed to explore the underlying mechanisms and potential gastroprotective interventions
4-Hydroxyisoleucine as a Natural DPP-4 Inhibitor for Diabetes
Get PDFResearch on 4-hydroxyisoleucine, a natural compound found in several plant sources, shows potential as an antidiabetic agent through inhibiting the DPP-4 (dipeptidyl peptidase-4) enzyme. This study evaluates the pharmacokinetic potential and toxicity profile of 4-hydroxyisoleucine as a therapeutic agent. ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion) analysis indicates that this compound has good gastrointestinal absorption, moderate water solubility, and limited penetration across the blood-brain barrier, which reduces the risk of central nervous system side effects. The toxicity profile of 4-hydroxyisoleucine reveals low hepatotoxicity, with no indications of mutagenicity or carcinogenicity. The LD50 value greater than 2000 mg/kg places this compound in Toxicity Class 5, indicating low toxicity. Based on in silico evaluation results, 4-hydroxyisoleucine has potential as an effective natural DPP-4 inhibitor, with stable binding mechanisms, even though its binding affinity is lower than synthetic inhibitors. With favorable pharmacokinetic properties and a beneficial safety profile, 4-hydroxyisoleucine has the potential to be developed as a natural therapeutic agent for diabetes management
Stability Test and Antioxidant Activity Test of Sheet Mask Preparation of Avocado Peel (Persea americana Mill) Ethanol Extract with DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-Pikrilhydrazil) method
Get PDFThe avocado plant (Persea americana Mill) is known to have various benefits, one of which is in the skin of the fruit which contains flavonoid compounds as antioxidants. This antioxidant compound has the potential to be used as an active ingredient in various cosmetic preparations, one of which is sheet masks. This study aims to determine the physical quality, stability, and antioxidant activity of avocado peel ethanol extract formulated in sheet mask preparation. This study uses a quantitative method with an experimental design, and applies a complete random design (RAL) consisting of three variations of extract concentration, namely 2%, 4%, and 6%. Physical quality evaluation includes organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, adhesion, and viscosity, as well as stability tests using the cycling test method for six cycles. Antioxidant activity was tested using the DPPH method to determine the IC50 value. The results show that all formulas meet good physical quality. The 6% formula has the best stability with a pH of 5.79±0.062, an adhesion of 3.60 ± 0.130 seconds, and a viscosity of 9490.67 ± 27.57 cP. Statistical tests showed no significant changes in pH (p = 0.385), adhesion (p = 0.833), and viscosity (p = 1.000). The antioxidant activity test showed that Sheet mask with a concentration of 6% had an IC50 value of 198.11 ppm and was classified as having weak antioxidant activity, while avocado peel ethanol extract had an IC50 value of 53.11 ppm and was classified as having strong antioxidant activity. So it can be concluded that sheet mask preparations have good physical quality and are stable during storage, but the antioxidant activity of avocado peel extract is higher than sheet mask preparations
Analysis of Nutritional Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Yogurt Enriched with Butterfly Pea (Clitoria ternatea L.) Extract
Get PDFThe growing demand for functional foods has encouraged the development of dairy products enriched with natural bioactive ingredients to improve nutritional value and health benefits. This study aimed to analyze the nutritional composition and antioxidant activity of yogurt enriched with butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea L.) extract. Yogurt was prepared from fresh goat milk with varying concentrations of butterfly pea extract and evaluated for protein, fat, carbohydrate, moisture, ash, vitamin C contents, antioxidant activity, and sensory acceptance. Proximate analysis, UV–Vis spectrophotometry, and the DPPH method were used for chemical determinations, while a hedonic test assessed color, taste, aroma, and texture. Results showed that increasing butterfly pea extract significantly decreased protein and fat contents but increased vitamin C and antioxidant activity, with the highest values observed in yogurt containing 60% extract and 4% formulation (N60K2). Moisture and ash contents were not significantly affected. Sensory evaluation indicated that yogurt with 60% extract and 2% formulation (N60K1) was preferred regarding color, taste, aroma, and texture. Considering compliance with the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) and consumer acceptance, N60K1 was the optimal formulation. The findings suggest that butterfly pea extract can enhance the functional properties of yogurt, particularly its antioxidant potential, while maintaining acceptable sensory quality. This provides insights for developing functional dairy products with natural plant-based bioactives
Effectiveness of Antioxidant Compounds in Minaserua Herbal Drink from Bima as a Functional Food on Blood Pressure and Cholesterol Levels
Get PDFHypertension and hypercholesterolemia are major risk factors for degenerative diseases with increasing prevalence. Minaserua, a traditional herbal drink from Bima made from black glutinous rice, ginger, turmeric, clove, Javanese chili, black pepper, palm sugar, and coconut milk, is rich in bioactive compounds and potentially reduces blood pressure and cholesterol levels. This study employed a pre-post control group design. Participants were divided into an experimental group, receiving Minaserua daily for 2–4 weeks, and a control group, receiving no intervention. Blood pressure and cholesterol levels were measured before and after the intervention. Antioxidant activity was analyzed using the DPPH spectrophotometric method. Statistical analysis was performed using paired t-tests and independent t-tests. Minaserua exhibited strong antioxidant activity with an IC-50 of 41.30 mg/ml. The experimental group showed significant reductions in total cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides, and significant increases in HDL (p < 0.05), along with significant decreases in systolic and diastolic blood pressure (p < 0.05). The control group showed no significant changes, except for a marginal increase in HDL. Minaserua herbal drink effectively improves lipid profiles and lowers blood pressure, supporting its potential as a functional food for preventing hypertension and hypercholesterolemia
Formulation and Evaluation of Spirulina-Based Gel with Varying Carbopol Concentrations for Anti-Acne Activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis
Get PDFSpirulina platensis is a blue-green microalga known for its antibacterial properties, offering potential as a natural alternative in acne treatment. Acne vulgaris, often caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis, requires effective topical solutions. Gels are favored for their non-greasy texture, ease of application, and good skin absorption. This study aimed to formulate and evaluate anti-acne gels containing 25% Spirulina extract with varying Carbopol concentrations (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%). Each formulation was assessed for physical properties, stability over 21 days, and antibacterial activity against S. epidermidis. All gel formulations met quality standards for pH, homogeneity, viscosity, spreadability, and adhesiveness. The gel with 0.5% Carbopol (FI) showed the best spreadability, ideal viscosity, and good adhesiveness, along with the highest antibacterial activity, exhibiting an inhibition zone of 16.5 mm—comparable to tetracycline. In conclusion, Spirulina-based gel with 0.5% Carbopol offers an effective, stable, and natural anti-acne option. These findings highlight the potential of Spirulina as a bioactive agent in topical formulations and encourage further research for clinical applications in acne management