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Evaluation of Crime Prevention Theories through Environmental Design in Urban Renewal: A Case Study of Ankara- The Vicinity of Hacı Bayram Mosque
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The aim of this study is to obtain novel results in current conditions by evaluating the built environment with Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) principles, in the prevention of crime in urban space.
Design/Methodology/Approach
The methods of this study; identification of CPTED theories, principles and implementation tools and CPTED principles are evaluated on a particular space due to the fact that the relationship between crime and space varies according to place-specific factors. Therefore, the vicinity of the Hacı Bayram Mosque was determined as the case study area and the physical-spatial characteristics of this area, which is a part of the historical, cultural, religious and tourism centre of the city of Ankara, were defined. Then, the transformation process of the area into a focus of crime and the crime data of 2009-2010 were evaluated with Crime Intensity Analysis to determine the crime types, rates and space-time relationship. It was evaluated whether crime data and CPTED principles were taken into account in the built environment created by the implementation of the 2010 urban design project in the renewal process of the case study area. Finally, with the inferences obtained for the development of CPTED principles and implementation tools, suggestions for the built environment in the study area were developed.
Findings
CPTED principles applied in urban design projects should be developed with factors such as time-space interaction in the built environment, change of crime types. Values to be preserved in cultural heritage sites and areas adjacent to sacred sites are not obstacles to the implementation of CPTED.
Research Limitations/Implications
The lack of crime data for the area after 2010 is the most important limitation of this study.
Social/Practical Implications
The methods and results of this study will contribute to the creation of safe urban spaces and to the planning literature and practices.
Originality/Value
It has been determined that the effectiveness in the time-space relationship, of the CPTED principles adopted in urban design projects, may decrease after the implementation
Colour Perception and Visitor Experiences of Urban Parks as Influenced by an Intense Colourful Urban Artefact: An In-situ Quasi-experiment
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Colourful street furniture, fitness and playground equipment has become increasingly common in contemporary urban green spaces. The study aims to increase knowledge about their influence on human perception of urban park settings, and explore the perceived interaction between an orange-coloured urban artefact and the colour schemes of a public park.
Design/Methodology/Approach
This study consisted in first reviewing 794 park visitors through formal observations, and applying the semantic environmental description (SMB) on 102 individuals (park visitors). The analysis of the SMB dimensions used an analysis of variance with a 3x2 factorial design and the perceived colours measured with Royal Horticultural Society (RHS) colour charts.
Findings
The findings from the study show that placing intense colourful artefacts in various park environments can both increase and decrease experienced pleasantness and change the overall perceived characteristics of colour (colour contrast).
Research Limitations
The limitation of this study was that only a monochromatic coloured (orange) object with a specific structure and scale was used and that complementary colour combinations were not investigated. The experimental design did not allow a completely randomized design of the individuals in the study.
Social/Practical Implications
Given the results from the study, we propose that municipalities and landscape architecture offices involved in the planning, design and management of urban green spaces should pay just as much attention to the placement of urban artefacts in a public outdoor context as to the design of the artefacts themselves. Discussing these issues across the planning and management level can help increase consciousness of the impact of intensely colourful street furniture on park visitors colour perception and experiences.
Original/Value
The number of studies on this subject is very limited and performing this study is considered to contribute to the understanding of coloured urban artefacts in urban green spaces
A Genealogy of "Phenomenology" in Architectural Research: An Epistemology Discussion through Dissertations
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Throughout the scientific process, architectural research has always been in tendency to highlight some research fields according to the spirit of the periods. This study is an inquiry on deciphering such "research trends" in architectural research within the framework of a specified area of study. This inquiry aims to draw a genealogy of "phenomenology" within the realm of architecture by making a specific discussion on whether this issue has been a privileged research subject or not.
Design/Methodology/Approach
In order to make an analysis on privileged subjects of particular periods, it is decided to use some dissertations, which are obtained from ProQuest database. The methodological approach of the study begins with dividing the periods of architectural research into six decades, which starts from 1960\u27s up to the present. After the separation of the periods, 3 major keywords are chosen to be questioned. The dissertations are chosen among the results obtained by scanning the keywords at once, which are phenomenology, architectural body and spatial experience. The chosen dissertations are grouped according to their decades. All findings are gathered in a table, which includes lots of information such as the doctoral dissertations, annotations of their approaches, their numbers from decade to decade, epistemological frameworks, theoretical perspectives and methodologies.
Findings
As a result, architectural phenomenology appears as a privileged subject in architectural research. However, the findings show that there are some notable changes especially in the terms in certain decades. While meaning term had been used before 1980s, phenomenology appears as a favored term after 1980s. Especially with the late 2000s, architectural phenomenology begins to be a privileging research area. As a result of being a research trend, a sub-field emerges after 2000s that directly criticizes the theories of phenomenology itself, which is post-phenomenology.
Research Limitations/Implications
Because of not reaching much effective results, the other databases are not employed. ProQuest is the only database throughout the research process, which provides the most effective results in reaching proper dissertations. ProQuest already includes nearly all results other databases reached.
Originality/Value
To see a genealogy of the keyword itself from meaning to phenomenology provides to position this philosophical field in architectural research. In addition to identify popular research subjects according to the spirit of the decades in science, this study is a critical epistemology discussion within the field of architectural research. Such an epistemology discussion also provides to see the continuity and the changes of both the terms and the study fields over the years
INTERPRETING THE FACTORS IN FORMING THE SENSE OF PLACE: THE CASE OF KUZGUNCUK NEIGHBOURHOOD, ISTANBUL
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Over the past few decades, cities have been subject to dramatic interventions such as rapid developments, increased modernization and capitalist production of spaces. These changes, occurring in parallel with globalization, have changed the long-lasting environmental perception and damaged the sense of attachment by transforming urban spaces into unidentified areas. In this regard, the main purpose of this paper is to explore the components of the sense of place and identifying its factors under the changing conditions. This conception aims to develop an integrated proposal that provides a better understanding of fluxional urban areas.
Design/Methodology/Approach
The methodology of this study consists of two parts; literature review and, field survey which adopts a qualitative approach through a web-based survey and semi-structured short interviews with locals. Within this scope, by chronologically reviewing the literature, the first part of the article questions how the sense of place can be defined and what components can serve to define its perception. In the second part, Kuzguncuk, which is one of the historical and most liveable neighbourhoods of Istanbul, is examined as the case study of this research. Due to its recent designation as an urban transformation area, the study focuses on to reinterpret Kuzguncuk according to its residents’ sense of place.
Findings
After the findings are obtained and evaluated with a five-point Likert scale, the effect levels of the components on the quality of urban areas and the satisfaction of the people in the neighbourhood are determined.
Research Limitations/Implications
Due to the pandemic measures, the survey conducted to the residents of Kuzguncuk was carried out digitally, and the interviews were realized by taking into account social distance.
Originality/Value
This paper foresees to contribute to the literature by developing an empirical study on the concept of sense of place with its descriptive and interpretive approach. Further studies, which can utilize the results of this article, may answer questions about how the components related to sense of place sought out and reinterprets these factors over historical places
THE CITY EXPERIENCE WITH LOCATION-BASED MEDIA: AN EXAMINATION THROUGH COGNITIVE MAPS
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The physical space has been an important value for supporting human experience. With the development of mobile devices and location-based media, these technologies have been increasingly present in our virtual spatial experience and the experience of physical city has been changed permanently. Accordingly, this paper aims to discuss the experience potential of urban space with location-based technologies.
Design/Methodology/Approach
The research structure of this study is based on the literature of location-based media and ‘Space of flow’ theory. Within the methodology, a workshop is conducted to review the cognitive mappings of the virtual city experience. The workshop is structured through two segments: Documenting the spatial experience revealed using location-based media made by cognitive mappings and testing participants\u27 direct experiences within structured questionnaire-based interviews and finally, interpretating of the obtained data.
Findings
This paper provides an experiential examination of the relationship between the usage of the degree of location-based media and cognitive experience. Findings point out that experience may differ depending on the media interface used and it is controversial comparing with the physical space experience with its multiple relationships.
Research Limitations/Implications
The research subject had been exemplified with limited location-based media in a specific location.
Originality/Value
The proposed method of examining the degree of spatial experience by the location-based media linking with interviews determines the originality of the study. There are also limited studies on the topic of location-based media by focusing on the users\u27 cognitive maps
THE EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON CHILDREN FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF PARENTS
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The main purpose of this case study is to investigate the effect of increasing negative risk factors on children in outdoor playgrounds. There is a close relationship between children\u27s playgrounds and children\u27s health and safety in the open green areas that are gradually decreasing in the urban landscape. Children are faced with increasing parental concerns (abduction, harassment, self-harm, and inability to socialize), attention deficit in children, obesity and depression diseases. For this reason, the quality and livability of the environment we live in appear as factors that affect the decisions of parents on their children.
Design/Methodology/Approach
In this study, environmental factors and the quality of the environment were examined and the study questioning the concerns of parents about the use of children\u27s playgrounds was discussed in three parts. The first part of the study consists of (i) the examination of children\u27s playgrounds by the parents, the second part consists of (ii) the socio-demographic characteristics of the parents and the third part consists of (iii) the evaluation of the park criteria.
Findings
The findings obtained show that that parents with young children (2-4 years) (r =-,191*; r =,214**) prefer shopping malls suitable for all weather conditions (r =,261**) if there is not a playground in the garden of the house lived, but in some cases, the shopping mall is not preferred due to the risk of disease transmission and it brings a serious financial burden to families (r =-,163*), and if the parents are given a chance to prefer, they prefer a natural playground made of natural materials (r =-,220*). However, fathers did not prefer to wait at a very close distance for a well-groomed (r =,176*) control (r =,228*) where their children can spend time with their friends (r=,247**) on weekends alone (r =,166*), but it was determined that they were worried about their children being excluded and harmed by their friends (r =,249**).
Research Limitations/Implications
Children are faced with increasing parental concerns (abduction, harassment, self-harm, and inability to socialize), attention deficit in children, obesity and depression diseases.
Originality/Value
These data show that "play" has positive effects on children\u27s health, and provides benefit in exploring children\u27s creativity, sharpening their thinking skills and environmental awareness. Based on the results of the article, suggestions were developed on how designers, planners and park managers can implement the results in order to eliminate parents\u27 fears and increase their motivation to take their children to children\u27s playgrounds
Changes and Problems of Conservation in Ankara-Ulus Historical City Center: Koyunpazarı Slope and Atpazarı Square
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In this study, the settlement located in Koyunpazarı Slope and Hisar (Atpazarı) Square, which has an important position in the Atpazarı-Koyunpazarı-Samanpazarı area, which is the oldest part of the Ankara-Ulus Historical City Center, was examined in a way to include Çengelhan and Çukurhan. With this study, it is aimed to determine the changes and conservation problems in the field and to give direction to the changes planned for the future in the area.
Design/Methodology/Approach
Analysis and evaluation studies conducted in 1998 have been repeated in the mentioned area. Research and surveys have been conducted on the number of buildings in the area, the number of floors, the physical conditions of the buildings, the number of sub-units, types of activities, ownership status, frequency of purchasing goods, types of transportation, spatial competence, infrastructure competencies and future expectations of the working population.
Findings
As a result of these studies, the changes and problems occurred in the period from 1998 to 2020 have been determined. It has been observed that there are serious changes in the area due to cultural tourism, as in all over the world and in our country. The infrastructural deficiencies are the main problems identified in the area. Furthermore, it has been observed that the traffic problem has not been solved completely and also some buildings need repair.
Research Limitations/Implications
The fact that the field of study could not be expanded due to the application of the survey questions in the field of study in 1998 constitutes the limitations of this study.
Social/Practical Implications
With this study, it is aimed to draw attention to the conservation of the historical environment in Koyunpazarı Street and Atpazarı Square, which is an important point of the Ulus Historical City Center, and to create a social awareness about the preservation of the area in question.
Originality/Value
This study is significant as it discusses the conservation problems in one of the oldest areas of Ankara and aims to give direction to future changes in the field by formulating proposals for the solution of these problems
Examining the Relationship Between Enclosure Ratio of Street and Skyline’s Complexity
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The urban design criteria significantly affect the visual quality of space. Enclosure and Complexity can be defined as two crucial urban design principles that affect the perceptibility and visual quality of space. This study aimed to offer an objective and perceptual evaluation method in assessing the street’s enclosure ratio. In the study, the street\u27s enclosure ratio was evaluated via the street skyline\u27s complexity.
Design/Methodology/Approach
According to the study\u27s hypothesis, as the street\u27s enclosure ratio increases, the street skyline\u27s complexity level decreases. For testing this hypothesis, the street images were selected from the London and Chicago cities. Firstly, the skylines of the streets were determined on images, and then, the fractal dimensions of skylines were calculated. Then, the street’s enclosure ratio and the factors that affect street skyline\u27s fractal dimension were measured with a defined measurement system. Subsequently, the relationship between the street’s enclosure ratio and calculated street skyline\u27s fractal dimensions was examined by regression analysis.
Findings
As a result, it was determined that there is an inverse relationship between the street’s enclosure ratio and the street skyline’s fractal dimensions. As the enclosure ratio increases, the complexity of the skyline decreases. The decrease in the complexity level of the skyline weakens the visual quality and perceptibility of the street.
Research Limitations
In this study, the perceptual evaluation of the street’s enclosure ratio was examined with an objective method. This method can also be reinforced with a subjective evaluation and more precise results can be obtained.
Social Implications
The obtained results can provide important clues to increase the visual quality and perceptibility of the streets. In perceptible spaces with high visual quality, feelings such as liking, trust, belonging and comfort develop in people.
Originality/Value
The fractal approach as an objective method is used widely for perceptual evaluation of the complexity level in cities. However, it was determined that very few studies examined the street’s enclosure ratio with the perceptual and objective evaluation method. Perceptual evaluations of the enclosure were generally made with subjective methods. This study offered an objective and perceptual evaluation approach for examining the street’s enclosure ratio
ONE MORE COINCIDE BETWEEN ARCHITECTS AND LAYPERSONS ON THE AESTHETICS OF ZAHA HADID’S BUILDINGS
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This study focuses on the subject of environmental aesthetics and aims to identify the differences and similarities that emerge in the general aesthetic evaluations toward the individual style, particularly examining the physical and connotative meanings in the buildings by Zaha Hadid. The study further seeks to understand how individual style fosters aesthetic awareness or common perceptions on a universal level without causing a cultural difference.
Design/Methodology/Approach
A survey was conducted to understand the visual aesthetic evaluations of architects and laypersons over 16 buildings of Hadid—an architect who managed to develop her own individual style. The visual images created were evaluated in terms of sensorial and physical concepts in order to understand whether there was a common language by evaluating the aesthetic perceptions of subjects with different backgrounds, and to reveal the effect of individual style in forming a universal tongue. Descriptive statics, correlation analysis and independent t test were performed to conduct the evaluations.
Findings
According to analysis results, the rhythm and organic lines of a building are the most significant elements for building façades and masses in aesthetic evaluations. In addition, no significant differences regarding the dimensions of “liking”, “ornate”, “attractive”, “meaningful” and “warm” were found between the groups.
Research Limitations/Implications
The survey was conducted between two different subject groups; architects and laypersons. Specific parameters related to the sensorial concepts of the buildings were used. These parameters included the concepts of liking, pleasant, complex, familiar, meaningful, ornate and warm, while for the physical characteristics of the buildings, the concepts of regular/ irregular, full/ empty, rhythmic/ arrhythmic, soft/ hard, meaningful/ meaningless and symmetric/asymmetric were used.
Originality/Value
This study is significant insofar as it is among the rare research studies that found there to be no differences between architects and laypersons but rather, similarities between them
Impacts of Judicial Verdicts on Land Acquisition Practices for Real Estate in Pakistan
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It is commonly observed in many regions in the developing countries that inappropriate and legally invalid modes are adopted by realtors (individuals or enterprises facilitating the sale and purchase of property) to procure land, but the reasons behind these procedures are neither documented nor critically analysed, which this paper attempts to do.
Design/Methodology/Approach
Five case studies have been chosen for detailed probe. Each case brings into focus different approaches adopted by realtors to acquire land and develop real estate ventures. Review of the judicial records, assessment of case study information and holding focus group discussions for each case are the main ingredients of research methods. The data was then analysed using content analysis method; the data was coded, themes were identified and conclusions were drawn accordingly.
Findings
The case study accounts included in this study have sufficiently established that the courts verdicts have a contextual connection. These findings point towards the requirement for alternative frameworks and supporting theoretical basis which are attuned with these non-confirmative practices and lie beyond the realm of established international literature and practices like Hartmann & Spit, 2015; Krabben & Jacobs, 2013.
Research Limitations/Implications
The sensitivity of the case studies made affectees uncomfortable in discussing the cases.
Originality/Value
Judicial interventions are often initiated when the desired efficiency and legality is not ensured, as is in the case of Pakistan. In such cases, the internationally established theoretical paradigms fall short of providing any explanations (Hartmann & Spit, 2015; Krabben & Jacobs, 2013). This paper examines in particular how in such scenarios, the status of such land acquisition practices, turns out especially where superior judiciary had to intervene for streamlining the process