Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry (E-Journal - Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity)
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Extracellular Metabolites of Clove-Endophytic Bacteria, Niallia nealsonii DCL1, Exhibit Potential Cellular Antioxidant and Antiaging Activities
Get PDFThe clove plant, Syzygium aromaticum L., is a highly valued spice in Indonesia, recognized for its extensive applications in food preservation and medicinal uses. In a prior study, six endophytic bacteria were successfully isolated from clove leaves. One of these isolates, designated as DCL1, is a Gram-positive bacterium identified as Niallia nealsonii. This study aimed to determine the antioxidant and antiaging properties of the extracellular metabolite of DCL1. Extracellular metabolites were extracted with ethyl acetate and evaluated for antioxidant activity via the DPPH assay. Total phenolic and flavonoid compounds were also quantified with further metabolilte profiling using Liquid Chromatography Tandem-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. Further study of antiaging activity was assayed using yeast model Schizosacchromyces pombe. The extract from N. nealsonii DCL1 cultures harvested at 28 and 40 hours yielded 0.01% and 0.009%, respectively. Our findings indicate that the 40-hour extract contains higher levels of phenolics (93.54 mg gallic acid equivalents/g extract) and flavonoids (12.09 mg quercetin equivalents/g extract) compared to the 28-hour extract. Additionally, the 40-hour extract exhibited greater antioxidant activity than the 28-hour extract, as demonstrated by DPPH (IC50 222 µg/mL) and ABTS (IC50 511.43 µg/mL) assays. Moreover, the 40-hour extract significantly prolonged the viability of S. pombe, suggesting its potential as an anti-aging agent. LC-MS/MS analysis identified several potential bioactive compounds, including gallic acid and N-carbamoyl-2,3-dihydroxybenzamide, which may contribute to its bioactivity. Ultimately, our study indicates that DCL1 40-h extract showed antiaging potential, which is promising as source and formulation of biopharmaceutical or cosmeceutical products.
Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Properties of Peptide Fractions of Morinda lucida and Alstonia boonei and Protective Effects against Lead-induced Toxicity in Drosophila melanogaster
Get PDFMorinda lucida and Alstonia boonei are widely used in ethnomedicine for treating and managing various ailments and have been validated for several biological activities. This study investigated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of partially purified peptide fractions of Morinda lucida (MLP) and Alstonia boonei (ABP) and their protective effect against lead (Pb)-induced toxicity on wild-type Drosophila melanogaster. Peptide fractions were partially purified using solid phase extraction and evaluated for antioxidant activities using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhyhdrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed via protein denaturation and membrane stabilisation assays. Flies were treated with Pb (10 mM), peptide fractions (50 and 100 µg/10g diet), and co-treatment of Pb plus the fractions. After treatment, homogenized flies were analysed for total thiol (TSH) and non-protein thiol (NPSH) content, glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity, nitric oxide (NO) (nitrite/nitrate) and hydroperoxide levels. The peptide fractions showed significant in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Both fractions (50 and 100 µg/10g diet) maintained a balanced redox status of flies. Pb exposure reduced survival rates and increased oxidative stress markers compared to control untreated flies. Co-treatment with MLP and ABP (50 and 100 µg/10g diet) improved antioxidant enzyme activities (GST, NPSH and Total thiol) and accumulation of NO and hydroperoxide in Pb-treated flies. Therefore, the peptide fractions from M. lucida and A. boonei may be sources of bioactive agents with therapeutic potential against oxidative stress and inflammation associated with lead toxicity
Application of Alginate-Based Edible Coating with Beeswax Addition on Minimally Processed Pears (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.)
Get PDFPears, especially after being cut, tended to experience a decline in quality and damage such as enzymatic browning, moisture loss, and texture changes. The application of alginate-based edible coating with the addition of beeswax was one of the innovations that could be applied to minimally processed pears to slow down the rate of deterioration. This study aimed to determine the effect of beeswax concentration in alginate-based edible coating solutions on the freshness of minimally processed pears and to identify the optimal beeswax concentration using the star method. The study was designed using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) in a non-factorial arrangement with the addition of beeswax. The treatments consisted of six levels: BK as the control, B0 (alginate), B2 (alginate + 2% beeswax), B4 (alginate + 4% beeswax), B6 (alginate + 6% beeswax), and B8 (alginate + 8% beeswax), each with four replications. The results showed that the addition of beeswax to the alginate-based edible coating had a significant effect on moisture content, weight loss, firmness, total soluble solids, and color. The best treatment for maintaining pear freshness according to the star method was B4 (4% beeswax), which had a moisture content of 85.66%, weight loss of 1.79%, firmness of 874.63 gf, total soluble solids of 11.28 ËšBrix, and a lightness (L) value of 68.30 on day 12 of storage
Effect of Different Concentration of SCOBY Kombucha as an Anti-acne Against Staphylococcus aureus in The Ear of Mice (Mus musculus)
Get PDFSCOBY (Symbiotic Culture of Bacteria and Yeast) results from symbiosis between yeast and bacteria during fermentation. SCOBY kombucha gel combined with orange peel extract has antibacterial compounds that can inhibit the growth of S. aureus bacteria. The method in this study was to make variations in the concentration of SCOBY in the gel and inject S. aureus bacteria into the ears of mice. After 2x24 hours, the diameter of the inflammation caused was observed and SCOBY kombucha gel was applied (0%, 2%, 4%, 8%, 10%, and 12%), positive control (Mediclin 1%), and negative control (without gel application). The results showed that the higher the concentration of SCOBY, the faster the healing activity of the gel against S. aureus. SCOBY kombucha gel has the fastest healing activity in inhibiting acne pathogen S. aureus 12% SCOBY gel. Inflammation in the ears of mice treated with 12% SCOBY gel had healed by the 90th hour, while in other groups of mice it had only healed at the last observation hour, namely the 114th hour
GC-MS Determination of Bioactive Components with Their Biological Activities of Olax subscorpioidea (Olacaceae)
Get PDFMedicinal plants have been an integral part of healthcare, particularly in Africa, where over 80% of the population relies on traditional herbal medicine. This research focuses on Olax subscorpioidea, a plant recognized for its extensive pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and analgesic properties. The study aimed to identify the bioactive compounds present in the leaf extract of O. subscorpioidea using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The plant was collected, dried, and extracted with methanol, leading to the identification of 199 compounds, including phenols, terpenoids, flavonoids, and fatty acids, some of which possess significant biological activities. Toxicological studies indicated a safe dosage with no adverse effects observed in mice. This research underscores the potential of O. subscorpioidea as a source of novel therapeutic agents, necessitating further isolation and characterization of its bioactive constituents to explore their pharmacological potentials comprehensively
Phytoplankton Diversity as a Water Quality Bioindicator of Mangrove Ecosystems in the Mangrove Rehabilitation and Mangrove Ecotourism Area of Merdeka Beach Serdang Bedagai
Get PDFThis study investigates the diversity and composition of phytoplankton as a bioindicator of water quality in the mangrove ecosystems of Merdeka Beach, Bagan Kuala Village, Serdang Bedagai. Sampling was conducted at three sites representing long-term rehabilitation (2010–2025), recent rehabilitation (2024–2025), and mangrove ecotourism areas. Phytoplankton abundance and diversity were analyzed using ecological indices, including Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (H’), Trophic Diatom Index (TDI), and Percentage Pollution Tolerance Value (%PTV), alongside physicochemical water parameters. Results indicate spatial variation in water quality and phytoplankton communities. Station 1 showed moderate abundance and high diversity, indicating ecological stability. Station 2 exhibited increased abundance but lower diversity, reflecting transitional conditions. Station 3 demonstrated the highest abundance and pollution-tolerant taxa, consistent with elevated nutrient levels due to human activities. TDI and %PTV values corroborated these findings, identifying Station 3 as hypertrophic and heavily polluted. These results highlight the utility of phytoplankton as sensitive indicators of environmental quality and the effectiveness of rehabilitation efforts. The integration of biotic indices and water parameters provides a robust framework for ongoing ecological monitoring and coastal management strategies, particularly in mangrove ecosystems undergoing anthropogenic pressure and restoration
Molecular Identification of Lepidopteran Predators of Coccidae on Coffee Plants (Coffea canephora) in Sigi Regency
Get PDFThis study aimed to identify the species of Lepidopteran predators that prey on soft scale insects (Coccidae) found on coffee plants in Sigi Regency using molecular techniques. DNA was extracted using the modified CTAB method (Doyle & Doyle, 1990). PCR amplification targeted the COI gene using universal primers LCO1490 and HCO2198 with a GeneAmp PCR System 9700. Visualization was done using 1% agarose gel and UV-transilluminator. Sequencing was conducted externally. Data were analyzed using BioEdit 7.2.5, BLAST, BOLD Systems, and MEGA11 software. The DNA sequence of the predator sample showed 97.91% similarity to Autoba rubra based on GenBank and 97.59% in BOLD Systems. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed a close genetic relationship with A. rubra, distinct from Eublemma. Morphological similarities with Eublemma were misleading, highlighting the accuracy of molecular identification. This study is the first to confirm the identity of a Lepidopteran predator of coffee scale insects in Indonesia using molecular techniques, revealing its close relation to Autoba rubra. The results correct previous morphological misidentifications and contribute new data on predator diversity in biological control contexts
Phytochemical Screening, GC-MS Charecterisation and Antioxidant Activity of N-Hexane Fraction of Microtrichia perotitii DC
Get PDFMicrotrichia perotitii DC belongs to the family Asteraceae (Compositeae) and it is an herb found in the West African countries. The herb has been used ethnomedicinally to treat children's rashes, burns, wounds, jaundice, rheumatism, diarrhea, and skin conditions. The n-hexane fraction of the ethanolic extract of the plant was investigated for the presence of secondary metabolites, characterisation as well as its antioxidant activity with a view to exploring other significant information that would be of benefit to scientific study. The n-hexane extract was subjected to partitioning, phytochemical screening using standard methods as well as spectroscopic characterizations using UV, FTIR and GC-MS analysis including antioxidant activity. The result of the phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins, phenols, glycosides, steroids, terpenoids and flavonoids, but anthraquinones and phlobatannins were absent. The spectroscopy analysis showed a high degree of conjugation and it also reveals the presence of Hydroxyl (O-H), carbonyl (C=O) and methyl (C-H) groups, with the compound, Pentadecanoic acid, 14-methyl-, methyl ester, having the highest abundance while the antioxidant activity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Nitric oxide (NO),radical scavenging assays exhibited antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 4.61mg/mL but less than ascorbic acid which has an IC50 value of 0.84mg/mL. The phytochemical compounds present in the plant could be responsible for its antioxidant property which suggests the use of the plant in the treatment of diseases induced by free radicals. In the light of the importance of this herb in local applications, the research was aimed at exploring the scientific evidences to support the local claims as well as improving information of the efficacy of the plant
Presence of Salmonella sp. In Tilapia and Catfish from Cages in Pahandut Seberang Along the Kahayan River Flow
Get PDFSalmonellosis is a zoonosis, which means that it may be spread from animals to people through fish meat. It is a sickness brought on by an infection with the salmonella bacteria that infect humans and animals and invade the digestive tract. According to data from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, the global rate of salmonellosis in 2019 was 4.22 cases per 100,000 people, with a 1.72 fatality rate. Indonesia had a mortality rate of 2.42 and 5.82 per 100,000 people 2019. The objective of this study is to identify Salmonella sp. bacteria in 14 samples of river water, catfish (Clariidae), and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) raised in rivers. This study includes two water samples, three catfish samples, and nine tilapia samples from the cage of the Pahandut Seberang River in Palangka Raya City. It employs a descriptive research design using an experimental technique. Among the metrics noted is the detection of Salmonella sp. The study found that all water samples, tilapia, and catfish tested positive for Salmonella sp bacteria in the selective media Salmonella Shigella Agar (SSA), that 14 samples (100%) in the gram staining test displayed the traits of Salmonella sp bacteria, and that 5 samples (B N1, C N2-3 samples in tilapia, B L1 samples in catfish, and water sample 2 showed the type of Salmonella paratyphoid b bacteria) and 9 samples, namely samples Salmonella tyhpimarium bacteria were found in samples A L1, C L1 in catfish, B N2-3, C N1 in tilapia, and water 1. As a result, every sample surpassed the SNI 7388:2009 maximum level of microbial contamination, which is positive/25g. According to the Indonesian National Standardization Agency's SNI 7388:2009 guidelines for the upper limit of microbial contamination in food, the tilapia meat, catfish, and river water in the river cage of Kahayan Pahandut Seberang Palangka Raya City do not satisfy the requirements
Phytochemical Screening and Blood Glucose Response of Red Dragon Fruit Extract in Alloxan-Induced Mice
Get PDFDiabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels, which can lead to various complications. Natural products, including red dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus), have gained attention for their potential antidiabetic properties due to their phytochemical content, particularly flavonoids. This study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical composition of red dragon fruit extract and its effect on blood glucose levels in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Phytochemical screening was conducted qualitatively to identify the presence of secondary metabolites. Male mice were divided into five groups: a negative control group (no treatment), a positive control group (metformin 10 mg/kg BW), and three treatment groups (T1, T2, T3) receiving red dragon fruit extract at doses of 18.2, 36.4, and 72.8 mg/kg BW, respectively. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of alloxan monohydrate (140 mg/kg BW). Treatments were administered orally once daily for 6 days. Blood glucose levels were measured on days 0, 2, 4, and 6. Data were analyzed using the Friedmann test. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and saponins in the extract. Statistical analysis showed no significant reduction in blood glucose levels after administration of red dragon fruit extract at any of the tested doses (p>0.05). Red dragon fruit extract did not exhibit a significant antihyperglycemic effect in alloxan-induced diabetic mice under the tested conditions. This may be attributed to suboptimal dosage, insufficient flavonoid concentration, or a less effective mechanism of action compared to standard therapy. Further studies are needed to optimize the formulation and evaluate its potential using different extraction methods or in combination with other bioactive compounds