ICONARP - International Journal Of Architecture And Planning
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GELENEKSEL TÜRK EVİ CEPHESİNİN ALGISAL DEĞERLENDİRMESİ: TÜRK EVİ CEPHELERİN ALGISAL DEĞERLENDİRMESİ
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This study aimed to make a comparative evaluation of the differences between the original façade (original) and the modified façade of the traditional Turkish Houses (collected from Afyonkarahisar city) based on perception.
Design/Methodology/Approach
In line with this purpose, digital images of eight sets of original and modified street silhouettes with gray color scales have been produced on the computer. Two different groups consisting of 80 people (architect and non-architect group) have evaluated the prepared images by the semantic differentiation scale consisting of the adjective pairs. The main hypothesis of the study is "The original façade would be more preferred than the modified façade". Also, gender, architect and non-architect group comparisons were made in the evaluations, too.
Findings
The results have shown that the participants liked the original traditional Turkish House façade more. The tidy/untidy and proportional/non-proportional adjective pairs have had the biggest difference in this evaluation. In another result, male participants have evaluated the traditional Turkish House façade views liked more for all dependent variables except for familiar / unfamiliar and qualified / unqualified adjective pairs compared to female participants. In addition, non-architects have liked more than architects the façade views of traditional Turkish Houses for adjective pairs that are beautiful / ugly, not impressive / unimpressive and interesting / uninteresting. On the other hand the architects have liked more than non-architects the façade view of traditional Turkish Houses for the proportional / non-proportional adjective pair.
Research Limitations/Implications
This study has been conducted only for Turkish Houses collected from Afyonkarahisar city. In addition, only architects and non-architects group attended for evaluation of the surveys.
Social/Practical Implications
According to the most important finding obtained from the study, the fact that the original state is observed in the restoration of traditional Turkish Houses has caused people liked it more. Similarly, it has been observed that the organization of windows, solid-void relationship ratio, repetitions, horizontal and vertical structural elements (beams etc.) in the Turkish house façade characteristic will have a positive effect on perception.
Originality/Value
With this study, for the first time in the literature, the evaluation of holistic (comprehensive) street silhouettes was made based on a single façade layout.Bu çalışmada, geleneksel Türk Evlerinin orijinal cephesi (orijinal) ile değiştirilmiş cephesi (tadil edilmiş) arasındaki farkların algıya dayalı olarak karşılaştırmalı bir değerlendirmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda bilgisayar ortamında gri tonlamayla renklendirilmiş sekiz takım orijinal ve modifiye edilmiş sokak silüetinin dijital görüntüleri üretilmiştir. Hazırlanan görseller, sıfat çiftlerinden oluşan anlamsal farklılaşma ölçeği ile 80 kişiden oluşan iki farklı grup tarafından değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırmada öncelikle "orijinal cephe modifiye cepheden daha çok tercih edilecektir" hipotezi üzerinde durulmuştur. Ayrıca değerlendirmelerde cinsiyet, mimar ve mimar olmayan grup karşılaştırmaları da yapılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre katılımcılar orijinal geleneksel Türk Evi cephesini daha olumlu değerlendirmişlerdir. Bu değerlendirmedeki en büyük fark, düzenli / düzensiz ve orantılı / orantısız sıfat çiftinde olmuştur. Çalışmada cinsiyetin cephe algısı üzerindeki etkisi görülmekle birlikte, kadın katılımcıların daha olumsuz bir değerlendirme yaptığı sonucuna varılmıştır. Ayrıca mimar ve mimar olmayan katılımcıların değerlendirmeleri arasında dört sıfat çifti için önemli farklılıklar bulunmuştur. Bu çalışma ile literatürde ilk kez geleneksel Türk Evi cephelerinden oluşan sokak silüetlerinin değerlendirilmesi gerçekleştirilmiştir
A STUDY ON DETERMINATION OF TURKISH ADJECTIVE PAIRS FOR SPEECH SOUND
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Disagreement between the designer and the audience causes creation of acoustically uncomfortable spaces, eventually these disagreements cause financial loss. To describe a phenomenon with the same modifier is the key to settle the conflict. It is very important to reveal acoustic conditions and it is necessary to use a common terminology for this purpose. To this end subjective evaluation studies are frequently used, especially in terms of room acoustics. To define sound via adjective and adjective pairs is a method used in determining architectural acoustic conditions in halls, mostly used for music-function halls but subjective evaluation studies are not common for speech-function halls. Turkish adjectives for speech sound that determine audience preferences are missing. Adjectives obtained from translations of different languages do not show the same descriptive effect in a specific language. Therefore, it is important to identify adjectives that define sound for each language.
Design/Methodology/Approach
In order to determine the Turkish adjectives that define the speech sound, which are absent from the literature, a two-step survey was performed. Sets of modifiers associated with acoustics parameters -reverberation, clarity and loudness- were prepared, that include direct translations from common English modifiers as well as Turkish modifiers that were derived from expert opinion. These sets of adjectives were then presented to the subjects and they were asked to make choices among them.
Findings
The results of survey where modifiers defining speech sound are assessed are presented. The results show that some are unsuitable in Turkish despite the same word is used in subjective evaluations in English often. Based on the survey results, a questionnaire can be prepared for determining the user preferences in speech-function halls to increase the acoustic comfort conditions.
Research Limitations/Implications
Need of explaining the room acoustics parameters to the subjects.
Social/Practical Implications
It is thought that the questionnaire text will benefit the increase of the acoustic comfort conditions in the new and / or existing buildings and reduce economic loss.
Originality/Value
This study is the first research which examines Turkish adjectives to describe speech sound
USE OF AUGMENTED REALITY IN THE PRESERVATION OF ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE: CASE OF THE AQUEDUCT KURU KOPRU (KAYSERI, TURKEY)
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The architectural preservation embeds all the activities dealing with the sustainability of the built heritage. The representation and diffusion of heritage take a core place in that process. This study aims at the diffusion of the Aqueduct Kuru Kopru towards a broad public audience, establishment of the awareness that Augmented Reality (AR) methods can be used for the evaluation and presentation of the semi-collapsed structures and serving as a model for the representation and diffusion of virtual reconstructions of Architectural Heritage (AH).
Design/Methodology/Approach
This work refers to restoration and heritage visualization charters, combines Computer-Aided Design (CAD), photogrammetry survey method, and advanced texturing techniques to acquire and model virtual reconstructions of the Aqueduct Kuru Kopru from the Roman-Byzantine period to the year 2017. The paper also describes the frameworks for the implementation of a non-immersive and an immersive AR application to visualize modelled reconstructions. The method used consists of three main stages: modelling of the virtual reconstructions, texturing of models, and development of AR applications.
Findings
This study establishes AR and cultural heritage digitization techniques as efficient tools to represent and diffuse the Aqueduct Kuru Kopru. It engages a broad public audience in better comprehension and assessment of the aqueduct.
Research Limitations/Implications
The fact that the research is based on a single case study is a limitation for its generalisation. However, the case examined provides a basis for future work that may validate its findings in different contexts.
Originality/Value
The paper proposes the rediscovering of long-abandoned aqueduct Kuru Kopru by learning its spatio-temporal evolution through AR. The developed methodology can be easily implemented and puts forward the use of low-cost materials
HEMP AS A POTENTIAL MATERIAL IN ARCHITECTURE: IS IT POSSIBLE IN TURKEY?
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Hemp, also known as cannabis sativa, has long been one of the most important agricultural crops—an essential food for humans and animals since the Neolithic period. It is also one of the most-durable raw materials used in both traditional crafts and many newer industries, such as the marine, clothing, automotive, and architectural industries. However, despite its beneficial health properties and use in making durable products, hemp has been banned in many developed countries largely because it has been labeled an illegal plant due to its psychoactive properties. After the 1980s, industrially cultivated hemp in the form of hempcrete, hemp brick or low or high technology cast in situ wall systems gained recognition in architecture. Since the industry 4.0 industrial revolution in the 2000s, the use of hemp has become increasingly important in medicine and nutrition and in industries such as paper, plastics, architecture and construction. Hemp has been illegal for many years in Turkey. However, in Turkish history, using cannabis, hemp and hashish for food, pleasure, socializing, clothing, rope, paper and mortar has been an accepted sociocultural phenomenon. Therefore, this article seeks to evaluate the possibility of using hemp in architecture by addressing its use in architecture, specifically in Turkey.
Design/Methodology/Approach
This research uses a literature review to explore both the history of hemp in Turkey and its construction applications.
Findings
The results showed that given enough support, the use of such materials could create beneficial effects for the architecture, construction and education sectors in Turkey.
Research Limitations/Implications
In the future, a research with funding and permissions could be conducted to observe of the physical and chemical characteristics of hemp and hemp-based materials, which is lacking in this study.
Social/Practical Implications
Recognizing the benefits of hemp could have positive effects on the economy, health, agriculture and architecture of communities in Turkey. Hemp can replace petroleum-based materials while having the advantages of being cost effective, providing a variety of production possibilities, and needing less water for cultivation.
Originality/Value
This is the first study to address the potential use of industrial hemp in Turkey from an architecture and design perspective
ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF OPEN PLACE PERFORMANCE ON USERS\u27 SATISFACTION USING POST-OCCUPANCY EVALUATION
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The current article aimed to investigate the effects of functional, social, and perceptual performance dimensions of coastal open place environmental attributes on place satisfaction. In this context, it aimed to develop suggestions for increasing the place performance levels in order to improve the place satisfaction.
Design/Methodology/Approach
The general framework of the research design was determined by evaluating the functional, social and perceptual features of the place by the users (using post-occupancy evaluation method) and determining the place performance and place satisfaction. Survey questions within this scope; It is structured under two main headings: functional, social and perceptual features of the place and place satisfaction. Each item was measured on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree). Participants were randomly selected from the Arsin coastal park users. The surveys were conducted with 243 people on weekdays and weekends.
Findings
The study findings demonstrated that there was a positive and significant correlation between the spatial performance level and place satisfaction using the developed model. It was observed that the environmental factors that affected the place satisfaction included functional, social, and perceptual factors, respectively. It was determined that socio-demographic factors did not affect place satisfaction, while the frequency of occupancy had a positive impact on place satisfaction. Research Limitations/Implications
The present study focused on the functional, social, and perceptual dimensions of environmental properties. Thus, considering the diversity of environmental properties, it could not be claimed that the present study methodology and findings revealed all environmental dimensions that affect satisfaction.
Social and Practical Implications
In the present study, spatial performance data were obtained with post-occupancy evaluation and the factors that affected the satisfaction levels with Arsin Coastal Park (ACP) were investigated. Thus, the present study findings could be considered as very important for urban designers, planners, and administrators.
Originality/Value
There are studies in the literature that evaluated urban open place satisfaction. However, there are no studies that investigated the effects of open place performance criteria on place satisfaction using the post-occupancy evaluation (POE) method.
Keywords: Urban open place, place attributes, place satisfaction, post-occupancy evaluatio
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SPACES IN SIVEREK TRADITIONAL SETTLEMENT
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Traditional houses are living spaces that the user shapes over time according to specific environmental factors and needs, which come together in a certain pattern forming some key parts of the traditional settlement texture. This pattern, which also reflects the local culture, is created by the relationships among the public, private, and intermediate spaces. The traditional Siverek architectural settlement is quite rich in such spaces. The main elements that form the urban pattern are the squares and streets that form public spaces, the houses representing the private space, and the in-between spaces such as texture-specific dead-end streets and archways that bridge these two types of spaces. However, due to the uninformed and miscalculated interventions in the original texture, mistimed protection measures, and failure to produce solutions for preservation, these architectural gems are at risk of extinction. At this point, two problems have been identified. The first is the preservation of the historical fabric. Another problem is the incompatibility of the newly planned areas with the old texture and housing layout. The purpose of this study is to provide guidance for new planning by analyzing the spatial arrangement of the traditional Siverek settlement.
Design/Methodology/Approach
In this context, from public spaces to residential private spaces, the spaces and their spatial relationships in the Siverek settlement plan were examined in a hierarchical order. The interrelationships among the spatial elements specific to the original texture of Siverek were discussed, and their status regarding their functional and spatial features in the urban texture were explained.
Findings
As a result of the study, it is stated that the traditional settlement texture and architecture of Siverek should be documented and preserved. Furthermore, considering the fact that the physical and social components that shape the spatial elements of the traditional fabric remain valid today, the need to transfer spatial formations and spatial hierarchies between public and private spaces to new designs on the settlement scale and building scale was emphasized.
Social/Practical Implications
It will serve as a guide for consideration in future designs of the city of Siverek, not by imitating traditional forms, but by analyzing spatial setup.
Originality/Value
This study is the first study on the public and private space relationship in Siverek
Indoor Thermal Comfort in Modern Mosque of Tropical Climate
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The requirement of indoor thermal comfort in building is crucial, including the religious building such as mosque, which accommodates high occupancy level due to the congregational prayer. With this condition, the application of air conditioning system in a mosque is common, especially the modern mosque in hot climate where the layout plan is more complex compared to the vernacular mosque. Hence, the aim of this study is to evaluate whether the modern mosque design is able to provide the required indoor thermal comfort condition in tropical climate.
Design/Methodology/Approach
The National University of Malaysia’s mosque was selected for the study. Two research methodologies were conducted concurrently, which were the field measurement and the questionnaire survey. The purpose of conducting these two methods was to compare the indoor thermal condition with the actual thermal sensation and satisfaction of the users. Both methods had been executed for four days, and there were 120 respondents who had participated in the survey.
Findings
The findings indicated that most users felt neutral thermal sensation only during the morning hours which was at the indoor operative temperature range of 28.5 °C to 30.1 °C. Meanwhile in the afternoon and late afternoon hours, where the indoor operative temperature was more than 30 °C, majority of them felt slightly warm. Despite that, they still voted for neutral or satisfied feeling during the afternoon and the late afternoon hours.
Research Limitations/Implications
The limitations in the study were the field measurement duration which was four days only and the location of the measuring tool which was at the prayer hall of the first floor level.
Originality/Value
The findings of this study can be used as a guidance in providing a modern mosque design that has good response to the tropical climate. This study also helps to embark other investigations in the future by using other methodologies such as numerical simulation and experiment
Exploring The Perceived Landscape with The Local People: The Experience of Community Mapping in Orduzu District (Malatya/Turkey)
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The main purpose of the paper is to define historical landscapes through locals’ perspectives and employs community mapping as a tool for defining and transferring perceived landscape elements
Design/Methodology/Approach
The method used in this research consists of various stages, such as determining the boundaries of the study area, determining the goals and objectives of the community mapping, evaluation of the mapping process in the examined toolkits, and the community mapping process design specific to the study area according to the toolkits reviewed in the literature, and the outputs and observations obtained from the maps.
Findings
As a result of the community mapping study conducted with men and women separately, items under the themes of agriculture (past and present), hydrology, tangible cultural heritage, intangible cultural heritage, built environment, connectivity, flora and fauna were identified.
In this study, beyond the recognized physiographic features of the district, were discovered its “unseen” components due to the statements of locals and the analysis of the perceptual data they provided. Were acquired verbal information and point data about some archaeological sites that are not mentioned in any records or literature, as they remain undiscovered.
Research Limitations/Implications
This study bridged an establishing a new link with sustainable spatial planning by assessing perceptions of local people to the environment they live in. However, this study has limitations in the verbal and linear expressions of the groups participating in the mapping process.In the pre-mapping process needs to be supported by local government and non-governmental organizations for more participants.
Social/Practical Implications
it is suggested that the use of this methods such as spatial data production (on historical differences in landscape) within the mainframe of the participant planning approach and community mapping (to ensure collective wellbeing by creating healthy, sustainable spaces) and the inclusion of these methods in spatial planning stages will prove significantly useful.
Originality/Value
This study provides a framework for integrating different perspectives to better recognise and planning and manage the landscape character. This framework can be used as a foundation for a planning process in touch with “real life” and “users”
A Performative Research with The Eco-Parametric Architectural Design
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This study aims to see the eco-parametric design as performance research and try to reveal the relationship between nature and space and try to develop a new architectural design strategy. Design/Methodology/Approach
The new strategy consists of three phases: Phase 1: Simulations, Phase 2: Eco-discourses, Phase 3: Modulations. The new strategy includes analytic, geometric, descriptive, qualitative research.
Findings
In the context of “performance”, the grid becomes an evolutionary device and the array of a matrix placed in vertical and horizontal arrays with a mathematical set of probabilities. The grid creates an effect of operative interconnectivity on the interlinked logic of episodes and events themselves. The operative matrix works both by making the dynamic parameters in nature visible by simulation and by running this visibility as the codes of the design process. The operative matrix controls the movement in this dynamic system, allowing new design decisions to be made. Therefore, the design process turns from an analytical and logical structure to an evolutionary and intuitive structure with layers. This enables flexible adaptive variability in the space design. The name of this strategy is ECOFOLD 5.0.
Research Limitations/Implications
The dynamic model offered by performance-based research provides new production strategies for the built environment design, as well as new spaces and strategies for the construction and use of the artificial environment. It tries to design the artificial environment as a stable whole that exists with ecosystems in nature.
Social/Practical Implications
ECOFOLD (EF) becomes adaptable for different geographies. The concept of layout depending on multiple parameters can be operated. EF creates its activity with the continuity of internal and external relations crystallizing the formation of space. Crystallization can be considered here both in terms of a metaphor and geometry itself. The layers of internal and external simulations accumulate and crystallize as in a chemical reaction. These layers include the coding of the movement. The movement is encoded according to time and creates the evolutionary texture. This process results in the mapping of the texture.
Originality/Value
As a map, EF is the crystallization of the accumulated function of the environment. In EF, digital tools have possibilities to create performative commons. The common element to all these reshapings is the reconfiguring model of life itself
Genotype Syntactic Study of Vernacular Houses in Biskra City
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This paper provides an analysis of the vernacular houses of the city of Biskra, in the
north-eastern Algerian Sahara. The aim is to examine the underlying genotype of the spatial configuration of the city\u27s vernacular house plans and to consider the parameters that influence the domestic arrangement and phenotypic aspects of the house layout.
Design/Methodology/Approach
The investigation relied on space syntax method, by using j-graph (justified graph) analysis known as Gamma analysis to examine the functional spaces of a series of fifteen vernacular houses from three neighbourhoods (Bab Dareb, Mcid and Guaddach). And by using A-graph software to calculate syntactic properties such as MD, by obtaining RA, BDF and SLR, of the houses’ spatial configurations, to detect similarities and differences in the sample. Moreover, to calculate the integration value (RRA) of each space of the same house to compare with those of others houses’ space to determine the structure mode of the domestic interior.
Findings
The results suggest that there is an organising principle of spatial configuration as there are similarities between the socio-spatial patterns of vernacular houses in the city of Biskra, despite the disparate houses’ interior spatial configuration.
Research Limitations/Implications
Most of the houses were in poor condition, which made the survey difficult. The present did not rely focus on people’s use of internal space .e. behaviour mapping to detect the actual function of each space. Moreover, had this study taken houses with extremely different layouts and morphologies, and from distant times, would be a better case study to examine the undertaken topic.
Originality/Value
This study sheds light on the vernacular houses of the city of Biskra that has been extending since the Ottoman period to highlight the main underlying characteristics (genotype) using the theory of the syntax of space. These houses have a symbolic value and are considered as the architectural heritage of the city.