Revista Universitaria de Historia Militar (RUHM)
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La película La Malcasada como ejemplo de la proyección de la imagen estereotipada de los militares africanistas en los medios de comunicación
Get PDFDemarcated inside the Communication theory, this article is based on studies of American journalist and political analyst Walter Lippman, where it is explained how the mass media create, through stereotypes, the reality of different matters which escapes from the direct experience of citizens (mental imagery which settle a classification on individuals, groups and different realities). Apart from this, the theoretical foundation relies on agenda-setting theory too, which study how mass media implant newsworthy matters (news and problems that have to be discussed in the public space) and the frames of the interpretation of social realities, as well as the influence that they have in public opinion and the establishment of their long term effects.
The movie La Malcasada, where different soldiers (general Francisco Franco, colonel Millán Astray, general José Sanjurjo) of the Spanish Colonial Army in Morocco (which is called Africanista army), is a vehicle to give an appearance of modernity, from a traditional society to a mass society based on urban way of life and consumption, and where propaganda plays a fundamental role. The film is a fixed view of the leader social class, where ancient social elements (aristocracy, politicians, bullfighters…) are mixed with new social agents (artists, doctors, engineers…). The army wanted to participate in that trendiness too, and the cinema, together with other mass media, constituted an excellent opportunity to propagate its stereotypes to a refractory public who was against its military interventions in the Spanish Protectorate in Morocco.
The film is a point of departure and an example to analyze how the Spanish army, particularly those Africanistas soldiers, used all mass media to their range to create a positive image of their political and military actions in the Protectorate in Morocco. All this was made a reality through different ways: movies (documentaries and fictional films), novels, photos, songs, toys, etc. carrying out a great effort to combine images and words. To get that target, they turned to control of news through censorship, biased information, governmental grants and support of opinion leadership agents, and, in this way, the army stereotypes inside Spanish society were reinforced.
For this study, different sources has been used, such as specialized bibliography about military Africanismo phenomena, mass media (specifically cinema and press), as well as the information provided from files of digital newspapers libraries. In addition, material coming from the movie La Malcasada and other films has been watched for their analysis.Con la aparición de algunos militares africanistas en algunas de sus secuencias, La Malcasada vehicula una apariencia de modernidad desde una sociedad tradicional en tránsito hacia otra de consumo. El film es una foto fija de la clase social dirigente, donde se mezclan elementos antiguos (aristocracia, toreros…) con agentes que representan la actualidad más avanzada (artistas, médicos, ingenieros...). El ejército también pretendía participar de dicha modernidad, y el cine, junto con el resto de medios de comunicación a su alcance, representaba una excelente oportunidad para la propagación de sus estereotipos hacia un público refractario a sus actuaciones en el Protectorado
David CHANDLER: Las campañas de Napoleón. Un Emperador en el campo de batalla de Tolón a Waterloo (1796-1815), Madrid, La Esfera de los Libros, 2015
No full textReseña de la obra de David CHANDLER: Las campañas de Napoleón. Un Emperador en el campo de batalla de Tolón a Waterloo (1796-1815), Madrid, La Esfera de los Libros, 2015, 1246 pp., ISBN: 9788490603260. A cargo de Alberto Cañas de Pablos
La instrucción de la oficialidad de infantería y caballería. Las academias militares en los reinados de Fernando VI y Carlos III
Get PDFThis article focuses on the officers’ instruction through the creation of military academies in the Spanish Monarchy during the reigns of Fernando VI and Carlos III. These reigns are connected with the Enlightenment. With these academies, the kings and their ministers expected to make the Bourbons’ army more technical. Even though the first academy was founded by Carlos II and Felipe V, these academies were focused on the most technical corps, as artillery and engineers. This situation changes during the reigns of Fernando VI and Carlos III, and other corps less technical were addressed. Infantry and cavalry were older than engineers and artilleryman, and they had never been trained in an academy. For this reason, the college and academy study were very original, because they were an important effort by these kings to spread the education on infantry and cavalry. On this period, many people thought that only an educated officer could defeat other armies in the battlefield. The three centers studied, the Real Sociedad de Matemáticas de Madrid, the Escuela Militar de Ávila and the Colegio Militar de Ocaña, were the perfect example for this crucial problem. The fail of all of them shows us a disagreement among high officers. Although academies officially closed due to monetary problems, the real causes were deeper. The first of these causes was the absence of a course of study promoted by the own king. Instead of this we found isolated projects of academies. Normally, the existence of the academies was linked to their founders and their influence on the Court. The resistance to these academies started early, and shows us a fear to break the traditional system of career development and promotion within the army. This fear was the appearance of a new factor to be a good officer, the academic merit. This meant that the nobility and the service, the traditional factor in the army, could be changed by a new factor and which would break the tradition of de Ancient Regime. This is the reason why many militaries were against these academies. For this study, I’ve examined many documents of military academies located in the Archivo General Militar de Madrid, Archivo General de Simancas and Archivo Histórico Nacional. Furthermore, I have employed many bibliography about military academies written in the last years.El presente artículo se centra en el estudio de la instrucción de la oficialidad a través de las academias militares creadas durante los reinados de Fernando VI y Carlos III. Dichas academias ya existían desde hacía varias décadas en la Monarquía Hispánica, pero en estos reinados se produce un intento de tecnificación de los cuerpos mayoritarios del ejército, infantería y caballería. Para ello se abrieron diversas academias que supusieron una novedad con respecto a las anteriores, que estaban centradas en la enseñanza a artilleros e ingenieros. Estas academias, a pesar de contar con el apoyo del monarca, profesores aptos y de una dotación monetaria suficiente, no consiguieron asentarse y tuvieron una corta duración. Para realizar el artículo, nos hemos basado en diversas fuentes localizadas en el Archivo General Militar de Madrid, Archivo General de Simancas y Archivo Histórico Nacional, además de la numerosa bibliografía sobre academias militares que se ha publicado en los últimos años
Reconstruyendo el “frente” y la “retaguardia”: experiencias de género y memoria de las guerras alemanas contra Napoleón – Un caso de estudio
Get PDFTraslated by Miguel Alonso IbarraTraducción a cargo de Miguel Alonso Ibarr
Miguel Ángel DIONISIO VIVAS: Por Dios y la Patria. El cardenal Gomá y la construcción de la España Nacional, Toledo, Instituto Teológico San Ildefonso, 2015, 440 páginas. ISBN: 978‐84‐15669‐37‐1
Get PDFReseña de la obra Miguel Ángel DIONISIO VIVAS: Por Dios y la Patria. El cardenal Gomá y la construcción de la España Nacional, Toledo, Instituto Teológico San Ildefonso, 2015, 440 páginas. ISBN: 978‐84‐15669‐37‐1. A cargo de Marisa Tezanos Gandarillas
Juan Pedro RECIO CUESTA: Entre la anécdota y el olvido. La Primera Guerra Carlista en Extremadura (1833-1840), Madrid, Editorial Actas, 2015
No full textReseña de la obra de Juan Pedro RECIO CUESTA: Entre la anécdota y el olvido. La Primera Guerra Carlista en Extremadura (1833-1840), Madrid, Editorial Actas, 2015, 518 pp., ISBN: 9788497391498. A cargo de Daniel Aquillué Domínguez
Aspectos de militarização e defesa costeira no Garb al-Ândalus: o caso de Cascais
Get PDF Between the 8th and the 12th centuries the territory of the current municipality of Cascais played an important role on the coastal defence system of the Garb al-Andalus. Being part of the Western maritime area of the district (kura) of Lisbon, this territory was endowed with defensive and alarm structures engaged in a system that would gain its shape from the coast of Sintra, and at the same time its port and local anchorages helped support the maritime and military activities. Using an interdisciplinary methodology that brings together historical and archaeological data, the geographical recognition of the territory and the study of toponymy, we bring a further contribution that systematizes the information available and is part of spatially more expanded investigations that have been developed. In fact, these ongoing investigations have highlighted the Sintra-Cascais geographical complex, bringing new perspectives and a reinterpretation on the Islamic occupation of this area. The coast of the present municipality of Cascais extends between the port of Touro and Carcavelos, being endowed with a very rich maritime cultural landscape that has also been exploited in the scope of underwater archaeology. The port of Touro, flanked by the archaeological site of the Espigão das Ruivas, was also used by Muslims, although it is still unclear in which context. From this location to Carcavelos there are some toponyms that may be associated with the Islamic past and maritime and defensive activities, so they will also be our focus. Recently, even the place name Cascais has been related to the former Islamic presence of this area, and this is a subject that needs to be further explored. Finally, we will approach the port of Cascais and its adjacent area, which is known for a fact to have had human occupation ever sincethe Roman Period. Given its strategic position for navigation and its proximity to Lisbon, it is very likely that it was already permanently occupied and provided with a fortification during the Islamic period. Entre los siglos VIII-XII el territorio del actual municipio de Cascais habrá tenido un papel importante en el sistema de defensa costera del Garb al-Ândalus. Integrado en la zona oeste del distrito marítimo (kura) de Lisboa, este territorio estaba dotado de estructuras defensivas y de alerta involucradas en un sistema que comenzaría tomando forma a partir de la costa de Sintra, mientras que su puerto y amarres locales permitían el apoyo de las actividades marítimas y militares.Entre os séculos VIII-XII o território do actual concelho de Cascais terá tido um papel importante no sistema de defesa costeira do Garb al-Ândalus. Integrado na área ocidental marítima do distrito (kura) de Lisboa, este território estaria dotado de estruturas defensivas e de alerta envolvidas num sistema que começaria a ganhar forma a partir do litoral de Sintra, ao mesmo tempo que o seu porto e ancoradouros locais permitiam apoiar as actividades marítimas e militares.
Oriol OLESTI VILA: Paisajes de la Hispania Romana. La explotación de los territorios del Imperio, Dstoria Edicions, Sabadell, 2014
No full textReseña de la obra de Oriol OLESTI VILA: Paisajes de la Hispania Romana. La explotación de los territorios del Imperio, Dstoria Edicions, Sabadell, 2014, 467 pp., ISBN: 978-84-941455-1-3. A cargo de Óscar Bonilla Santander
Timothy GUARD: Chivalry, Kingship and Crusade: the English Experience in the Fourteenth Century, Woodbridge, Boydell & Brewer Inc., 2013
Get PDFReseña de la obra de Timothy GUARD: Chivalry, Kingship and Crusade: the English Experience in the Fourteenth Century, Woodbridge, Boydell & Brewer Inc., 2013, 280 pp., ISBN: 9781783270910. A cargo de Gonzalo Franco Ordovás
Referencias culturales en la prensa interna de la Academia General Militar durante la Transición (1976-1978)
Get PDFOver the years, a clear academic consensus has emerged on the role played by the Spanish military during the transition to democracy and later democratic consolidation. Some of the key elements of this consensus are: a) the Spanish military are recruited within a very particular social milieu and do not fully share the general values of society; b) during their education in the military academies they are under pressure to adopt the Armed Forces’ traditional system of values; c) the most ambitious reforms undertaken in the Spanish Armed Forces over the last forty years have been based on profound changes in the system of military education; d) after decades of efforts, the Spanish Armed Forces are now more aware of their role in a democratic society and feel less isolated; e) reforms have mostly been the result of political pressure: the military have normally shown a strong preference for continuity.
The publications produced by the students of the Land Forces’ General Military Academy during the transition to democracy in the late 1970s have never been previously studied by scholars. Its close examination and analysis allow us to cast some doubt on elements on what we have called the “consensus”. In their cultural preferences, the cadets seem to be similar to other segments of their generation, in particular to college students. Otherwise, the political pressure on the cadets by conservative commanders and instructors appears much weaker than expected. Professionalisation and the preservation of internal cohesion, rather than Francoist indoctrination, seem to have been the main priorities.
The examined materials only offer fragmentary evidence of the life in the General Military Academy in the late 1970s and are very insufficient to challenge the existing consensus. However, the information they provide could maybe encourage more detailed and comprehensive studies leading to a more complete and sophisticated understanding of the role of the military in the making and functioning of contemporary Spain.Las revistas internas publicadas en la Academia General Militar durante la transición en sentido estricto (1976-78) pueden servirnos para verificar algunos de los puntos sobre los que se basa el actual consenso académico en torno al papel de las Fuerzas Armadas y de los militares en el paso del franquismo al nuevo régimen democrático. Según lo publicado en ellas, los alumnos parecen compartir los códigos culturales de su generación y adaptarse a los cambios al igual que lo estaba haciendo el resto de la juventud española. En contra de lo esperado, a partir de las elecciones de 1977 jerarquía y profesores apenas utilizan estas publicaciones para adoctrinar a los alumnos en los valores políticos tradicionales