Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry (E-Journal - Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity)
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Identification of JAMU KU-HE-SE as an Alternative Health Supporting Ingredient
Get PDFHerbal plants have been used since ancient times in traditional medicine and continue to be maintained and preserved in Indonesia. They are called Jm. Each part of an herbal plant has active components in the form of secondary metabolite compounds, ranging from tubers, wood, sap, latex, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds that function to maintain life in their environment. Turmeric, ginger, and lemongrass are included in Jm plants, which are very useful in traditional medicine because they have various secondary metabolite compounds. This study aims to obtain an even distribution of secondary metabolite compounds through phytochemical tests, inhibition of free radicals through antioxidant activity tests, and an even distribution of nutrients through proximate analysis in JKHS samples with a certain formula. The results of the phytochemical test showed that JKHS contains several important phytochemical components with the intensity it shows. Phenolic content (++) can provide benefits in protecting body cells from oxidative damage. Saponin (+) has anti-inflammatory properties and has the potential as an antimicrobial agent. In addition, steroids (+) and terpenoids (++), play a role in regulating the body's physiological functions and can support hormonal balance and the immune system and the potential in treating certain diseases. Alkaloid content (+)can affect the nervous system and has analgesic and stimulant properties. JKHS samples also contain carotenoids (+), which protect body cells from free radicals and oxidative damage. With the value of 4.838 µg / mL of the sample, it shows that JKHS extract has very strong antioxidant potential. Through proximate analysis, it was obtained that the water content (15.38%) reflects the humidity level in JKHS which can affect the stability of product storage, the ash content (6.29%) indicates that JKHS can be a good source of minerals to support health, the crude protein content (3.79%) indicates that JKHS contributes to daily protein intake, especially in regular consumption, the fat content (6.43%) contributes energy and plays an important role in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins and other bioactive compounds that may be contained in JKHS, the carbohydrate content (81.37%) indicates that the main component of JKHS is carbohydrates, which function as the main source of energy for the body that can support physical activity and daily energy needs, and the fiber content (5.45%) is an important component that helps smooth the digestion process, improves intestinal health, and helps prevent digestive disorders such as constipation, and plays a role in maintaining blood sugar levels and supporting weight management. Overall, the proximate composition of JKHS has good nutritional value, with carbohydrates as the dominant energy source, as well as additional protein, fat, and fiber that support overall health. This combination of formulas makes JKHS have great potential as a Jm drink that can provide various health benefits, especially in protecting the body from oxidative stress, inflammation, and other disease risks, including supporting the regeneration of cells, nerves, and other organs of the body that are weak due to climate, work, or old age
Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activity of Dyera polyphylla (Miq) Steenis Extract Using the DPPH Method
Get PDFThis research aimed to determine the chemical profile and antioxidant activity of the jelutung rawa plant (Dyera polyphylla). Phytochemical screening tests were conducted using specific reagents, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Determination of antioxidant activity was performed the DPPH method. The research results showed the presence of secondary metabolite compounds, namely alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, and terpenoids in the leaves, while the contain alkaloids, phenolics, tannins, and terpenoids. The antioxidant activity in this plant has been identified as a strong natural antioxidant
Potential Medicinal Plant Antioxidant Compounds Based on Local Ethnobotany of Dadap Ayam (Erythrina variegata L.) from East OKU District
Get PDFIndonesia is one of the countries rich in natural resources, especially plant diversity. This plant diversity includes various plants that have the potential of being traditional medicine. Types of plants that can be used in traditional medicine are useful for curing various diseases in the community and can be used as raw materials for medicine. In Ogan Komering Ulu Timur (OKU Timur) district there are 20 sub-districts but only 2 sub-districts are used as plant exploration areas that are used as observation objects, namely Bunga Mayang and Martapura. The plant surveyed is the dadap ayam plant (Erythrina variegata L.), used in traditional medicine by the Javanese people in Buay Madang Timur, OKU Timur. To determine the chemical content and antioxidant activity of the dadap ayam plant leaves. The dadap ayam plant is used in traditional medicine by the Javanese people in Buay Madang Timur, OKU Timur and is known as a herbal plant based on previous research journals. The study of the antioxidant activity of dadap ayam leaves was conducted from October to March 2025. Sampling was conducted in Bunga Mayang District, Peracak Village and Martapura District, East Ogan Komering Ulu Regency, South Sumatra. Dadap ayam leaf samples were identified at the Botany Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Lampung (UNILA). Sample processing such as extraction, fractionation and compound purification were performed at the Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sriwijaya University (Indralaya). Metabolite profile analysis of dadap ayam leaf extract using GC-MS was conducted at the Integrated Research and Testing Laboratory, Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta. The results of this study obtained strong antioxidant activity in the thick extract of dadap ayam leaves (Erythrina variegata L.) obtained in the N-Hexane fraction, which was 5.4306 ppm and the ethyl acetate fraction, which was 17.819 ppm. The methanol-water fraction was not active in antioxidant activity. The groups of pure compounds that have antioxidant activity obtained in dadap ayam leaf samples are the terpenoid group (N1), phenol group (N2 and E1), steroid group (N3) and flavonoid group (N4, and E4). Pure compounds obtained from dadap ayam leaf samples have very strong, strong and moderate antioxidant activity. Pure compounds with the terpenoid group (N1) obtained an IC50 value of 58.49 ppm. The phenol compound group (N2 and E1) obtained an IC50 value of (17.12 ppm and 100.15 ppm). Meanwhile, the steroid compound group (N3) obtained an IC50 value of (65.59 ppm) and the flavonoid compound group (N4 and E4) obtained an IC50 value of (10.29 ppm and 25.09 ppm)
Application of Edible Coating Water Soluble Based Chitosan Nanoparticles and Polyvinyl Alcohol in Strawberry (Fragaria Ananassa) Storage
Get PDFStrawberries (Fragaria ananassa) are highly sought after for their vibrant color and unique flavor. However, their high perishability and rapid quality degradation lead to significant post-harvest losses and a decrease in market value. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of an edible coating based on WSC nanoparticles and PVA on the quality characteristics of strawberries during storage. The research methodology included the synthesis of WSC nanoparticles, preparation of the coating solution, application to strawberries, and subsequent storage. A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with a single-factor arrangement was utilized, comprising five PVA concentrations (0%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5%) with three replications. The results demonstrated that the application of the nanoparticle WSC-PVA-based edible coating effectively reduced weight loss and delayed physical deterioration. Increasing PVA concentrations led to a more effective preservation of total soluble solids (°Brix), a lower weight loss percentage, and a slower decline in vitamin C content. Higher PVA concentrations were found to reduce the rate of quality degradation and moisture loss. The coating formulation containing 4% PVA (P3) exhibited the best performance, maintaining a water content of 92.24%, total soluble solids of 2 °Brix, a pH of 4.3, a weight loss of 30%, and a vitamin C retention rate of 9.02%. The findings of this study offer a valuable solution for farmers to mitigate strawberry quality decline and provide new insights for future research on food preservation
Effectiveness of Traditional Remedies Pucuk Jarak and Bedak Langeh in Melongas Massage on the Growth and Development of Stunted Toddlers
Get PDFStunting is a serious health problem among toddlers, characterized by delayed physical growth due to inadequate nutrition, a history of infectious diseases, low maternal education, and suboptimal parenting. In North Lombok Regency, the prevalence of stunting remained high at 19.3% in 2023. Efforts to address this issue have not only focused on nutritional interventions but also included complementary non-pharmacological therapies, such as melongas massage, which has been traditionally practiced using pucuk jarak and bedak langeh remedies. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of these two remedies on the growth and development of stunted toddlers. A quasi-experimental nonequivalent control group design was applied, involving 72 stunted toddlers divided into three groups: pucuk jarak, bedak langeh, and control. The intervention was carried out for four weeks with melongas massage administered twice weekly. The measured parameters included body weight, height, appetite, sleep quality, and immune function. The results showed that the pucuk jarak group experienced more significant improvements across all parameters compared to the bedak langeh and control groups. Phytochemical tests supported these findings, showing total flavonoid levels of 53.32 mgQE/g in pucuk jarak compared to 3.58 mgQE/g in bedak langeh. The high flavonoid content is believed to play an important role in improving metabolism, appetite, growth, and immunity in toddlers. Thus, melongas massage using pucuk jarak has the potential to serve as a complementary strategy rooted in local wisdom for accelerating stunting reduction programs in North Lombok
Study of Sperm Utilization in Female Drosophila melanogaster of bdp and btx Strains
Get PDFThis study investigates the patterns of sperm utilization in female Drosophila melanogaster of the bdp and btx strains through sequential mating with multiple males. The research was conducted as a descriptive observational study without experimental manipulation. Females of each strain were crossed with four different males in a specific order, with a two-day interval between each mating. F1 offspring phenotypes were recorded daily over a six-day period following the final mating. Data were analyzed descriptively and supported by somatic chromosome reconstruction to identify the male origin of each offspring. The results indicate that sperm utilization in D. melanogaster females occurs in both random and non-random patterns. Non-random utilization was observed when offspring were produced exclusively from the first male, with no contribution from subsequent males. For example, in the female btx × male N cross, only N female and N male offspring were produced, indicating that sperm from the first male was preferentially used. In contrast, random sperm utilization was evident in later matings, where offspring from multiple males appeared, suggesting that previously stored sperm remained viable and were used alongside or instead of sperm from later matings. These findings highlight the complexity of post-mating sexual selection in D. melanogaster, particularly the role of female sperm storage and utilization mechanisms. The ability of females to either favor the sperm of a particular male or mix sperm from several males may provide evolutionary advantages in terms of genetic diversity and offspring fitness. This study contributes to a better understanding of reproductive strategies and sperm competition in insects, with potential implications for broader studies in evolutionary biology and genetics
Comparative Antidepressant, Anxiolytic, and Acute Toxicity Evaluation of Lemon Peel and Peppermint Leaves Extracts in Mice
Get PDFDepression and anxiety are prevalent psychiatric disorders, and current treatments are often limited by side effects, delayed onset, and resistance. Natural products are being explored as safer alternatives, and lemon peel (Citrus limon) and peppermint leaves (Mentha × piperita L.) contain diverse bioactive compounds with neuroprotective potential. This study evaluated the antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of their ethanolic extracts, individually and in combination, in male Swiss Webster mice. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, saponins, and steroids in both extracts. Antidepressant activity, assessed by the Forced Swimming Test (FST) and Tail Suspension Test (TST), showed that both extracts and their low-dose combination significantly reduced immobility time, with effects comparable to fluoxetine. In contrast, the high-dose combination did not enhance efficacy. Anxiolytic activity, evaluated using the Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) and Light-Dark Box (LDB), revealed that peppermint extract exerted the strongest effect, followed by the low-dose combination and lemon peel. Acute oral toxicity testing at 2000 mg/kg showed no mortality or adverse effects. These findings suggest that lemon peel and peppermint extracts possess antidepressant and anxiolytic properties with favorable safety profiles, supporting their potential as natural alternatives or adjuncts for managing mood disorders
Formula Optimization and Sensory Analysis of Functional Collagen Drink from Butterfly Pea Flower (Clitoria ternatea L.) and Red Guava (Psidium guajava L.)
Get PDFThe global market for functional beverages is experiencing rapid growth as consumer awareness for healthy lifestyles increases. The objective of this study is to ascertain the physical characteristics, optimal formula, and organoleptic quality of functional collagen beverages derived from a blend of bayang flower (Clitoria ternatea L.), red guava (Psidium guajava L.), and emprit ginger. In this study, an extreme vertex design was employed in conjunction with Minitab 19 to extract the materials. The extraction process was carried out using the following methods: telang flowers were subjected to a drying process at 40°C for 24 hours, followed by extraction with water at 60°C for 30 minutes; ginger emprit was dried at 60°C for 24 hours and then extracted at 55°C for 15 minutes; and red guava was blended with water at a 1:1 ratio. The total phenolic content was analyzed using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, while antioxidant activity was evaluated through the use of the DPPH method. Finally, sensory evaluation was conducted employing a hedonic test, which was completed by 100 untrained panelists. The optimal formula obtained was 50% telang flower extract, 30% red guava juice, 15% ginger emprit extract, and 5% collagen hydrolysate (desirability value 0.8288), resulting in antioxidant activity of 316.45 mg TE/100 ml and total phenolic content of 247.33 mg GAE/L. The sensory evaluation revealed that the subject demonstrated moderate acceptance, as indicated by an average preference score of 3.51. The combination of bay flower extract and guava juice exhibited a synergistic effect in enhancing antioxidant activity, while guava juice contributed significantly to the total phenolic content. Notwithstanding the favorable reception, the robust ginger flavor, elevated viscosity, diminished clarity, and textural characteristics
Beneficial Effect of Sumbawa Wild Horse Milk Yogurt on Lipid Profile and Cardiovascular Risk in Rats on a High-Cholesterol Diet
Get PDFCardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of death in Indonesia, with a high prevalence due to a high-cholesterol diet that triggers hypercholesterolemia. The use of statins as a long-term pharmacological therapy often causes side effects, so safe natural alternatives are needed. Sumbawa wild horse milk is a potential functional food source that contains essential fatty acids and lactic acid bacteria (LAB), which have probiotic potential. This study aims to evaluate the effect of Sumbawa wild horse milk yogurt on total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, Atherogenic Index (AI), and Cardiac Risk Ratio (CRR) levels in hypercholesterolemic male Wistar rats. A total of 30 rats were divided into six groups: normal, positive control (high-cholesterol diet), negative control (simvastatin), and three treatment groups, T1, T2, and T3, with doses of Sumbawa wild horse milk yogurt of 2, 3, and 4 ml/day, respectively, for 28 days. The results showed a significant decrease in total cholesterol levels (p = 0.006), with the lowest levels observed in the T3 treatment group (95.25 ± 20.17 mg/dL). Although HDL, LDL, IA, and CRR levels did not show significant differences (p > 0.05), a trend of improvement in lipid profiles was observed in the treatment group, characterized by an increase in HDL and a decrease in LDL, AI, and CRR compared to the positive control. The mechanism of cholesterol reduction is thought to be mediated through the activity of LAB, which assimilates cholesterol, facilitates bile acid deconjugation, and produces short-chain fatty acids that inhibit cholesterol absorption. Thus, Sumbawa wild horse milk yogurt has the potential to be a hypocholesterolemic functional food that can improve lipid profiles and reduce the risk of atherosclerosis and CVD
siRNAs targeting icaD Gene of Staphylococcus aureus to Inhibit Biofilm Formation: Structural Analysis and Efficacy
Get PDFAntibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus infections, especially those involving biofilm formation, is a global health issue. Biofilm protects bacteria from the immune system and antibiotic treatment, making them 10 to 1000 times more resistant. The icaD gene, part of the ica operon, is crucial for biofilm synthesis by enhancing the enzymes responsible for forming the biofilm matrix. The icaD gene sequence of Staphylococcus aureus was obtained from the GenBank NCBI database with the accession code CP140612.1, with a gene sequence length of 306 bp and employed several bioinformatics methods, including siDirect for designing and evaluating effective siRNA sequences to select the most promising candidates. Additionally, siRNA Scales, MaxExpect, Duplex Fold, and siPred were employed to analyze the siRNA sequence length, secondary structure, binding energy, and efficacy predictions of siRNAs targeting the icaD gene. The study found that out of 54 siRNA candidates, siRNA22, siRNA50, and siRNA25 achieved inhibition rates of 93.69%, 92.82%, and 92.52%, respectively. These results bioinformatically demonstrated their potential to suppress the expression of the icaD gene and highlight their promise as siRNA-based antibacterial therapies to combat biofilm-related infections. The designed siRNA computationally shows potential as an innovative therapy to combat biofilm infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus