Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry (E-Journal - Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity)
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Evaluation of Forest Honey on the Proliferation and Migration of Dermal Fibroblasts under Hyperglycemic Conditions: An In Vitro Study
Get PDFThis study aims to evaluate the effect of forest honey on fibroblast proliferation and migration under hyperglycemic conditions in vitro. The research method involved culturing primary fibroblasts in high-glucose DMEM (25 mM) and dividing them into five groups: standard control (standard medium), hyperglycemia control (high-glucose medium without treatment), 3% honey, 1.5% honey, and 0.75% honey. Proliferation was assessed by counting live cells (Trypan Blue staining/hemocytometer) at 24, 48, and 72 hours. Migration was measured using a scratch assay (0, 24, 48, 72 hours) and analyzed with ImageJ. The Shapiro–Wilk test was used for normality; data were analyzed with ANOVA followed by LSD or Kruskal–Wallis (p<0.05). Results showed that hyperglycemia decreased proliferation compared to the standard control. Treatment with 1.5% honey and 0.75% honey consistently increased proliferation compared to the hyperglycemic control at all time points (p<0.05), while 3% honey showed a relatively lower increase. The standard control group achieved 100% closure at 72 hours in the migration variable. The honey groups (0.75–3%) showed an increase compared to the hyperglycemic control, but the difference was not significant at 24–48 hours and approached significance at 72 hours (p=0.057). In conclusion, forest honey at a concentration of 1.5% can increase fibroblast proliferation in a hyperglycemic environment. The effect on migration requires confirmation with osmolality controls and more sensitive endpoints. These findings provide a biological basis for developing honey-based diabetic wound care adjuvants focusing on dose optimization and formulation standardization
Protective Effects of L-Carnitine on Growth and Cardiac Function in High-Glucose-Exposed Zebrafish Embryos
Get PDFDiabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder, and maternal hyperglycaemia during pregnancy increases the risk of fetal developmental complications. This study aimed to evaluate the protective role of L-carnitine against glucose-induced embryotoxicity in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Fertilized embryos were exposed to 5% glucose with or without L-carnitine supplementation (50 or 100 uM). Developmental outcomes including survival, hatching, malformations, body length, and heart rate were assessed using microscopy and analyzed by ANOVA and Kaplan–Meier survival curves. High glucose significantly reduced survival (hazard ratio = 6.86; p < 0.0001), delayed hatching (median hatching time 84 vs. 60 hpf; HR = 0.17, 95% CI = 0.08–0.39; p < 0.0001), and induced growth retardation and bradycardia (p < 0.0001). L-carnitine did not rescue survival or hatching but partially ameliorated growth impairment (p < 0.05) and restored heart rate in a dose-dependent manner, with 100 uM supplementation approaching control values (p < 0.001). Morphological abnormalities such as yolk sac edema and spinal curvature remained present but less severe with co-treatment. In conclusion, L-carnitine confers partial protective effects on growth and cardiac function under hyperglycaemic stress, although it does not prevent early lethality
Effect of Solvent Polarity on Extraction Yield, Phytochemical Composition, and Antioxidant Activity of Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. and Moringa oleifera Lam.
Get PDFThe present study investigated the effect of solvent polarity on extraction yield, phytochemical composition, and antioxidant activity of Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. rhizomes and Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves. Maceration was carried out using ethanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane for 72 hours (1:10 w/v). Extraction yield, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and DPPH radical scavenging activity were determined. Results demonstrated a clear polarity-dependent trend. Ethanol yielded the highest extract recovery for both species (17.55 ± 0.97% and 22.93 ± 0.65%), while n-hexane showed the lowest yield. Ethanol extracts exhibited the greatest TPC and TFC values, 47.12 mg GAE/g and 6.76 mg QE/g for C. xanthorrhiza, and 25.91 mg GAE/g and 4.67 mg QE/g for M. oleifera, respectively. Correspondingly, ethanol fractions displayed the strongest antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 22.70 and 29.80 mg/mL, indicating an inverse correlation between phenolic load and radical scavenging capacity. The study confirms that solvent polarity is a critical determinant of phytochemical recovery and antioxidant potency. The novelty of this work lies in the first comparative evaluation of C. xanthorrhiza and M. oleifera extracted under identical solvent systems, providing a rational framework for solvent selection in phytopharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications. Further work should isolate and characterize the active antioxidant constituents from the most potent extracts
Platelet-rich plasma as an Alternative Supplement for Enhancing CD Marker Expression in Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Get PDFThis study aimed to assess the effectiveness of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and fetal bovine serum (FBS) as culture supplements for mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) isolated from umbilical cord tissue. The study focused on the efficiency of xeno-free PRP in enhancing cell adhesion and proliferation and looked at cell surface markers for MSC characterization. Until the cells achieved 80% confluency, three repeats of FBS and PRP were added to the culture medium of mesenchymal stem cells derived from umbilical cord tissue in passage 10. Following harvesting, an assay kit for human mesenchymal stem cells was used to color the cells. Using flow cytometry, the surface markers CD73, CD90, CD105, and the negative marker CD44 were evaluated in the samples. Cells supplemented with PRP expressed more positive indicators and fewer negative markers. Whereas the results for CD90, CD105, and the negative marker were insignificant, the expression of CD73 increased significantly. PRP can enhance CD marker expression by acting as a substitute for FBS in the culture of xeno-free umbilical cord-derived MSCs
Fragrant Pandan (Pandanus ammaryllifolius) Leaves Ethanol Extract as an Enhancer of Endogenous Antioxidant Defence under High-Fat Diet Conditions
Get PDFExcessive fat consumption, especially saturated and trans fatty acids, plays a significant role in metabolic disorders such as obesity, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease through increased oxidative stress. Malondialdehyde (MDA), the end product of lipid peroxidation, serves as a biomarker of oxidative damage, whereas indirect bilirubin acts as an endogenous antioxidant. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of fragrant pandan leaves ethanol extract (FPLEE) in reducing MDA levels and modulating indirect bilirubin activity in rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD). The experimental method used 24 male Rattus norvegicus divided into six treatment groups: normal control (NC), positive control (C+), negative control (C-), and three FPLEE treatment groups with different doses (8, 16, and 32 mg/200 g BW/day). Administration was carried out for 14 days after 14 days of HFD induction. MDA levels were measured using the ELISA method, while total bilirubin and direct bilirubin were measured using spectrophotometry to determine indirect bilirubin levels. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA and the post hoc Bonferroni test. The results showed that there were no significant differences in MDA levels between groups, although the C+ group fed a HFD showed a tendency toward increased MDA. Indirect bilirubin levels increased significantly in the low-dose FPLEE group (8 mg/200 g BW/day), indicating increased endogenous antioxidant activity, while higher doses did not. Thus, FPLEE has the potential to be an effective natural phytopharmaceutical agent in enhancing the body's antioxidant defence against oxidative stress caused by excessive fat consumption, especially at low doses
Potential of Fig Fruit Ethanol Extract (Ficus carica L.) Against Staphylococcus aureus MRSA and Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL Bacteria
Get PDFFicus carica L. commonly known as figs originate from West Asia and have bioactive components with antibacterial properties. This study aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of fig ethanol extract in inhibiting the growth of MDR Staphylococcus aureus MRSA and Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL bacteria, to determine the MIC and MBC values, and the types of compounds contained in fig ethanol extract. The method began with fig extraction using concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% with 4 repetitions, testing MIC and MBC using the liquid dilution method, TLC-Bioautography test with ethyl acetate: methanol: aquades (7: 2: 1) eluent. The results showed that fig fruit extract had an inhibition zone with an average value of 3.30 mm at a concentration of 100% which was still in the weak category, the MIC value of Staphylococcus aureus MRSA bacteria was a concentration of 100% and Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL bacteria was a concentration of 80%. The MBC value of MDR bacteria was not obtained because there was still bacterial growth. The results of the TLC-bioautography test of ethanol extract of fig fruit (Ficus carica L.) can inhibit bacterial growth indicated by the presence of a clear zone with an Rf value of 0.5 cm (unidentified), 0.31 cm (Flavonoid), 0.2 cm (Phenol). The compounds that act as antibacterials against Staphylococcus aureus MRSA and Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL bacteria are the flavonoid and phenol groups
Optimization of Arabica Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) Shoot Cutting Growth Using Plastic Bottle Covers and Goat Urine Treatments
Get PDFArabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.) is a high-value commodity, yet its productivity in Indonesia remains low due to suboptimal cultivation techniques. One of the main constraints is the limited availability of quality seedlings, which is influenced by propagation methods. Vegetative propagation through shoot cuttings is widely used, but often constrained by low survival and root formation rates. The application of plastic bottle covers and goat urine has the potential to improve propagation success by creating a favorable microclimate and supplying growth regulators and essential nutrients. This study examined the effects of plastic bottle cover types and goat urine concentrations on the growth of C. arabica shoot cuttings. The experiment was arranged in a 3×3 factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD), with two factors: plastic bottle cover types (no cover, open-cap cover, and closed cover) and goat urine concentrations (0, 100, and 180 mL/L). Observed parameters included shoot length, shoot number, leaf length, leaf number, root length, root number, and root diameter. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) test at a 5% significance level. The results showed a significant interaction between cover type and goat urine concentration. Combining a closed cover with 100 mL/L goat urine produced the highest shoot growth, cutting survival rate, and rooting percentage, while optimal root development was obtained with the closed cover and 180 mL/L goat urine. The most effective treatment was the closed cover combined with 100 mL/L goat urine
Physicochemical Characterization and Dissolution Enhancement of Mefenamic Acid–Isonicotinamide Crystalline Solid Dispersion
Get PDFPoor aqueous solubility limits the bioavailability of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like mefenamic acid. This study aims to improve the solubility and dissolution of mefenamic acid through crystalline solid dispersions using solvent evaporation and co-grinding techniques with selected co-formers. Solid dispersions were formulated at different drug-to-co-former ratios (1:1, 1:2, and 2:1) and characterized using differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and powder X-ray diffraction. DSC results revealed reduced crystallinity, indicated by the disappearance of melting peaks and the appearance of a single glass transition temperature. FTIR analysis confirmed hydrogen bonding between the drug and co-former, while PXRD patterns showed a loss of long-range order, supporting the formation of amorphous phases. Dissolution testing demonstrated a significant increase in drug release, particularly in the 1:2 formulation, which outperformed the pure drug and other ratios. These results confirm that the choice of preparation method and co-former ratio critically influence the performance of solid dispersions. This study provides valuable insights into the design of improved oral formulations for poorly soluble drugs, contributing to the advancement of pharmaceutical technolog
Subacute Toxicity Study of Leaf Extract of Saccharum officinarum
Get PDFSaccharum officinarum (Family-Poaceae) is used traditionally to treat malaria and fever, among others. Evaluation of subacute administration ethanol leaf extract of Saccharum officinarum for possible effect on hematological indices, liver and kidney functions, and lipid profile of rats was carried out. The leaf extract (170, 340, 510 mg/kg body weight) was orally administered to male Wistar rats daily for 30 days, and the rats were sacrificed under light diethyl ether anesthesia after the administration. Subacute administration of S. officinarum leaf extract resulted in an insignificant increase in the body weights of rats without any significant (p>0.05) effect on the weights of liver and kidney when compared to control. The leaf extract treatment did not affect WBC, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophil, and basophil percentages. However, it caused significant (p0.05) decreases in total protein, albumin, and ALT levels. ALP was significantly (p0.05) effect on urea, creatinine, potassium, and sodium as well as total cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL, and LDL levels of rats, but the highest dose (510 mg/kg) significantly (p<0.05) increased Cl level and reduced HDL level of rats when compared to control. The leaf extract exerts mild to moderate effects on the histology of the livers and kidneys of rats. Chronic study is advocated to investigate the effect of prolonged administration of rats’ extract organs and systems
Formulation of an Anti-acne Cream Containing Ethanolic Extract of Purslane (Portulaca oleracea)
Get PDFPortulaca oleracea (purslane) is a medicinal plant known for its antibacterial potential due to the presence of bioactive compounds such as saponins, tannins, flavonoids, and alkaloids. This study aimed to formulate an anti-acne cream containing the ethanol extract of P. oleracea and to evaluate its antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The extract was obtained through maceration using 96% ethanol, and antibacterial testing was performed using the well diffusion method. The results showed that the ethanol extract demonstrated antibacterial activity, with the highest effect observed in formulation F3, which produced an inhibition zone of 13 mm (strong category). F3 also exhibited desirable physicochemical characteristics, including a spreading diameter of 6.5 cm, viscosity of 14,340 cP, and pH of 5, all of which complied with standard requirements. These findings indicate that P. oleracea ethanol extract has potential as an active ingredient in topical anti-acne formulations